• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2003

This experiment were conducted to select cheaper and more favorable compost among several kinds of composts which were produced by companies, farmers etc. instead of Yakto. Yakto was similar to Standard Yakto in the content of inorganic salts, but PL and HJ composts contained more P$_2$O$\_$5/, K$_2$O, CaO and MgO content compared with Standard Yakto and EC in Yakto was also higher than Standard Yakto did, but the phosphorus, magnesium content and EC of Mushroom compost was higher than that of Standard Yakto. On the other hands, Rice straw compost contained higher contents of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium than Yakto did. Germination rate and early growth of lettuce and C/N ratio were tested for checking decomposed degree. The compost of HJ, Mushroom and Rice straw revealed higher C/N ratio, lower germination rate and shorter shoot length than Yakto showed. It was guessed that these composts were not decomposed enough. Emergence and survival rate of ginseng seeds in Yakto were the highest, but its germination in the composts of Mushroom, PL, HJ and Rice straw, in order, was decreased, and its survival rate in the composts of PL, Mushroom, HJ and Rice straw, in order, was decreased. It was concluded that fully decomposed manure should be used and it needs to Investigate perfect decomposed composts of PL and Mushroom instead of Yakto.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.288-293
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• 2011

In this study, we investigated the effects of the ethanol extract of aerial parts of Raphanus sativus L. (ERL) on breast cancer cell proliferation and gene expression associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of various concentrations (100, 200, or 300 ${\mu}g$/mL) of ERL. ERL significantly decreased cell proliferation after 48 h of incubation (P < 0.05). The protein and mRNA expression of $ErbB_2$ were decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The protein expression of $ErbB_3$ was decreased significantly at an ERL concentration of 300 ${\mu}g$/mL (P < 0.05), and mRNA expression of $ErbB_3$ was decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The protein expression of Akt was decreased significantly at the ERL concentration of 200 ${\mu}g$/mL (P < 0.05), and the protein expression of pAkt was decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of Akt was decreased significantly at the ERL concentration of 200 ${\mu}g$/mL ERL (P < 0.05). The protein and mRNA expression of Bax were increased significantly at ERL concentrations of 200 ${\mu}g$/mL or higher (P < 0.05). The protein expression of $Bcl_2$ was increased significantly at ERL concentrations of 100 ${\mu}g$/mL or higher (P < 0.05), and mRNA expression of $Bcl_2$ was increased significantly at an ERL concentration of 300 ${\mu}g$/mL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that Raphanus sativus, L. inhibits cell proliferation via the ErbB-Akt pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.769-775
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• 2010

The genus Lespedeza belonging to Leguminosae is an annual or perennial herb, which has been used as a Chinese herbal medicine. Antioxidant activity on DPPH ((1,1)-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylenebenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals and the contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid were analyzed with 12 methanol extracts from six Lespedeza genus plants with different plant parts. The highest content of total polyphenol was detected in the leaves of Lespedeza$\times$robusta (194.6 mg GAE/g), while the highest content of total flavonoid existed in the aerial part of Lespedeza thunbergii var. intermedia (47.9 mg QE/g). Generally, the amounts of polyphenol and flavonoid compounds were higher in the leaves than in the stems. The $SC_{50}$ value of DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged from 10.16 to 90.94 ppm, of which the strongest activity was determined in the leaves of L. robusta. Most ABTS radical scavenging activities from the investigated methanol extracts were higher than that of L-ascorbic acid, implying the excellent antioxidant activity. The radical scavenging activity in this study showed high correlation with the amount of total polyphenol rather than that of total flavonoid. These data suggest that the methanol extracts from these Lespedeza spp. could be potential candidates for natural antioxidants.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.124-129
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• 2004

