• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 1992

A $\alpha$-l, 4-D-glucan maltohydrolase $(\beta$-amylase), secreted by the mesophilic aerobic bacterium Bacillus polymyxa No.26, was purified and characterized. The enzyme production was increased after a logarithmic phase of bacterial growth and paralleled with the onset of bacterial sporulation. By applying anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration the enzyme was purified 16.7-fold and had a specific activity of 285.7 units/mg. Two enzyme activities were eluted on a column of DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, and they were designated as E-I for a major enzyme peak and E-II for a minor peak. Of them, E-I enzyme peak was further purified by using gel chromatography. The molecular mass of this enzyme was determined to be 64, 000 daltons and consisted of a single subunit, showing an isoelectric point of 8.9. The enzyme was able to attack specifically the $\alpha$-l, 4-glycosidic linkages in soluble starch and caused its complete hydrolysis to maltose and $\beta$-limited dextrin. This amylolytic enzyme displayed a temperature optimum at $45^\circ{C}$ and a pH optimum at 7.0. The amino acid composition of the purified enzyme was quite similar to the other bacterial $\beta$-amylases reported. Surprisingly, the purified enzyme from this aerobe only exhibited hydrolytic activity on soluble starch, not on starch granules. The degradation of from starch by $\beta$-amylase was greatly stimulated by pullulanase addition. These results differentiated from other $\beta$-amylases reported. Based on a previous result that showed the enzyme system involves in effective degradation of raw starch granules, this result strongly suggested that the purified enzyme (E-I) can be a synergistic part of starch granule-digestion and E-II plays a crucial role in digestion of starch granules.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.147-160
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• 1997

INTRODUCTION : Various types of organic reactions in the crystalline state, so-called "topochemical reaction", have been reported in this century." Among the reactions, [2+2] photocycloaddition of diolefin crystals are one of the most intensively investigated examples. In the topochemical reaction in a pure sense, the space group symmetry is perfectly preserved throughout the reaction as were demonstrated by the crystalline-state photopolymerization of 2,5-distyrylpyrazine (2,5-DSP) and photodimerization of propyl $\alpha$-cyano-4-[2-(4-pyridyl) ethenyl]cinnamate. 2,5-DSP was initially prepared by Franke and in 1958 Koelsch and Gumprecht described briefly in their article of diazine-derivatives that it was found that the compound (2,5-DsP) was converted into a colorless insoluble polymer (\ulcorner) dec. 331~331$\circ$ when the solid was exposed for a few hours to ultraviolet light. Wright described in his book as if Koelsch and Gumprecht had investigated both the structure of the photoproduct and the crystal structure 2,5-DSP in detail. However, in the paper, they have not described any study on chemically correct analysis and crystallography of the resulting photoproduct at all. In 1967, one of present authors (M. H.) independently made the same observation as Franke that brilliant yellow crystal of 2,5-DSP was converted into powdery white substance under the sunlight in the course of a preparative study of pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid from 2,5-DSP. He investigated this phenomenon and concluded for the first time that a linear highmolecular-weight polymer crystal ([$\eta$] > 3.0 in $CF_3COOH$ solution) with recurring cyclobutane units in the main chain, had been produced from 2,5-DSP crystal by the action of sunlight.on of sunlight.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.435-452
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• 2016

This study was designed to explore students' instrumentalization in relation to the van Hiele's teaching method within a technology environment using GeoGebra. To carry out the study, a total of 4 lesson units was developed based on van Hiele teaching method for two slow learners in Gyeonggi province, Korea. The results of study were as follows. Instrumentalization of students was actualized from preparation, to adaptation, and to application stages. In preparation, and adaptation stages, depending on visualization, students used a trial-and-error method a lot, however in application stage the role of GeoGebra was just to check the solution of what they conjectured. Therefore, a teacher should prepare geometric tasks according to the processes of instrumentalization based on geometric teaching method. During instrumentalization and instrumentation of users, usage scheme(US) and instrumented action scheme(IAS) should be concrete.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.277-281
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• 2001

