• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.464-473
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• 2018

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of roasting methods on volatile flavor compounds of boricha using solvent-assisted flavor evaporation-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry and GC-olfactometry. The barley roasting methods tested were air roasting (AR), drum roasting (DR), and air/drum roasting (ADR). Twenty, twenty-one, and eighteen aroma-active compounds were detected in the products of AR, DR, and ADR, respectively. Guaiacol (smoky), 2-acetylpyrazine (almond-like), and furfuryl alcohol (burnt sugar-like) were detected as high intensity aroma-active compounds. Intensities of most aroma-active compounds produced by the DR method were higher. On the other hand, aroma intensities of phenols produced by the AR method, such as guaiacol and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (curry-like), tended to be stronger. Aroma characteristics of phenols are not considered to be desirable for boricha. Although roasting time for DR was longer than that for AR, DR may be an effective barley roasting method for enhancing desirable aroma characteristics of boricha.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.381-392
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• 2017

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of low temperature on the growth, yield, quality, and biologically active compounds of strawberry and obtain basic information for developing a technology for stable growth of strawberry in greenhouses. Growth of strawberry, including leaf number, area, and length, plant height, and dry weight was better at the optimum growth temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ than at a lower temperature of $15^{\circ}C$. At the low temperature of $15^{\circ}C$, the cultivar 'Maehyang' was more tolerant and displayed better growth rate than 'Seolhyang'. At $15^{\circ}C$, the fruit production per week and fruit weight was lower than that at $20^{\circ}C$. In contrast, fruit length and diameter were not significantly different between the two growth temperatures. Growth temperature also did not affect the fruit color index, Hunter L, a, b value, or fruit firmness. However, the sugar content of strawberries grown at $15^{\circ}C$ was higher by 0.8 and 1.5 Brix for 'Seolhyang' and 'Maehyang', respectively, than of those grown at $20^{\circ}C$. There was no difference in the content of fisetin, a biologically active compound, for 'Seolhyang' at both growth temperatures, however, the fisetin content of 'Maehyang' was higher at $20^{\circ}C$ than at $15^{\circ}C$. Cinchonine and ellagic acid content of 'Seolhyang' was higher at $20^{\circ}C$ than at $15^{\circ}C$, whereas that of 'Maehyang' was higher at $15^{\circ}C$ than at $20^{\circ}C$. Quercetin content showed no significant differences with respect to growth temperature, however, it tended to increase at $20^{\circ}C$. The cinnamic acid content of 'Seolhyang' was higher at $15^{\circ}C$ than at $20^{\circ}C$, whereas that of 'Maehyang' increased at $20^{\circ}C$. Collectively, the biologically active compounds of strawberry were affected by growth temperature. Moreover, the content of these compounds tended to increase at $20^{\circ}C$, the optimum growth temperature, rather than at the sub-optimal growth temperature of $15^{\circ}C$.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.227-239
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• 2010

Objective : The purpose of this study was to develop the simulator which can analyze the anti-inflammatory effects of herbs based on e-cell, or the virtual cell. Method : We have ensured the medical herbs and its active compounds by investigating the oriental medicine records and NBCI(Biomedicine database). Also we have developed the web-based search system for confirming database related to anti-inflammation. We have researched the cell signal pathway related with inflammatory response control and established the mathematical model of herb interaction on selected signal pathway in e-cell. Finally we have developed the prototype which can confirm the result of this model visibly. Results : We constructed the database of 62 cases of anti-inflammatory active compounds in 61 cases of medical herbs which have been known anti-inflammation effects in the paper, 16 cases of inflammatory factors, 10 cases of signal pathways related with inflammatory response and 6,834 cases of URL(Uniform Resource Locator) of referenced papers. And we embodied the web-based research system, which can research this database. User can search basic and detailed information of medical plants related with anti-inflammatory by using information system. And user can acquire information on an active compounds, a signal pathway and a link URL of related paper. Among investigated ten pathways, we selected NF-${\kappa}B$, which plays important role in activation of immune system, and we searched the mechanisms of actions of proteins which could be components of this pathway. We reduced total network into IKK-$I{\kappa}B$ - NF-${\kappa}B$, and completed mathematic modeling by using ordinary differential equations and response variables of $I{\kappa}B-NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling model network which is suggested by Baltimore Group. We designed OED(Ordinary Differential Equation) for response of IKK, $I{\kappa}B$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ in e-cell's cytoplasm and nucleus, and measured whether an active compound of medicinal plants which is inputted by an user would have a anti-inflammation effects in obedience to change in concentration over time. The proposed model was verified by using experimental results of the papers which are listed on NCBI.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.105-111
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• 1999

