• 아동학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.91-104
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• 2003

This study analized the strategies in beginning readers by age and reading ability. Sixty 4-and 5-year old subjects took a reading test based on Bsatjes & Brown(1997) and Park, et a1.(1989). They read contextual and non-contextual storybooks. Errors in oral reading were recorded as mispronunciations, substitutions, omissions, insertions, teacher-assistance and self-corrections. Mispronunciations and substitutions were Specifically evaluated for graphic and contextual reading strategies. Data were analyzed by percentage and mean. Results revealed that children made more mispronunciation errors in reading the non-contextual story book. They used graphic information more than contextual information. Fine-year olds and high-level readers developed the use of graphic and contextual cues simultaneously.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.5449-5464
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• 2018

Recent works have validated the possibility of reducing the energy consumption in wireless heterogeneous networks, achieved by switching on/off some base stations (BSs) dynamically. In this paper, to realize energy conservation, the discrete time Markov Decision Process (DTMDP) is developed to match up the BS switching operations with the traffic load variations. Then, an asynchronous decision-making algorithm, which is based on the Bellman equation and the on/off priorities of the BSs, is firstly put forward and proved to be optimal in this paper. Through reducing the state and action space during one decision, the proposed asynchronous algorithm can avoid the "curse of dimensionality" occurred in DTMDP frequently. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to validate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed asynchronous on/off strategies.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.175-181
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• 1993

In this paper, a practical method to generate task strategies applicable to chamferless and high-precision assembly, is proposed. The difficulties in devising reliable assembly strategies result from various forms of uncertainty such as imperfect knowledge on the parts being assembled and functional limitations of the assembly devices. In approach to cope with these problems, the robot is provided with the capability of learning the corrective motion in response to the force signal trrough iterative task execution. The strategy is realized by adopting a learning algorithm and represented in a binary tree type database. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, a series of simulations and experiments are carried out under assimilated real production environments. The results show that the sensory signal-to-robot action mapping can be acquired effectively and, consequently, the chamferless assembly can be performed successfully.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제59권
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• pp.180-210
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• 2012

이 연구의 목적은 우리나라에서 이루어진 2000년대 10년간의 사과문 분석을 통하여 우리나라 사람들이 어떤 위기 커뮤니케이션 전략을 사용하고 있는지 실제적인 상황 진단을 내려 보는 것이다. 이를 위해 기존 문헌에서 사용된 사과전략의 유형과 우리나라 사과문에서 독 특하게 발견된 사과 유형을 탐색하여 분석에 이용하였다. 또한 조직별, 위기 유형별, 위기진행시기별로 각각 다르게 나타나는 위기 커뮤니케이션 전략을 세부적으로 알아보았다. 분석 결과 위기 커뮤니케이션 전략 중 사과 전략과 수정행위 전략이 가장 많이 사용되고 있었으며, 입지 강화와 동정심유발 전략이 그 뒤를 이었다. 조직별, 위기 유형별, 위기 진행시기별로도 선호되는 위기 커뮤니케이션 전략에 차이가 있었는데, 정부나 공적기관의 경우, 위기의 책임성이 내부에 있는 경우 및 통제력이 있다고 여겨지는 인문사회위기인 경우 정당화 전략을 선호하는 경향이 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 우리나라의 문화적 특징인 정, 체면 의식과 관련되어 있는 것으로 보인다. 즉 광범위한 의미에서 간접적 수정행위 전략, 초월 전략 등은 일종의 체면유지 전략으로 이해될 수 있으며, 입지강화나 동정심 유발은 인정에 호소하는 전략이라고 해석할 수 있다. 향후 연구에서는 이러한 우리나라의 문화적 특징을 반영한 새로운 위기 커뮤니케이션 유형화와 함께 그것의 효과를 입증하는 실증연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 보인다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.321-331
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• 2008

Purpose: Purpose of this study was to explore the process of menopause experiences in middle-aged women. Method: The grounded theory methodology by Strauss & Corbin was the basis for this study. The participants were 15 middle-aged women selected by theoretical sampling. The data were collected by in-depth interviews using audiotape recording analyzed simultaneously by the constant comparative method described in Strauss and Corbin's methodology. Results: Experiencerelated to menopause in middle-aged women is caused by cognition of the aging process, difficult problems in family that occur with limitation of social activity, and perception of changingseasons. The central incident of menopause in middle-aged women was loss of the woman's identity. Intervening conditions, which are action/interactional strategies for menopause, are related to social support. Action/interactional strategies related to menopause management included medical treatment, mind control, and participation in social activity. Experiencerelated to menopause in middle-aged women resulted in comfort or discomfot of physical and emotional condition. Conclusion: The findings of this study may contribute to the development health promotion strategy for middle-aged women. There is need to develop family support systems and preventive nursing interventions to avoid negative coping strategy.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.99-113
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• 1995