Chromium is an essential nutrient and participates in glucose and lipid metabolism in human beings and animals. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of chromium picolinate (Cr-pic) on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in type I and ll diabetic rats. The experimental groups were type I diabetic (streptozotocin-induced: 40 mg/kg, i.p.) and type II diabetic (Goto-Kakizaki rats) models. Each group was subdivided into control. low-dose and high-dose of Cr-pic treated groups. The Cr-pic was orally administered with Cr-pic (100 mg/kg for low dose group and 200 mg/kg for high dose group) for 4 weeks. And then we performed intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and insulin sensitivity test (ITT). The glucose tolerance test was carried out by inection of glucose (2 g/kg, i.p.). The peripheral insulin sensitivity test was con- ducted by injection of insulin (5 units/kg, s.c.) and glucose. We performed determining of blood glucose concentration at 0, 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min using automated glucose analyzer. The plasma insulin concentration was determined by rat insulin EIA kit. Administration of Cr-pic improved weight gain in all group s with higher significant in the low-dose group. There was no significance between the control and the Cr-pic treated groups in the area under the blood glucose curve and serum insulin concentration plots of IPGTT and peripheral ITT in type I diabetic rats. But Cr-pic treated groups showed significantly lower levels of the area under the blood glucose currie during IPGTT and ITT and the high-dose group showed less effects compared with the low-dose group in the type II diabetic rats. The plasma insulin concentration of both diabetic groups was not influenced by Cr-pic supplementation. We can conclude that chromium picolinate may improve the endogenous and exogenous insulin action and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type II diabetic rats.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.39-45
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• 2015

Industrial secrets that companies own recently protected by various act related industrial security such as Trade Secret Act, Act on Prevention of Divulgence and Protection of Industrial Technology, etc. However, despite such protection infringement and leakage accidents of industrial secrets is increasing every year. According to a survey conducted by KAITS(Korean Association for Industrial Technology Security) annual average of estimated damage by industrial secrets leakage is estimated to be "50 trillion won." This is equivalent to the amount of annual revenue of small businesses more than 4,700 units. Following this, industrial secrets leakage causes serious damages to competitiveness of nation and companies and economic. However investment and effort to the industrial secrets leakage crime is lack of level compared to the scale of damage. Actually, most companies except some major companies are lack of response action about industrial secrets leakage because of shortage of separate organization, workforce, budget for industrial secrets leakage security. This paper aims to understand the overall flow of the industrial secrets leakage crime through various taxonomy such as cause of occurrence and leakage pathway and grasp the condition of damage from industrial secrets leakage through analyzation of internal and external industrial secrets leakage crime. This is expected to be the basis for related research.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1992

The intradental nerve activity was recorded from single pulp nerve unit dissected from the inferior alveolar nerve in canine teeth of anesthetized cats. The effects of various test solutions on intradental nerve activity evoked by 4M NaCl applied to the deep dentinal cavities were investigated. 1. Total 15 single pulp nerve units were recorded. Of these 9 were Mi - fibers and 6 were C -fibers. The mean conduction velocity and electrical threshold of $A{\delta}$ - fiber were $6.3{\pm}3.7m/sec$, $1.2{\pm}0.7V$ and those of C - fiber were $1.0{\pm}0.2m/sec$, $2.3{\pm}1.3V$, respectively. The response to cold stimuli of $A{\delta}$ - fiber began immediately and that of C - fiber began after a latency. 2. When applied to deep dentinal cavity, 4M NaCl induced irregular bursts of action potential in 4 $A{\delta}$ - fibers and 3 C - fibers, which continued until the solution was washed away. 3. In the $A{\delta}$ - fiber, histamine failed to induce any nerve acitivity and did not produce an increase in intradental nerve activity evoked by 4M NaCl. However following the application of 1M KCl, the response to 4M NaCl was eliminated. 4. In the C - fiber, histamine generated some nerve activity and produced a significant increase in intradental nerve activity evoked by 4M NaCl, but 5M $CaCl_2$ did not abolish this enhandced response.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.99-115
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• 2002