When the preparation method of iron silicide films possess the annealing process, the interfacial state of the films is not fine. The good quality films were obtained as the plasma was used without annealing processing. Since the injected precursors were various active species in the plasma state, the organic compound was contained in the prepared films. We confirmed the formation of Fe-Si bonds as well as the organic compound by Fe and Si vibration mode in Raman scattering spectrum at $250cm^{-1}$ and Ft-IR. Because of epitaxy growth being progressed by the high energy of plasma at the low temperature of substrate, iron silicide was epitaxially grown to ${\beta}$-phase that had lattice structure such as [220]/[202] and [115]. Band gap of the prepared films had value of 1.182~1.174 eV and optical gap energy was shown value of 3.4~3.7 eV. The Urbach tail and the sub-band-gap absorptions were appeared by organic compound in films. We knew that the prepared films by plasma were obtained a good quality films because of being grown single crystal.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.1170-1176
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• 2015

Ginsenosides, the major active component of ginseng, are traditionally used to treat various diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and obesity. Among these, compound K (CK), an intestinal bacterial metabolite of the ginsenosides Rb₁, Rb₂, and Rc from Bacteroides JY-6, is reported to inhibit cancer cell growth by inducing cell-cycle arrest or cell death, including apoptosis and necrosis. However, the precise effect of CK on breast cancer cells remains unclear. MCF-7 cells were treated with CK ($0-70{\mu}M$) for 24 or 48 h. Cell proliferation and death were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Changes in downstream signaling molecules involved in cell death, including glycogen synthase kinase $3\beta$ ($GSK3\beta$), $GSK3\beta$, $\beta$-catenin, and cyclin D1, were analyzed by western blot assay. To block $GSK3\beta$ signaling, MCF-7 cells were pretreated with $GSK3\beta$ inhibitors 1 h prior to CK treatment. Cell death and the expression of $\beta$-catenin and cyclin D1 were then examined. CK dose- and time-dependently inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation. Interestingly, CK induced programmed necrosis, but not apoptosis, via the $GSK3\beta$ signaling pathway in MCF-7 cells. CK inhibited $GSK3\beta$ phosphorylation, thereby suppressing the expression of $\beta$-catenin and cyclin D1. Our results suggest that CK induces programmed necrosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells via the $GSK3\beta$ signaling pathway.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.799-807
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• 2020

Background: The skin acts as a barrier to protect organisms against harmful exogenous agents. Compound K (CK) is an active metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2 and Rc, and researchers have focused on its skin protective efficacy. In this study, we hypothesized that increased expression of the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type-5 (SPINK5) may improve skin barrier function. Methods: We screened several ginsenosides to increase SPINK5 gene promoter activity using a transactivation assay and found that CK can increase SPINK5 expression. To investigate the protective effect of CK on the skin barrier, RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to investigate the expression levels of SPINK5, kallikrein 5 (KLK5), KLK7 and PAR2 in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and histological changes associated with the skin barrier were performed in a UVB-irradiated mouse model and a 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis-like model. Results: CK treatment increased the expression of SPINK5 and decreased the expression of its downstream genes, such as KLKs and PAR2. In the UVB-irradiated mouse model and the DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis model, CK restored increased TEWL and decreased hydration and epidermal hyperplasia. In addition, CK normalized the reduced SPINK5 expression caused by UVB or DNCB, thereby restoring the expression of the proteins involved in desquamation to a level similar to normal. Conclusions: Our data showed that CK contributes to improving skin-barrier function in UVB-irradiated and DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like models through SPINK5. These results suggest that therapeutic attempts with CK might be useful in treating barrier-disrupted diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.313-318
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• 2010

This study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity of stevia extracts from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves. Stevia extracts were prepared by three different methods including hot water extraction (HWE) at $120^{\circ}C$ for 4 hr, vacuum extraction (VE) at $65^{\circ}C$ for 4 hr under 0.08 MPa, and fermentation of hot water extract (FHWE) using Lactobacillus buchneri. The antioxidant activities measured by radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant potential ability, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance showed the highest values in vacuum extract. Also, the antioxidant activities of all extracts were higher than those of stevioside and rebaudioside at the same concentrations, known as the major active components in stevia. To define the antioxidative compound in stevia extracts, the total phenol content was measured, and it was shown that the highest contents of total phenolic compounds were in vacuum extract. These results suggest that the antioxidant activity of stevia extract was due to the phenolic compound components. In addition, vacuum extraction was the proper method to prepare stevia extract with higher antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1130-1136
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• 2017

