• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.124-131
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• 2013

South Korea is changing into a multi-cultural society, due to an increase in international marriage, foreign workers and transcultural immigration. In addition, the number of North Korean defectors entering South Korea has increased and now, there are approximately 25000. Therefore, this review have focused on a research that pertains to adaptation and mental health concerns of their children. Children who have immigrated themselves or whose parents have immigrated, might experience language barriers, difficulties in school adjustment, identity confusion and mental health problems. However, their academic performance and developmental status are known to be variable and be affected by socioeconomic status and their parents' educational level. Studies that evaluated the psychological problems of North Korean adolescent refugees' indicated the need for interests in both emotional and behavioral problems. The risk factors of North Korean adolescent refugees' mental health are suggested to be past traumatic experiences, long duration of defection and short period of adaptation. When mental health professionals provide assessment and treatment, they should consider the pre- and post-migration experiences & cultural background that affect the illness behaviors and attitudes toward mental illnesses. Lastly, the majority of children with multi-cultural background are still under an adolescent period and we should follow up with long-term perspectives.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.694-700
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• 2005

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between peer and parental factors and smoking behavior of adolescents in urban cities and to investigate whether there are gender differences. Methods. A stratified and random cluster sampling design was used to obtain a cross-sectional sample of high school students in two urban cities. The sample consisted of 512 Korean adolescents (256 boys and 256 girls) aged 15 to 18 (mean age 16.7$\pm$.58). Self-reported questionnaire consisted of adolescent smoking behavior, peer smoking and alcohol use, parental smoking and alcohol use, father-mother-peer relationships and perceived social support from peers and parents. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the hypothesized model. Results. The findings showed that peer and parental factors accounted for $30.3\%$ of the variance in adolescent smoking and peer smoking was most strongly associated with adolescent smoking behavior (OR = 10.18). In addition, peer smoking (OR = 4.71), peer alcohol use (OR = 4.21), and peer relationships (OR = 1.03) were significantly associated with boys' smoking behavior. In girls, peer smoking (OR = 26.50) and parent smoking (OR = 5.48) were significantly associated with smoking behavior. Conclusions. Consistent with previous findings, peer smoking is a significant factor on adolescent smoking. Specifically, boys would be more influenced from peers than girls. Therefore, smoking prevention programs for adolescents might be focused on the social context such as, resisting to peer pressure and enhancing the self-efficacy to control.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to find the correlation between authoritative parenting attitudes, emotional bonding of adolescents with parents, impulsiveness and cellular phone addiction. The paper will also explore the mediating role of impulsiveness between adolescents' emotional bonding with parents, authoritative parenting attitudes and cellular phone addiction. The subjects were made up of 237 adolescents. The data were analyzed with frequency, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and structural equation modeling by PASW and AMOS. The instruments used were Lee et al. (1997) Parenting Attitude, Hudson (1982) Child's Attitude Toward Parent (CATP), Lee (2001) BIS (Barnett Impulsiveness Scale) and Lee (2008) Cellular Phone Addiction. The major findings were as follows: the sex of the adolescents was significantly different with cellular phone addiction and their family economic status was significantly different with adolescents' emotional bonding with parents and cellular phone addiction. Authoritative parenting attitude was negatively correlated with adolescents' emotional bonding with parents and positively correlated with impulsiveness and cellular phone addiction. Emotional bonding of adolescents with parents was negatively correlated with impulsiveness and cellular phone addiction. Adolescents' emotional bonding with parents influenced impulsiveness and cellular phone addiction negatively, and impulsiveness mediated the effects of adolescents' emotional bonding with parents, authoritative parenting attitude and cellular phone addiction. Authoritative parenting attitude influenced adolescents' impulsiveness and cellular phone addiction positively, but impulsiveness influenced cellular phone addiction positively. In conclusion, it is important to intervene in adolescents' cellular phone addiction through special education programs and counseling to build adolescents' emotional bonding with parents and to reduce impulsiveness.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.107-121
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• 2002

This study investigates the factors associated with adolescent females' sexual behavior. Results from 390 adolescent females reveal that dating atmosphere was the strongest and the most influential risk factor predicting adolescent females sexual behavior, which has been a neglected variable in the research of adolescent sexual behavior. Age and similarity of sexual attitude with her dating partner, in addition to the dating experience had very significant impacts on highly sexually experienced adolescent females' sexual behavior. Adolescent females with low sexual experiences were significantly affected by similarity of sexual attitude with dating partner, siblings, and peers, her own attitude, age, and dating atmosphere. The findings from this study also indicate that parental supervision, dating atmosphere, respondent's sexual attitude, love for partner, and communication with parents on sexual issues were significant factors for determining adolescent females' sexual involvement.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.204-213
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to identify fundamental data on competency reinforcement programs to prevent adolescent risk behavior by developing and examining a competency model. Methods: In this study, competences on prevention of adolescent risk behavior were identified through competency modeling, and a competency model was developed and tested for validity. Results: Competences for prevention of adolescent risk behavior defined by the competency model included the following: self-control, positive mutual understanding between parents and adolescents, and positive connectedness with peer group. Validation of the competency model showed the model to be appropriate. Conclusion: The competency model for prevention of adolescent risk behavior through competency modeling is expected to be the foundation of an integral approach to enhance competency in adolescents and prevent adolescent risk behavior. This kind of approach can be a school-centered, cost-efficient strategy, which not only reduces adolescent risk behavior but also improves quality of adolescent resources.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2005

