• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.57-69
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• 1997

Objective：At the present time in Korea, for a considerable proportion of children and adolescent, delinquent behavior and violence has become as a way of life in their lives and a major social problem issue as well. The contributing factors to this problem were assumed to be the negative interaction between family environment and character of adolescent. The purpose of this study is to search the relationship between these constructs and juvenile delinquency. Method：Data were collected through questionnaire survey over a period of 2 months. Subjects served for this study consisted of 1,863 adolescents including 657 delinquent adolescents and 1,206 student adolescents in Korea, sampled from Korean student population and delinquent adolescent population confined in juvenile corrective institutions, using proportional stratified random sampling method. Their age ranged between 12 and 18 years. Data were analysed by IBM PC using SAS program. Statistical methods employed were Chi-square and principal component analysis. Results：The results of this study were as follows：Inconsistency by parental child rearing patterns tended to affect delinquent behavior among delinquent adolescents. On the other hand, adolescent students were consistently reared by their parent with democratic, flexible, trusting their children and reward-oriented attitudes. In comparison of both parents in the degree of influence on their children, it was revealed that paternal child rearing pattern was more influential on their children’s behaviors than maternal’s. The psychological instability of family, disharmonious parent-child relationships tended to be contributing to delinquent behavior among delinquent adolescents. Especially, It was an interesting finding that student’s mother is the higher employed than delinquent’s mother. However working mother was more prevalent in the student’ adolescents than in student adolescents in previous studies. The delinquent adolescents have more depressive trend, more complaints of psychosomatic symptoms, the higher degree of need frustration, the more maladaptive and antisocial personality pattern than student adolescents. Conclusion：Recently, many studies on association between family factor, character of adolescent and juvenile delinquent behavior have produced relatively consistent results. This study showed that family environment and character trait of adolescent also were linked with delinquent behavior such as smoking, drinking, runaway and physical assaults etc. The results of this survey may provide impetus for future speculation and study of correlation or reciprocal interaction between family factor, character trait of adolescent and delinquent behavior during adolescence and beyond.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2015

Purpose: Cholecystectomy is rarely performed in the child and adolescent. However, it is associated with several conditions. This study was conducted to describe the characteristics of pediatric patient who underwent cholecystectomy unrelated to hematologic disorders, and then to suggest its clinical significance in management by comparing a simple and complicated gallbladder disease. Methods: We reviewed cases of cholecystectomy in pediatric patients (under 18 years old) at a single institution between January 2003 and October 2014. There were 143 cases during the study period and 24 were selected as the subject group. Results: There were 7 male (29.2%) and 17 female (70.8%) patients. The mean age was 13.1 years old, and 66.6% of patients were older than 12 years. Mean body weight was 52.7 kg, and body mass index was $21.7kg/m^2$, with 41.7% of patients being overweight or obese. We could identify a female predominance and high proportion of overweight or obesity in a complicated disease. There were also significantly increased levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin in this group. Most patients (87.5%) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Conclusion: Cholecystectomy for diseases unrelated to hematologic disorders is rarely performed in the child and adolescent. In general, female patients who are overweight or obese, and those older than 12 years old, require laparoscopic cholecystectomy owing to multiple gallstones. This condition has a tendency to show a complicated gallbladder disease and significantly increased levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.534-538
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• 2015

Objective : To correct apical vertebral rotation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), direct vertebral derotation (DVD) or simple rod rotation (SRR) might be considered. The aim of the present study is to introduce the surgical experiences of AIS by a Korean neurosurgeon and to evaluate the effectiveness of SRR for apical vertebral rotation. Methods : A total of 9 patients (1 male and 8 females) underwent scoliosis surgery by a neurosurgeon of our hospital. The Lenke classifications of the patients were 1 of 1B, 2 of 1C, 1 of 2A, 1 of 2C, 3 of 5C and 1 of 6C. Surgery was done by manner of simple rod rotation on the concave side and in situ coronal bending. Coronal Cobb's angles, vertebral rotation angles and SRS-22 were measured on a plain standing X-ray and CT before and after surgery. Results : The mean follow up period was 25.7 months (range : 5-52). The mean number of screw positioning level was nine (6-12). The mean age was 16.4 years (range : 13-25) at surgery. The mean Risser grade was $3.7{\pm}0.9$. The apical vertebral rotation measured from the CT scans was $25.8{\pm}8.5^{\circ}$ vs. $9.3{\pm}6.7^{\circ}$ (p<0.001) and the Coronal Cobb's angle was $53.7{\pm}10.4^{\circ}$ vs. $15.4{\pm}6.5^{\circ}$ (p<0.001) preoperatively and postoperative, respectively. The SRS-22 improved from 71.9 preoperatively to 90.3 postoperatively. There were no complications related with the operations. Conclusion : SRR with pedicle screw instrumentation could be corrected successfully by axial rotation without complications. SRR might serve as a good option to correct AIS deformed curves of AIS.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2008

