• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2015

Entering the 20th century since the industrial revolution, the cement has been widely used in the field of construction and civil engineering due to the remarkable development of construction industry. However, result from that development, each kind of industrial by-products and waste and the carbon dioxide generated in the process of cement production cause air pollution and environmental damage so earth is getting sick now slowly. Therefore, we have to recognize importance about this. It means that the time taking specific and long-term measures have come. In this research paper, as substitution of the cement generating environmental pollution, we investigate the hydration reaction of non-Sintered Cement mortar mixed with GBFS, active stimulant of alkaline and sulphate series by using SEM and XRD, mechanical and chemical properties according to the curing method. As a result of this experiment, NSC realized outstanding strength for water curing and steam curing. It means that it has a good possibility as substitution of cement. From now on, it can be used for structure satisfying specific standard. We expect to find a substitution of outstanding cement by progressing continuous research making the best use of pros and cons according to the curing method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1139-1144
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Pueraria flos as natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and antioxidative nutrients of Pueraria flos a were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash were 69.2%, 19.9%, 2.2% and 8.9%, respectively, and calories was 340.4 kcal. Total dietary fiber was 85.1% of total carbohydrates. The percentages of water soluble dietary fiber to insoluble dietary fiber were 12.0% and 46.7%, respectively. The protein contained 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of essential and non-essential amino acids were 5.0 g and 6.7 g. The Ca was the largest mineral followed by K, Mg, and P, which means Pueraria flos is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 25.37%, 33.61% and 35.68%, respectively. Therefore, the amount of the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than that of any other plant. The antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extract and fractions of the Pueraria flos has been determined by the scavenging of the stable radical DPPH; the result showed that the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, as the amount required for 50% reduction of DPPH after 30 mins ($RC_{50}$) was 109.9 ${\mu}g$, followed by 70% ethanol extract (217.3 ${\mu}g$), hexane fraction (134.5 ${\mu}g$), chloroform (116.7 ${\mu}g$), butanol faction (129.8 ${\mu}g$) and aqueous fraction (473.5 ${\mu}g$).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 1993

Crude ${\beta}-glucan$ extracted from Barley was purified by stepwide enzyme treatment with thermostable ${\alpha}-amylase$, amyloglucosidase and protease. The thermal properties of Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Three endotherms have been observed on DSC thermograms of Barley ${\beta}-glucan$. The first endotherm which produced the gelatinization phenomena commonly observed in Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ became the focus of this study. The temperature range and the enthalpy of gelation exhibited maximum values with increasing concentration of Barley ${\beta}-glucan$. Gelating Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ registered an enthalpy of approximately 0.23 cal/g and exhibited onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp) and conclusion temperature (Tc) of $48.8^{\circ}C,\;61.2^{\circ}C\;and\;78.5^{\circ}C$ respectively. The temperature and enthalpy of gelatinizing Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ at both alkali and acid conditions were lower than those at pH 7. With salt present, the Tp and Tc of gelating Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ produced lower temperatures than in conditions where salt was absent, and the enthalpy abruptly decreased. However, increasing salt concentrations did not affect the gelation temperature and the enthalpy of Barley ${\beta}-glucan$. The 'true melting' temperature of Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ was near $184^{\circ}C$ and the melting enthalpy was approximately 34.6 cal/g. The Barley ${\beta}-glucan$ decomposition temperature was in the range of $316^{\circ}C{\sim}346^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2004

Titanium and [titanium+Na(K)] substituted 11${\AA}$ tobermorites solids synthesized under hydrothermal conditions at 180$^{\circ}C$ exhibit cation exchange properties toward heavy transition metal cations, such as Fe$^{2+},\;Zn^{2+},\;Cd^{2+}\;and/or\;Pb^{2+}$. The amount of heavy metal cations taken up by these solids was found in the order: Fe$^{2+}>Zn^{2+}>Cd^{2+}>Pb^{2+}$, and reached maximum at 10% [Ti+K]-substituted tobermorite. The total cation exchange capacity of the 10% Ti+Na (K) - substituted tobermorites synthesized here range from 71 to 89 meq/100 g, and 50-56 meq/100g for Ti-substituted only. Results indicated that 10% [Ti+K] substitution exhibit cation exchange capacity more 2.4 times than the unsubstituted-tobermorite. This is due to the increase of the number of active sites on the exchangers. The incorporation of Ti and/or [Ti+Na(K)] in the lattice structure of synthesized tobermorites is due to exchange of Ti$^{4+}{\Leftrightarrow}2Ca^{2+}\;and/or\;Ti^{4+}+2Na^+(K^+){\Leftrightarrow}3Ca^{2+}$, respectively. The mechanism of Ti and [Ti+Na(K)] incorporations in the crystal lattice of the solids during synthesis and the heavy metal cations uptaken by these solids is studied.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.237-241
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• 1999

Nickel was impregnated on the $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$ supports and applied to the reduction reaction of CFC-113 ($CF_2Cl$-$CFCl_2$) with hydrogen to 3FCl ($CF_2$=CFCl, CFC-1113). The conversion was rapidly declined on the Ni/$SiO_2$(or $Al_2O_3$) and the deactivation accelerated as the increase of Ni content. However, the selectivity of 3FCl was maintained at around 80% level. The simultaneous coprecipitation of copper and lithium on Ni/$Al_2O_3$ improved both the conversion and selectivity to 3FCl, but an excessive amount of lithium reduced the conversion as well as the selectivity of 3FCl. However, in the case of Ni/$SiO_2$, the conversion was greatly reduced possibly due to a loss of silica support with high surface area by the reaction of $SiO_2$ with HF. Such a reduction in conversion also can be ascribed to the decrease in active sites, caused by the addition of alkali metal compound, LiOH.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.4 s.91
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• pp.293-298
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• 1999

