• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.7-8
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• 1985

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.180-187
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• 1989

Systematic pharmacological studies on powdered whole part of unossified antler obtained from Cervus nippon Temminck var. mantchuricus have been carried out in mice and rats. Powdered antler, with a single oral administration, showed a very weak acute and subacute toxicity; its MLD being >5g/kg orally in mice. On daily oral treatments of the antler for 14 days, it did not cause any significant differences in body weight gain, various organ weights and serum transaminase activities compared to those of the control rats. Powdered antler, with a single oral administration, showed a remarkable analgesic activity as evaluated by writhing syndrome and tail-pressure test, a weak CNS depressant activity as well as a weak immunopotentiating action as evaluated by carbon clearance test in mice. Powdered antler, with repeated treatments, showed a moderate antifatigue effect against immobilized stress and showed significant increases in both adrenal weight and its ascorbic acid content in rats, suggesting that the mode of antifatigue effect of antler is related to adrenal and its components.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.137-141
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• 1992

The present study was aimed at elucidating the mode of inhibitory action of tricyclic antidepressants on the smooth muscle. Effects of amitriptyline on the isolated detrusor muscle strips of the urinary bladder of the rabbit were examined. The spontaneous rhythmic movement of the muscle preparation was frequently observed, which was decreased or abolished by addition of amitriptyline $(10^{-5}{\sim}10^{-3}\;M)$. The muscle preparation responded with contraction dose dependently to carbachol, of which dose response curve shifted to the right in the presence of either amitriptyline or atropine. However, amitriptyline produced a nonparallel shift, whereas atropine caused a parallel one. In calcium free medium, the contraction response to carbachol was markedly decreased, which was resumed by the addition of $CaCl_2$ (2.5mM), but not in the presence of either amitriptyline or nifedipine. KCI (60 mM) produced a potent contraction, which was abolished in the presence of amitriptyline or nifedipine. These results suggest that amitriptyline, unlike atropine, not only acts as a noncompetitive antagonist at cholinergic muscarine receptors but also inhibits Ca-influx through the muscle cell membrane.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 1980

This study was conducted to clarify the mode of action and the positional specificity of Trichosporon cutaneum lipase during the course of hydrolysis of triolein and monoolein mixture by thin-layer chromatography. 1. The hydrolytic activity of the lipase to oleyl glycerides was in the order of triolein>diolein>monoolein. 2. Both of triolein and diolein were hydrolyzed by the lipase at high and almost the same rate. 3. The hydrolysis of monoolein by the lipase was very slow compared to the other two oleyl glycerides. 4. This lipase appeared to have a very low specificity toward the outer chains of triolein.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.109-112
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• 2013

Azole fungicides are one of the most wide-spread antifungal compounds in agriculture and pharmaceutical applications. Their major mode of action is the inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis, giving depletion of ergosterol, precursors and abnormal steroids. However, metabolic consequences of such inhibition, other than steroidal metabolitesare not well established. Comprehensive metabolic profiles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been presented in this study. Wild type yeast was treated either with glucose as control or azole fungicide (ketoconazole). Both polar metabolites and lipids were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Approximately over 180 metabolites were characterized, among which 18 of them were accumulated or depleted by fungicide treatment. Steroid profile gives the most prominent differences, including the accumulation of lanosterol and the depletion of zymosterol and ergosterol. However, the polar metabolite profile was also highly different in pesticide treatment. The concentration of proline and its precursors, glutamate and ornithine were markedly reduced by ketoconazole. Lysine and glycine level was also decreased while the concentrations of serine and homoserine were increased. The overall metabolic profile indicates that azole fungicide treatment induces the depletion of many polar metabolites, which are important in stress response.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 1983

Aminoglycoside antibiotics are reported to enhance the amylase release from isolated slices of pancreas in vitro and the mode of action of aminoglycosides on amylase release is considered different from those of acetylcholine or cholecystokinin(CCK), i.e., electronmicroscopically intact zymogen granules are appeared in the lumen of pancreatic acini by treatment of aminoglycosides. It is known that atropine blocks the secretagogue effect of acetylcholine, and phenoxybenzamine is reported to block the effects of CCK or its analogue caerulein. Present study was undertaken to investigate the mode of action of aminoglycosides on the amylase release using atropine, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol as a membrane stabilizing agent in slices of chicken pancreas. The results are summarized as follows : 1) Streptomycin and kanamycin increased the amylase release significantly from slices of chicken pancreas. 2) The effect of streptomycin was inhibited by atropine but not by phenoxybenzamine or propranolol. 3) The amylase release by acetylcholine was blocked by atropine tut the effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide(CCK-8) was not influenced by atropine, phenoxybenzamine or propranolol. 4) Pretreatment of streptomycin enhanced the secretagogue effect of acetylcholine or CCK-8. From these results it is suggested that amylase releasing effects of aminoglycosides are mediated in part by cholinergic stimulation and in part by membrane alteration and these effects are enhanced by acetylcholine or cholecystokinin.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.693-697
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• 2004