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of children and adolescents who were victims of sexual assault in Korea. Methods: The subjects were 60 children and adolescents who visited the one-stop center as victims of sexual assault. The medical records of victims of sexual trauma were retrospectively reviewed. We studied the demographic data of the victims, their relationship to their perpetrator, the characteristics of the assault (frequency, duration, place, type), and the process from sexual assault to treatment. We also paid special attention to how the characteristics of the victims or perpetrators affected the characteristics of the assault or follow-up treatment. Results: There were several differences between sexual assaults committed by strangers and those committed by acquaintances. Sexual assaults committed by acquaintances lasted for a longer period of time than those committed by strangers. In addition, it took more time for victims of sexual assaults committed by acquaintances to seek treatment than those who were victims of sexual assaults committed by strangers. The majority (55.0%) of victims were between 10 and 15 years of age. Forty percent of the perpetrators were teenagers, and two of them were under the age of 10. Voluntary discontinuation of treatment was more frequent in adolescents than in children. Conclusion: All teenage victims of sexual assault need some sort of urgent intervention. In addition, approachable methods are needed in order to prevent sexual abuse by strangers or acquaintances.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.390-399
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of smartphone apps applying BodyThink program on BMI, percentage of body fat, skeletal muscle rate, body image, and self-esteem of adolescent girls. Methods: Sixty-eight high school girls with a BMI of over $25kg/m^2$ were recruited to participate in this study. Girls from four schools were divided into two groups: the experimental group, which used the smartphone apps applying BodyThink program, and the control group, which used smartphone apps and small group counseling. The experimental group received the BodyThink program 6 times, scheduled once a week, with each session lasting 40~50 minutes. Test measures were completed before and after the 6 week intervention period for all participants. Collected data was analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test, descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$ test, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Results: The girls in the experimental group significantly improved their results in BMI(Z=-1.67, p=.042), percentage of body fat (Z=-3.01, p=.001), skeletal muscle rate (t=-3.50, p<.001), and self-esteem (t=2.66, p=.005) after the program, compared to the girls in the control group. Conclusion: Mobile applications applying psychological and emotional intervention programs have the potential to be effective alternative methods to improve the body composition and self-esteem of obese adolescent girls.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.115-124
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• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the effects of a smoking cessation school program on attitudes towards smoking cessation, the subjective norm, perceived behavioral controls, the intent to cease smoking and smoking behavior. Also included was the goals of the program itself. Study subjects were 80 adolescent smokers who at least attended the smoking cessation school program without absence. had smoked one cigarette at the time of the first study before the program and attended the first. second. and third studies (The study was conducted from September 26. to December 21. 1999. a period of 59 days). Data collection was performed using the TPB questionnaire which was developed by Jee Yon-Ock(1994). The survey included questions covering the intended areas of study mentioned above. The first data was collected during the first day of the five day program. The second survey was conducted immediately after the last day of the program and the last survey was four weeks later. Data was analyzed with a SAS/PC program including N. %. a paired t-test. The results were as follows; 1. After the program. the scores representing attitude towards smoking cessation (before program: 14.5. after program: 16.8) and perceived behavioral control (before program: 1.2. after program: 2.1) rose significantly, but the scores for attitudes towards the subjective norm and the intent to cease smoking were not notably different. 2. After the program. the frequency of daily smoking fell significantly (before program: 5.7 cigarettes. after program: 3.2 cigarettes). In conclusion, the five day smoking cessation school program increased attitude. perceived behavioral control and decreased smoking behavior but did not influence subjective norm, smoking cessation intention. Thus, further study is required to better evaluate the effects of the program and to improve any shortcomings.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.120-130
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the symptoms accompanied with acne and HRV pattern of the acne patients. Methods: We reviewed 60 acne patients(age 15-38) who visited ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ hospital from January 2010 to October 2011. We investigated the symptoms accompanied with acne of 60 patients and evaluated HRV of 41 acne patients. The data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test using SPSS/PC ver 13.0 program. Results: 1. Prevalence of female post-adolescent acne was 66.7% in this study. The symptoms accompanied with acne were dischezia(35%), gastric discomfort(28.3%) in all patients and dysmenorrhea(40%), leukorrhea(38%), irregular menstrual period (24%) in female patients. 2. SDNN, RMSSD, VLF and HF of female were significantly lower than male. 3. SDNN, TP and VLF of un-dysmenorrhea group were significantly lower than dysmenorrhea group. 4. PSI of under 6 months group was significantly higer than over 6 months group. 5. In postadolescent acne patients SDNN, RMSSD, TP, LF and HF were significantly lower and PSI was significantly higher than adolescent acne patients. Conclusions: There are many female post-adolescent acne pateints and the assessment of the symptoms accompanied with acne and stress degree is helpful in treating acne. The further research and development about the diagnostic and therapeutic methods of acne are needed in oriental obstetrics and gynecology field.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.832-839
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to survey the prevalence of obesity assessed on the basis of height and weight among students in primary and secondary schools in the metropolitan area of Seoul, Korea during the period of 1979 to 1996. The major findings are as follows ; 1) The fiftieth percentile values of BMI have increased more in mid-ranged age group than upper(16-17 years old) and lower(6-7 years old) ranged age groups. 2) The prevalence of obesity by standard weight of height was higher among male students than female students and students in the primary schools showed higher weight increase than adolescent age(12-17 years old) group. As a whole, the prevalence of obesity over last 18 years has increased 4.6 times in males and 3.2 times in females. 3) Judged on the basis of the BMI 90th, 95th percentile values of 1979 , the prevalence of obesity among male students showed higher increases than among female students. Higher increase was also observed among primary school students than among middle and high school students. Increase of weight was higher for the $\geq$95th percentile group than the 90-95th percentile group. 4) Judged on the basis of the BMI, 90th, 95 th percentile values of NHANES-I, the $\geq$95th percentile group showed higher increase in the prevalence of obesity than the 90-95th percentile group. According to the 1996 data, severe obesity group ($\geq$95th percentile) was about two times of NHANES-I in male primary school students, while the number for female middle and high school students was about 1/5 of NHANES-I.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.320-327
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• 2022