The composition of essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia iwayomogi Kitamura and Artemisia capillaris Thunberg collected from two diffenent cultivation area, respectively, was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Sixty components were identified in oils from A. iwayomogi. The major components of A. iwayomogi oil collected from one area (Sample A) were iso-pinocamphone (31.64%), 1,8-cineo1e (21.55%), ${\beta}-pinene$ (4.46%), pinocarvone (3.72%), myrtenal (3.42%) and trans-pinocarve1 (3.14%), and the major components of the oil from the other area (Sample B) were camphor (26.99%), 1,8-cineo1e (21.55%), ${\alpha}-terpineol$ (7.63%), borneol (4.10%), camphene (3.97%) and artemisia ketone (3.84%). Eighty components were identified in oils from A. capillaris. The major components were capillene $(26.01{\sim}30.31%)$, ${\beta}-pinene(8.55{\sim}18.38%)$, ${\beta}-caryophyllene(8.80{\sim}13.70%)$, ${\beta}-himachalene(1.67{\sim}5.57%)$, $cis,trans- {\alpha}-farnesene(2.10{\sim}7.38%)$ and germacrene D $(2.27{\sim}5.46%)$ and there was no difference in oil composition of A. capillaris between two cultivation area.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.224-227
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• 2007

Sajabalssuk (Artemisia princeps PAMPANINI) was extracted with 80% aqueous MeOH, and the concentrated extract was partitioned with EtOAc, n-BuOH and $H_{2}O$, successively. From the EtOAc fraction, two phenylpropanoids were isolated through the repeated silica gel and ODS column chromatographies. From the results of physico-chemical data including NMR, MS and IR, the chemical structures of the phenylpropanoids were determined as eugenol (1) and (-)-sesamin (2). They were the first to be isolated from Sajabalssuk (Artemisia princeps PAMPANINI, Sajabalssuk). Also, eugenol inhibited LDL-oxidation with the inhibitory activity of 87.8 ${\pm}$ 1.0% at a concentration of 40 ${\mu}g/ml$.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.499-509
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• 2017

Recently, there has been increased attention to the development of new plant cultivars with enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. To develop ginseng cultivars with such traits, systematic breeding programs and comprehensive field studies are prerequisites. In this study, we applied a pure-line selection method to identify a ginseng cultivar with enhanced stress resistance. Phenotypic and agronomic characteristics, seed yield, and physiological responses to biotic and abiotic stresses were investigated according to the guidelines of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). In the newly developed 'Kowon' cultivar, the time of emergence, flowering, and berry maturity were intermediate between those of the controls, 'Yunpoong' and 'Chunpoong'. The stem length of 'Kowon' was intermediate, whereas the root length was shorter and the main root diameter was greater than those of 'Chunpoong'. In local adaptability tests conducted in three regions, the yield of 'Kowon' was $666kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$; 27% and 4% higher than that of 'Chunpoong' and 'Yunpoong'. Diseases such as Alternaria blight, Phytophthora blight, mulberry mealybug, and nematode infestation did not occur in 'Kowon'; and it also exhibited moderate resistance to damping-off and anthracnose. In these cases, yellow spots occurred on aerial parts and the rusty skin of the root, and it exhibited moderate resistance at high temperatures. Our study demonstrates that 'Kowon', which has a high root weight and enhanced biotic/abiotic stress resistance, is a superior cultivar that could increase farmers' income.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.799-804
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• 2006