An one percent sodium carbonate extract prepared from sclerotia of Poria cocos activated the proliferation of the T lymphocytes as measured by mixed lymphocyte responses(MLR). The active fraction, PCSC22, was isolated from an one percent sodium carbonate extract by a combination of fractionation procedures, including ethanol precipitation and chromatographies on column of DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G50. Carbohydrate and peptide contained in PCSC22 were 78 : 22% in ratio. On employing gel filtration high performance liquid chromatography, PCSC22 exhitited a homogeneous peak with an average molecular weight of 8 kDa. The sugar moiety of PCSC22 was composed with mannose (92%), galactose (6.2%) and arabinose (1.3%), which might be indicated as heteromannan. Fifteen amino acids were found in peptide moiety of the polysaccharide and aspartic acid, serine, and valine were major components. PCSC22 activated the primary proliferation of T lymphocytes measured by mixed lymphocyte responses, the antibody production of the B lymphocytes and the secretion of nitric oxide from macrophage cell line, RAW264.7.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 1987

Aspergillus sp. (MK-24) producing a biological active substance that inhibited the venom proteinase activity was isolated from soil. The substance also inhibited the activity of trypsin and coagulation of blood, but did not inhibit papain, $\alpha$-chymotrypsin and pepsin. The substance was partially purified from culture filtrate by precipitaion with acetone, and by chromatography of DEAE-Sepadex A-50 column and Amberlite IRC-50 ion exchange. The inhibitory substance was stable in the wide pH range from 2.0 to 12.0 at 37$^{\circ}C$, but not stable at $65^{\circ}C$ in the alkaline pH. Only 12% of the activity was decreased by the heat treatment at 10$0^{\circ}C$ for two hours. The inhibition on venom proteinase (Agkistrodon bromohoffi brevicaudus) was a mixed type. The inhibitory activity depended on the preincubation time and completely depressed by cupric, zinc and cobalt ions. The inhibition on the venom proteinase was appeared strongly on casein but not on ovalbumin or hemoglobin as a substrate.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.311-320
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• 2011

Fly ash (FA), byproduct from power plant has been actively used as mineral admixture for concrete. However, since bottom ash (BA) is usually used for land reclaim or subbase material, more active reuse plan is needed. Pond ash (PA) obtained from reclaimed land is mixed with both FA and BA. In this study, 6 PA from different domestic power plant are prepared and 5 different replacement ratios (10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, and 70%) for fine aggregate substitutes are considered to evaluate engineering properties of PA as fine aggregate and durability performance of PA concrete. Tests for fine aggregate of PA for fineness modulus, density and absorption, soundness, chloride and toxicity content, and alkali aggregate reaction are performed. For PA concrete, durability tests for compressive strength, drying shrinkage, chloride penetration/diffusion, accelerated carbonation, and freezing/thawing are performed. Also, basic tests for fresh concrete like slump and air content are performed. Although PA has lower density and higher absorption, its potential as a replacement material for fine aggregate is promising. PA concrete shows a reasonable durability performance with higher strength with higher replacement ratio. Finally, best PA among 6 samples is selected through quantitative classification, and limitation of PA concrete application is understood based on the test results. Various tests for engineering properties of PA and PA concrete are discussed in this paper to evaluate its application to concrete structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.148-157
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• 2005

This study was investigated to determine antimicrobial activity of the water and ethanol extracts of Korean wild green tea, semi-fermented tea, and fermented tea. Antimicrobial activity was examined against 8 kinds of several microorganisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the water and ethanol extracts of green tea showed the most active antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis 0.2 mg/mL in Gram positive bacteria and P. fluorescens 0.3∼0.5 mg/mL in Gram negative bacteria. But the extracts did not show antimicrobial activity against lactic acid bacteria and yeast at the level of less than 1 mg/mL. Antimicrobial activity got lower as tea got more fermented. Antimicrobial activity of ethanol extracts from green tea, semifermented tea, and fermented tea was stronger than that of water extracts. Antimicrobial activity of the water and ethanol extracts of green tea, semi-fermented tea, and fermented tea was not destroyed at 50∼121$^{\circ}C$, and pH 3∼11, which proved to be very stable when given over heat, acid & alkali treatment. The ethanol extract of green tea, semi-fermented tea, and fermented tea was fractionated in the order of hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and water fraction. The highest antimicrobial activity was found in the water fraction, but not found in hexane fraction, while antimicrobial activity of fermented tea was not found in ether fraction.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.43-50
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• 2014

The cultivation of agricultural crops results in the generation of agricultural byproducts. Researchers have reported that these materials can be useful in a variety of applications. However, over 50% of them are currently discarded because of the lack of specific technologies in industrial applications. Therefore, effective and specific applications must be developed in order to manufacture high-quality materials using discarded lignocellulosic resources. In this study, we determined the possibility of using kraft pulp from major agricultural byproducts as a raw material for the manufacture of paperboard. Rice husks, peanut husks, and garlic stems were obtained and used to prepare many kinds of kraft pulps by controlling the active alkali, sulfidity, reaction time, and liquor ratio. After the production of these kraft pulps, handsheets were manufactured by mixing them with KOCC. After preconditioning, the physical properties and strengths of the handsheets were measured according to the TAPPI test methods. The shapes, lengths, and widths of the pulp fibers varied according to the type of agricultural byproduct and the kraft pulping conditions. Rice husk and garlic stem pulps manufactured under mild pulping conditions resulted in handsheets of higher bulk than other pulps. Garlic stem pulps manufactured under mild pulping conditions were stronger than rice husk pulps and peanut husk pulps.