The purposes of this study were to investigate the interrelationships between family functioning, marital conflicts, conflict coping strategies and couple's psychological adjustment, and to identify the influence of each variables on couple's psychological adjustment. The subjects of this study were 532 couples with teen-aged children in seoul. the major findings were as follows ; 1) The couples' perception of their family funstioning(family cohesion and family adaptability) had linear relations with psychological adjustment(marital satisfaction, self-esteem, and depression). 2) For both spouses, marital conflicts, avoidance strategy, action-expression strategy, emotional strategy and outside-aid seeking strategy were negatively related to family functioning, marital satisfaction and self-esteem, and were positively related to depression, Rational coping strategy was positively related to marital satisfaction and self-esteem, and were negatively related to depression. 3) Couples' marital satisfaction were significantly affected by marital conflicts, avoidance strategy, family functioning and family income. Couples' self-esteem were significantly affected by rational coping strategy, family functioning, family income and avoidance strategy. Couples depression were significantly affected by marital conflicts, emotional strategy, and avoidance & action expression strategy. In addition, wives' self-esteem were affected by family functioning. And there were differences between wives and husbands in the findings.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.179-193
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• 2015

This study examined the retirement adaptation process for middle-aged and elderly couples. Twelve couples who had experienced retirement were recruited by theoretical sampling. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed through the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin (1998). This study showed the results of 124 concepts, 41 sub-categories and 17 categories indicated through an open coding process. As a paradigm in axial coding, the causal conditions in the adjustment procedures of elderly couples whose spouses are retired were 'retirement preparation,' 'retirement acceptance,' and 'marital satisfaction.' A central phenomenon was 'crisis and conflicts of twilight couples.' The contextual conditions that correspond to this phenomenon were 'psychological separation from adult children,' 'division of household labor,' and 'economic status.' The action/interaction strategies to control the phenomenon were 'recognition of marital relationships,' 'conflicts coping,' 'resolution methods,' and 'self-reflection.' The intervening conditions that facilitate action/interaction strategies were 'attitudes of husbands,' 'mutual awareness of couple,' 'health status,' and 'support systems.' The consequences were 'readaptation of marital relationships,' and 'unresolved conflicts,' and 'trying alone.' This research classified middle-aged and elderly couples' adaptation into three types such as mutual effort, separation & resignation, and conflicts vestige. The findings provide basic information to develop a retirement adaptation program for the middle-aged and elderly.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.85-117
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• 1997

This paper is focused on management control system. From a management control perspective, strategies should be viewed as useful, but not absolutely necessary, guides to the proper design of an MCS. When strategies are formulated more clearly, more control alternatives become feasible and it becomes easier to implement each form of management control effectively. The common and important category of controls are action controls, personnel and cultural controls, and results controls. Action controls involves ensuring that employees perform(or do not perform) certain actions that are known to be beneficial(or harmful) to the organization. Personnel and cultural controls take steps to ensure that employees will control each others' behaviors. Results controls involve rewarding individuals(and sometimes groups of individuals) for generating good outcomes or punishing them for poor outcomes. The results controls of ROI-type measure cause to make managers excessively short- term oriented, or myopic. When managers' orientations to the short - term become excessive -when the management are more concerned with short-term profit than entity value-the managers are said to be myopic. We car, solve myopic problem by introducing AR(abnormal return), near-perfect indicators of value creation. The results - control ideal would be to hold all employees accountable for the wealth they individually create(or destroy) for the owners of the entities in which they work. This ideal is approachable for top management of publicly traded corporations because for these organizations, the wealth created(returns to shareholders) can be measured directly for any period(such as a year, a quarter, or a month) as the measurement period pin(or minus) the change in the market value of the stock.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.75-87
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a home-based self-management support intervention (SMSI) for enhancing pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Korea. Methods: This methodological study was conducted by following these 4 steps: constructing the preliminary draft of a home-based SMSI from existing recommendation and a literature review on PR and self-management interventions; testing content validity with 6 experts in COPD; exploring clinical applicability of the intervention by applying it to 4 COPD patients; determining the final intervention. Results: The final intervention included 4 components and contents identified from the literature review as essentials for self-management of COPD patients: education; exercise training and practice including breathing, muscle strengthening and aerobic exercises; cognitive behavioral strategies including informative self-decision making, collaborative goal setting and supportive advice; and action planning for exacerbation. The intervention was designed to be run by a trained nurse and had 8 weekly sessions consisting of three 60-minute face-to-face sessions and five 20-minute phone-call sessions. Conclusion: The intervention developed in this study incorporates essential components of self-management, i.e. action plan and cognitive behavioral strategies, and will contribute to enhancing and maintaining effects of PR by increasing self-management in COPD patients.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.375-379
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• 2011

Control Banding (CB) strategies to prevent work-related illness and injury for 2.5 billion workers without access to health and safety professionals has grown exponentially this last decade. CB originates from the pharmaceutical industry to control active pharmaceutical ingredients without a complete toxicological basis and therefore no occupational exposure limits. CB applications have broadened into chemicals in general - including new emerging risks like nanomaterials and recently into ergonomics and injury prevention. CB is an action-oriented qualitative risk assessment strategy offering solutions and control measures to users through "toolkits". Chemical CB toolkits are user-friendly approaches used to achieve workplace controls in the absence of firm toxicological and quantitative exposure information. The model (technical) validation of these toolkits is well described, however firm operational analyses (implementation aspects) are lacking. Consequentially, it is often not known if toolkit use leads to successful interventions at individual workplaces. This might lead to virtual safe workplaces without knowing if workers are truly protected. Upcoming international strategies from the World Health Organization Collaborating Centers request assistance in developing and evaluating action-oriented procedures for workplace risk assessment and control. It is expected that to fulfill this strategy's goals, CB approaches will continue its important growth in protecting workers.