Objectives : Few studies have examined the relation between the attachment styles of the primary caregivers and the behavioral problems of their children. This study was performed to identify the impact of the insecure parental attachment patterns on the development of their higher grades elementary school children's psychiatric manifestations and disorders. Methods : 504 higher elementary pupils and their primary caretakers were included in our study. Relationship Questionnaire, Kovacs Children's Depression Inventory, Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for children, and Korean Child Behavior Checklist were applied to them. Results : The grade-school children of the parents who belonged to preoccupied attachment type revealed higher Withdrawn, Anxious/depressed, Social Problems, Attention Problems, Delinquent Problems, Aggressive Problems, Internalizing Problems, Externalizing Problems, Total Behavioral Problems scores than ones of securely attached parents (p<0.01). Internalizing Problems score of preoccupied parents' children was highest, and one of avoidant and secure typed parents' kids followed in order (p=0.004) . More youngsters revealed Total Behavior Problem score high enough to clinically meaningful level in insecure parental attachment style than in secure one (p=0.038). Higher CDI score in insecure parental group was reported than in secure one (p=0.040). Conclusion : Parental insecure attachment can be associated with the development of the behavioral problems and psychiatric illness of their children.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.495-502
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of adolescent's self-esteem and psychological separation from parents on their interpersonal competence. The study sample consisted of 625 high school students in Seoul, Korea who completed a self-administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed using t-tests, correlations, and hierarchical regression analysis. The main findings were as follows. First, the level of interpersonal competence differed by gender. Second, a higher level of interpersonal competence among adolescents was significantly correlated with a higher level of adolescent's positive self-esteem, lower level of adolescent's negative self-esteem, and higher level of psychological separation. Third, positive self-esteem was the most significant predictor of adolescents' interpersonal competence, followed by parent's regulation. Overall, the results suggest that self-esteem is very important to promote positive interpersonal competence among adolescents. Therefore, programs to address such issues are strongly needed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.142-155
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• 2014

Objectives : The aim of this study was to develop an assessment tool for measurement of children's functioning in the mental health service. We conducted a preliminary study to develop a sensitive and inclusive scale focused on the functional changes of children rather than just focusing on their symptoms or screening. Methods : The Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale and the Korean-Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) were both administered to 134 parents of children with emotional or behavioral problems who participated in the Aizone program and also to 186 parents of elementary school children in the Seoul metropolitan area as a control group. SPSS version 12.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results : Most of the reliability coefficients were over 0.70 except those of the conduct behavior items, which showed relatively high internal consistency. The corrected item-total correlations ranged from .411 to 758, except those of conduct behavior items and special measure items. In a concurrent validity test with K-CBCL, the total behavior problem score of K-CBCL was highly correlated with the total score of the Child and Adolescent Functional Assesment Scale (r=.610). For the construct validity, confirmatory factor analysis was performed for each of four areas, including behavior (at home/school), achievement, peer relationship, and emotion. Conclusion : The results showed that the scale was statistically reliable and valid, except for conduct behavior items. This study was conducted only for parents with elementary children. An adolescents group should be included in future studies.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.288-294
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to assess anger of middle school adolescents in an urban community using State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI)-Korean and Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), and to determine whether specific anger expression of adolescents is associated with certain psychopathology including depression. Methods : Data were collected from 395 middle school students and their parents in Incheon city. The students completed the STAXI, Children's Depression Inventory, Korean version of Mood disorder Questionnaire, and Conners-Wells' Adolescent Self-Report Scale (Short Form), and their parents completed the K-CBCL. Results : No significant correlation was observed between aggression subscale K-CBCL and each scale of the STAXI, except anger out (r=0.704). The scores for STAXI total and respective scales were significantly higher for female students than male students. A stepwise logistic regression model was used to explore the possible predictors for depression in adolescents and lower anger control and higher anger suppression were found to be predictors for depression in adolescence. Conclusion : There is a possibility of a large discrepancy between anger that the adolescents actually feel and parents' judgment of their children's anger. It must be considered in assessment of adolescent anger and use of further structured interviews is necessary. In addition, it may be useful to consider the anger expression style in adolescents who report depressive symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.378-388
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was designed to build a theoretical frame to provide practical help to prevent and manage adolescent internet game addiction by developing a prediction model through a comprehensive analysis of related factors. Methods: The participants were 1,318 students studying in elementary, middle, and high schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Decision Tree Analysis using the Clementine program was applied to build an optimum and significant prediction model to predict internet game addiction related to various factors, especially parent related factors. Results: From the data analyses, the prediction model for factors related to internet game addiction presented with 5 pathways. Causative factors included gender, type of school, siblings, economic status, religion, time spent alone, gaming place, payment to Internet cafe$\acute{e}$, frequency, duration, parent's ability to use internet, occupation (mother), trust (father), expectations regarding adolescent's study (mother), supervising (both parents), rearing attitude (both parents). Conclusion: The results suggest preventive and managerial nursing programs for specific groups by path. Use of this predictive model can expand the role of school nurses, not only in counseling addicted adolescents but also, in developing and carrying out programs with parents and approaching adolescents individually through databases and computer programming.