Antioxidative and antimicrobial activities were measured for the Pleurotus eryngii (P. eryngii) solvent extracts in order to discover new functional activities. In P. eryngii, the powder moisture was 9.0%, and the carbohydrate, crude protein, crude ash and crude fat contents were 63.06, 20.70, 5.20 and 2.0%, respectively. Among the detected minerals, potassium (K) had the highest levels and manganese (Mn) the lowest. The amount of polyphenol in EtEx (Ethanol Extract) was 387 mg% for the whole body, 158 mg% for the stipe, and 593 mg% for the pileus. Higher levels of polyphenol in the entire body were found in the BuEx (Butanol Extract) (594 mg%) and WaEx (Water extract) (404 mg%) of the P. eryngii powder. BuEx had the highest level in the pileus, and EtEx and BuEx were higher than the other extracts in the stipe. The electron donating ability (EDA) of EtEx of the P. eryngii powder was the highest, at 91.12%, for the whole body, while it was the lowest, at 62.90%, in the stipe. In addition, the EDA of WaEx was 90.39% for the whole body. These EDA values were similar to those for tocopherol (93.93%) and BHT (96.72%), supporting the potential of these extracts to act as antioxidants. A number of the extracts were certified to have antimicrobial activities for small number of microorganisms, especially for gram-negative microorganisms. In other words, BuEx and EAEx in the pileus and WaEx in the stipe were found to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram negative). Additionally, EtEx and WaEx in all parts were shown to act as antimicrobial agents for Escherichia coli of gram negative.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 1998

The present study was carried out to investigate the changes in essential oil contents as a part of searching the changes in active components in the graft cultivation of A. senticosus. To increase the yield of aerial parts and the contents of active components of Acanthopanax senticosus, scions of A. senticosus were grafted on different rootstocks. As a result, the contents of calarene, ${\alpha}-beramotene$ and spathulenol increased, but cis-caryophyllene and epizonarene contents decreased. ${\beta}-pinene$, ${\beta}-myrcene$, 2,5,5 -trimethyl-1, 3, 6-heptatriene and ${\beta}-elemene$ were not detected in the leaves of grafted A. senticosus. Essential oils from stems did not differ with the methods of cultivation. Oil contents of 3-year-old plants were higher than those of 1-year-old plants, whereas ${\alpha}-bergamotene$ content(27%) was highest in the stem of grafted A. senticosus(27%). Ethylbenzene, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, M134 $(t_R=2.11)$ and M205 $(t_R=3.16)$ disappeared in the roots of A. senticosus var. subinermis, but 6,6-dimethyl-3-methylenebicycloheptane, M166 $(t_R=1.82)$, and (+) -aromadendrene and ${\beta}-bisabolene$ were newly found.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.211-220
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• 2016

The current study was carried out to determine the effects of the seed, flesh (seedless fruit), and leaf of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindle.) on antioxidative activity and anti-proliferation in human cancer cells. Total polyphenol contents of loquat seed, flesh, and leaf ethanol extracts were found to be 17.77, 32.32, and 28.08 mg/g, respectively. Also, total flavonoid contents of loquat seed, flesh, and leaf ethanol extracts were found to be 18.77, 28.73, and 21.35 mg/g, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH hydroxyl scavenging of loquat seed, flesh, and leaf ethanol extracts were 0.049, 0.063, and 0.042 mg/mL, respectively. Antioxidative indexes of loquat leaf and seed ethanol extracts was highly and it was similar to the BHA and BHT. The antioxidative activities in loquat seed and leaf ethanol extracts were higher in loquat flesh. The antiproliferation effect of loquat seed and leaf ethanol extracts on liver cancer cell line (H460), stomach cancer cell line (AGS) and lung cancer cell line (A549) showed higher values compared with the flesh ethanol extracts. These results indicate that loquat ethanol extracts may play a positive role in antioxidative properties and cancer prevention.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.191-194
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• 2018

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are emerging pollutants in agricultural product, and the residual patterns and the uptake potentials were only studied on several crops, not on rice. The residue level and bioconcentration factor (BCF) of PFOA and PFOS were investigated on the low ($1mg\;kg^{-1}$) and the high contaminated soil ($5mg\;kg^{-1}$) groups. The residue levels in brown rice in the low group and in the high group were 0.002-0.004 and $0.008-0.030mg\;kg^{-1}$ of the each perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), and in the rice husk were $0.035-0.074mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $0.125-0.376mg\;kg^{-1}$ of the each PFCs, respectively. Furthermore, the residues in rice straw were the highest level in the all rice parts both in the groups. The PFOA and PFOS were reached to $3.723mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $7.641mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively, and the BCF (1.474 and 4.700) as well.