YH-1715R, (2R,3R)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(3-methoxy-1,2,4-isothiazol-3-yl-thio)-1-( 1H-1,2,4-triazol-l-yl)-2-butanol, a new triazole derivative obtained by the structural modification of fluconazole, was found to exhibit potent anti-Candida activity against a wide variety of Candida albicans (C. albicans) (MIC: 0.4-12.5 mg/l). To investigate the mode of action of YH-1715R, its effect on ergosterol biosynthesis in cell-free extracts and whole cells of C. albicans was examined. The inhibitory activity of YH-1715R was approximately ten-fold higher than that of fluconazole. To determine the primary action mechanism of YH-1715R, its inhibitory activity against lanosterol $14\alpha$-demethylase (14$\alpha$-DM), a major target for azole, was measured using gas-liquid chromatography. YH-1715R and fluconazole were found to inhibit 14a-DM with an $IC_{50}$ of 0.015 $\mu$M and 0.01$8\mu$M, respectively, plus the mode of inhibition of YH-1715R and fluconozole was noncompetitive with a $K_i$ of 0.0533$\mu$M and 0.0975$\mu$M.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2000

We have examined the mode of transglycosylation, catalyzed by an extracellular $\beta$-glucosidase purified from Trichoderma koningii ATCC 26113, using cellobiose, sophorose, laminaribiose and gentiobiose as substrates. The dimers separated from the reaction mixture by HPLC were analyzed by $^(1)H$-NMR spectroscopy. When cellobiose was subjected to the action of the $\beta$-glucosidase, the products included laminaribiose, sophorose and gentiobiose. When laminaribiose, sophorose or gentiobiose was used as a substrate, the $\beta$-glucosidase accumulated transglycosylation products possessing different types of $\beta$-glycosidic linkages from the original one. The amount of dimers accumulated as reaction proceeded seemed to be dependent on the velocity of hydrolysis but not on that of formation.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.484-489
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• 2005

Streptococcus pmeumoniae is the leading cause of pneumonia and bacterial meningitis. The current polysaccharide vaccine has been reported ineffective in elderly adults and children less than 2 years of age. Thus, in recent many researchers have been focused on a different approach, DNA vaccine. In our laboratory we developed a Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA (SPDNA) vaccine. This SPDNA vaccine was formulated by inserting the region encoding part of the capsule in the S. pneumoniae into the LAMP-1. In present work, with use of the SPDNA vaccine we attempted to establish a certain methodology useful for evaluation of effectiveness and immunoresponse of a DNA vaccine. Results showed that the subcutaneous route was the most effective for production of antisera specific for S. pneumoniae in mice. By isotyping analyses, IgM, IgGl, IgG2a, and IgG2b were determined. In addition, INF-$\gamma$ and IL-4 were predominantly detected. Combination of those data resulted in a pattern of IgGl < IgG2a=IgG2b and INF$\gamma\>$ >IL-4, which indicates the inmmunity towards the Thl response predominantly; furthermore, the SPDNA vaccination induced resistance of the CD4+T lymphocyte-depleted mice against disseminated pneumococcal infection. These data appear to be possibly due to activation of CDS8+T cell-activation. Taken together, this methodology can be applied for evaluating efficacy and mode of action of a DNA vaccine as minimum critera.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.579-582
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• 2003

Norfloxacin, that inhibits the action of topoisomerase Ⅱ, binds to wide variety of DNA. The binding mode of this drug to double- and super-coiled DNA (ds- and scDNA) is compared in this study by various spectroscopic methods, including absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism(CD) spectroscopy. Hypochromism in the absorption band, negative and positive induced CD bands (respectively in 240-260 nm and 270-300 nm region) are apparent for the norfloxacin that bound to both the dsDNA and scDNA. A decrease in fluorescence is also noticed in the presence of both DNAs. Since the spectroscopic characteristics are the same for both complexes, it is imperative that the binding mode of the norfloxacin is similar in ds- and scDNA. In the presence of $Mg^{2+}$, which is a cofactor in the topoisomerase Ⅱ action, the fluorescence intensity of the scDNA-norfloxacin complex increased and the resulting fluorescence intensity and shape was identical to that in the absence of scDNA. Therefore, the addition of an excess amount of $Mg^{2+}$ may result in the extrusion of norfloxacin from scDNA.