Neurodevelopmental disorders are complex conditions that pose difficulty in the modulation of proper motor, sensory and cognitive function due to dysregulated neuronal development. Previous studies have reported that an imbalance in the excitation/inhibition (E/I) in the brain regulated by glutamatergic and/or GABAergic neurotransmission can cause neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric behavioral deficits such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). NMDA acts as an agonist at the NMDA receptor and imitates the action of the glutamate on that receptor. NMDA however, unlike glutamate, only binds to and regulates the NMDA receptor subtypes and not the other glutamate receptors. This study seeks to determine whether NMDA administration in mice i.e., over-activation of the NMDA system would result in long-lasting behavioral deficits in the adolescent mice. Both gender mice were treated with NMDA or saline at early postnatal developmental period with significant synaptogenesis and synaptic maturation. On postnatal day 28, various behavioral experiments were conducted to assess and identify behavioral characteristics. NMDA-treated mice show social deficits, and repetitive behavior in both gender mice at adolescent periods. However, only the male mice but not female mice showed increased locomotor activity. This study implies that neonatal exposure to NMDA may illicit behavioral features similar to ASD. This study also confirms the validity of the E/I imbalance theory of ASD and that NMDA injection can be used as a pharmacologic model for ASD. Future studies may explore the mechanism behind the gender difference in locomotor activity as well as the human relevance and therapeutic significance of the present findings.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.157-165
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between internet addiction in adolescent and influencing factor traits. In addition, the relationship between internet addiction and environmental coping strategies were examined. To examine the main purpose. analyzed as followed. According to the results of study. First, What have influencing factors on internet addiction? Second, How about were relationship between multidimensional factors correlation and multiregression analysis? Third, What about were prevention and coping strategies on internet addiction in adolescent period? According to the analysis with coping strategies researches, the results were presented as follows. Results showed that have positive correlation with internet use time, escape from reality, impulsivity, depression, anger control by examined results of Young addiction measure. Significant variables have influencing internet addiction with internet use time, escape from reality internet use, depression, anger control impulsivity. Based on these study results, This paper made a suggestion about prevention prescription and coping strategies of influencing factors on internet addiction in adolescent.