Traditionally, the larvae of Allomyrina dichotoma (AD), a species of the rhinoceros beetle, have been widely used for their antidiabetic, antihepatofibrotic, antineoplastic, and antiobesity effects. The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization has reported on the possibility of using edible insects in human dietary supplements in the future. However, despite the growing interest in insect-based bio-active products, the biological activities of these products have rarely been studied. Previously, we reported that AD larvae inhibit the in vitro differentiation of adipocytes via transcription factor downregulation. In this study, our objective was to evaluate the effects of a hot-water extract of AD larvae on allergy and inflammation. To investigate the inhibitory effect of the extract on allergic reactions, we measured the levels of ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) after activation of RBL-2H3 cells using Compound 48/80. In addition, the inhibitory effect of the extract on inflammation was determined using Raw 264.7 cells after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The extract significantly inhibited the ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, and COX-2 levels in RBL-2H3 cells. Furthermore, it effectively inhibited the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, nitric oxide, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. These results suggest that AD larval extract can be potentially developed as an antiallergic and anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.140-145
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• 2005

The desulfurization abilities using GC/microreactor have been examined for $CuO-Fe_2O_3$ sorbents with respect to calcination temperatures of 700, 900 and $1,100^{\circ}C$. CuO was used as a main active component, $Fe_2O_3$ was used as an additive one and 25 wt% $SiO_2$ was used as a support. The desulfurization reaction temperature was $500^{\circ}C$ and the regeneration reaction temperature was $700^{\circ}C$. From the XRD results, the $CuFeO_2$ compound has been observed for the fresh sorbent calcined at $1,100^{\circ}C$ and the $CuFeS_2$ compound for the reacted sorbent calcined at $1,100^{\circ}C$. By the BET results, however any significant differences among sorbents calcined at the three different temperatures of 700, 900 and $1,100^{\circ}C$ haven't been observed. Especially CFS1 (CuO : $Fe_2O_3$ : $SiO_2$=67.5 wt% : 7.5 wt% : 25 wt%) sorbent calcined at $1,100^{\circ}C$ maintained about 10 g sulfur/100 g sorbent for 100 cycles by the cyclic test.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2015

Objectives To check marker content for appropriate quality control of Woohwangchungsimwon sterilized to ensure microbiological safety and to observe antioxidant activity for any changes in efficacy. Methods To measure any effects of sterilization on the effective compounds, 8 ingredients of Woohwangchungsimwon were screened for any changes in marker content using HPLC-DAD. Using the colorimetric method on the microplate reader any changes in total phenolic compound and flavonoid levels were observed. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. Results Of the ingredients of Woohwangchungsimwon, 8 were subject to quantitative analysis before and after sterilization. 21.6 mg and 1.93 mg of Glycyrrhizin was found in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer pre and post sterilization, respectively. Decursin found in Angelica gigas Nakai increased from 0.16 mg to 0.29 mg after sterilization. Bilirubin found in Gallstone of Bostaurusvar. domesticus increased from 0.24 mg to 0.33 mg. Cinnamic acid found in Cinnamomum cassia Blume increased from 0.02 mg to 0.05 mg. Ginsenoside Rb1 found in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer decreased from 0.02 mg to 0.14 mg. Paeoniflorin found in Paeonia lactiflora Pallas increased from 1.05 mg to 1.13 mg. Amygdalin found in Armeniacae Amarum Semen increased from 2.68 mg to 2.83 mg. L-muscone found in Musk increased from 0.63 mg to 0.76 mg. As for total phenolic compound and total flavonoid content, there was a 1.22 and 4.15-fold increase. DPPH and ABTS increased by 20.45% and 20.69%, respectively. FRAP activity was 2.78 times more active post stabilization. Conclusions This study confirmed that high temperature high pressure steam sterilization, a method used to ensure microbiological safety of Woohwangchungsimwon, does not affect marker content; in other words, does not affect quality of the Woohwangchungsimwon. It could also be seen that total phenolic compound and flavonoid content increased after sterilization. An antioxidant activity test showed that there was significantly increased activity of antioxidants.