Tests of stability and toxicity, and clinical evaluation of anti-acne activity suggest that cryptotanshinone, a constituent of the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is an effective active ingredient for acne vulgaris treatments. Acne vulgaris, called acne or pimples, is the most common disease of the pilosebaceous follicle unit of the skin. It affects nearly 80% of people between the ages of 11 and 30. Approximately 30% of teenagers have acne of sufficient severity to require medical treatment. Acne is a follicular disorder of the skin. It occurs in specialized pilosebaceous units on the face and body. Acne develops when these specialized follicles undergo pathologic alterations that result in the formation of non-inflammatory lesions (comedones) and inflammatory lesions (papules, pustules and nodules). An abnormality of keratinizing epithelium of these follicles, thought to be due to the action of sebum synthesized and secreted by the androgen-sensitive sebaceous glands, leads to inflammation induced by the follicular bacterium Propionibacterium acnes. Therapy involves treatments that modify these pathogenic factors and includes drugs with antikeratinizing, antibacterial and antiseborrheic actions. Acne vulgaris is a very frequent disease, seen primarily in adolescents, involving the sebaceous follicles. Acne vulgaris is characterized by a great variety of clinical inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions: comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, cysts and scars. Acne vulgaris is a multi-factorial disease. Although its pathogenicity is unclear, extensive studies have shown that hyperseborrhea, superinfection by P. acnes and endocrinologic androgenic changes play a role in the development of acne vulgaris.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.106-114
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• 2018

This study aimed to compare the performance of previous optimization algorithms against new a photon optimizer (PO) algorithm for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for prostate cancer. Eighteen patients with prostate cancer were retrospectively selected and planned to receive 78 Gy in 39 fractions of the planning target volume (PTV). All plans for each patient optimized with the dose volume optimizer (DVO) and progressive resolution optimizer (PRO) algorithms for IMRT and VMAT were compared against plans optimized with the PO within Eclipse version 13.7. No interactive action was performed during optimization. Dosimetric and radiobiological indices for the PTV and organs at risk were analyzed. The monitor units (MU) per plan were recorded. Based on the plan quality for the target coverage, prostate IMRT and VMAT plans using the PO showed an improvement over DVO and PRO. In addition, the PO generally showed improvement in the tumor control probability for the PTV and normal tissue control probability for the rectum. From a technical perspective, the PO generated IMRT treatment plans with fewer MUs than DVO, whereas it produced slightly more MUs in the VMAT plan, compared with PRO. The PO showed over potentiality of DVO and PRO whenever available, although it led to more MUs in VMAT than PRO. Therefore, the PO has become the preferred choice for planning prostate IMRT and VMAT at our institution.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of robot arm reach training on upper extremity functional movement in chronic stroke survivors. Design: One group pretest-posttest design. Methods: Thirteen chronic stroke survivors participated in this study. Robot arm reach training was performed with a Whole Arm Manipulator (WAM) and a 120-inch projective display to provide visual and auditory feedback. During the robotic arm reach training, WAM provided gravity compensation and assist-as-needed (AAN) force according to the robot control mode. When a participant could not move the arm toward the target for more than 2 seconds, WAM provided AAN force to reach the desired targets. All patients participated in the training for 40 minutes per day, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. Main outcome measures were the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and Box and Block Test (BBT) to assess upper extremity functional movement. Results: After 4 weeks, significant improvement was observed in upper extremity functional movement (FMA: 42.15 to 46.23, BBT: 12.23 to 14.00, p<0.05). In the subscore analysis of the FMA upper extremity motor function domains, significant improvement was observed in upper extremity and coordination/speed units (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the ARAT. Conclusions: This study showed the positive effects of robot arm reach training on upper extremity functional movement in chronic stroke survivors. In particular, we confirmed that robot arm reach training could have a positive influence by leading to improvement of motor recovery of the proximal upper extremity.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to develop an integrated health promotion program for cancer survivors residing in the community based on the shared care model, and evaluate its effectiveness. Methods: A quasi-experimental trial was conducted. The participants consisted of 35 cancer survivors with completed intensive cancer therapy at the cancer hospital. The intervention group (n=20) and the control group (n=15) were recruited from among a district home cancer patient registrations. The intervention group participated in an integrated health promotion program based on the MAPP (Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnership) development process. The program consisted of physical, psycho-social and body image units. The participants were assessed before the program, and immediately after the program. Data were collected between July 1 and September 2, 2018 using FACT-G quality of life (QOL), distress thermometer (DT), and resilience. The data were analyzed by performing a χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and ranked ANCOVA using SPSS. Results: The intervention group reported a higher QOL overall and significantly higher social/family well-being than the control group. Distress was significantly lower in intervention group than in the control group. Resilience had no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the integrated health promotion program base on the shared care model and MAPP development process could be effective intervention for improving social/family well-being and the QOL, and reducing distress of cancer survivors at home. Community health center nurses need to provide intervention to support self-care competency for cancer survivors' comprehensive care with physical, psycho-social, and body image to help them adjust their life to a moderate risk group in the community.