• 공업화학
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.619-623
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• 2014

산 가수분해공정과 효소당화공정을 이용하여 사과, 귤, 수박껍질로부터 셀룰로오스 에탄올을 생산하고, 그 최적조건을 결정함으로써 과일껍질을 원료로 한 바이오에너지 생산가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. 산 가수분해공정을 이용하여 과일껍질로부터 셀룰로오스 에탄올을 생산하기 위한 최적조건은 사과껍질의 경우 황산농도 20 wt%에서 90 min, 귤껍질과 수박껍질의 경우에는 각각 산 가수분해시간 60 min에서 황산의 농도가 15, 10 wt%인 것으로 나타났다. 효소당화공정을 이용하여 과일껍질로부터 셀룰로오스 에탄올을 생산할 경우 효소로는 Viscozyme이 가장 우수한 전환특성을 나타내었으며, 최적 효소당화시간은 사과껍질(180 min), 귤껍질(60 min), 수박껍질(120 min)인 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.303-309
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• 2004

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is currently under intensive investigation due to its health benefits. A great deal of interest has been paid to the possible health-promoting roles of CLA, but there are not many studies available on the mechanism of CLA production by ruminal microorganisms. CLA is produced as an intermediate of the characteristic biohydrogenation process of linoleic acid(LA) in the rumen and its production has direct relationship to numerous environmental factors including particle association, substrate concentration, forage-to-grain ratio, pH, ionopore, bacterial cell density, etc. Some of these factors were known to affect hydrogenating activities of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens A38 which is an active rumen bacterium in CLA production. Dairy cow is a main source of CLA, and its level could be increased by dietary manipulation changing the physiological environment of rumen bacteria such as B. fibrisolvens A38. Therefore, the effects of various factors on. ruminal biohydrogenation should be carefully considered to optimize not only CLA production, but also other fatty acid metabolism, both of which are directly affecting nutritional quality and functionality of dairy products. In this review, the relationship between various environmental factors and ruminal CLA production is discussed focusing on the CLA production of B. fibrisolvens A38.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.32-40
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• 2015

Objectives : Hyaluronic acid(HA) is a mucopolysaccharide, occuring naturally in living organisms. It is one of the most hydrophilic molecules, so it has been known as being related to skin hydration and anti-aging. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Angelica acutiloba ethanol extract on hyaluronic acid synthesis. Methods : To determine cytotoxicity and hyaluronic acid synthase 2 gene expression, hyaluronic acid production in HaCaT cells, MTT assay and RT-PCR ELISA was used. Results : There was no cytotoxicity in $50{\mu}g/ml$ concentration Angelica acutiloba extract in MTT assay. Hyaluronic acid synthase 2(HAS2) gene expression was increased by all treated concentration Angelica acutiloba extract. Hyaluronic acid production was higher in $50{\mu}g/ml$ & $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration Angelica acutiloba extract than control group. Conclusions : Hyaluronic acid production was increased by Angelica Acutiloba extracts. Therefore, We suggest that Angelica acutiloba can make a contribution to the moisturing effect on human skin. Conclusions : Hyaluronic acid production was increased by Angelica Acutiloba extracts. Therefore, We suggest that Angelica acutiloba can make a contribution to the moisturing effect on human skin.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2013

A galactose fermentation bacterium producing lactose from red seaweed, which was known well to compromise the galactose as main reducing sugar, was isolated from button mushroom bed in Buyeo-Gun, Chungchugnamdo province. The lactic acid bacteria MONGB-2 was identified as Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. When the production of lactic acid and acetic acid by L. paracasei MONGB-2 was investigated by HPLC analysis with various carbohydrates, the strain MONGB-2 efficiently convert the glucose and galactose to lactic acid with the yield of 18.86 g/L and 18.23 g/L, respectively and the ratio of lactic acid to total organic acids was 1.0 and 0.91 g/g for both substrates. However, in the case of acetic acid fermentation, other carbohydrates besides galactose and red seaweed hydrolysate could not be totally utilized as carbon sources for acetic acid production by the strain. The lactic acid production from glucose and galactose in the fermentation time courses was gradually enhanced upto 60 h fermentation and the maximal concentration reached to be 16-18 g/L from both substrates after 48 h of fermentation. The initial concentration of glucose and galactose were completely consumed within 36 h of fermentation, of which the growth of cell also was maximum level. In addition, the bioconversion of lactic acid from the red seaweed hydrolysate by L. paracasei MONGB-2 appeared to be about 20% levels of the initial substrates concentration and this results were entirely lower than those of galactose and glucose showed about 60% of conversion. The apparent results showed that L. paracasei MONGB-2 could produce the lactic acid with glucose as well as galactose by the homofermentation through EMP pathway.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.377-384
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• 1998

Gold compounds depress phagocytic cell responses, including chemotaxis, and respiratory burst. However, the effects of gold compounds on the function of phagocytic cells are variable according to the preparation of medicine. In this study, effect of tetrachloroauric acid on activated neutrophil responses, including respiratory burst, lysosomal enzyme release and change of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level and on the synthesis of interleukin-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor by macrophages was studied. This study further examines how gold compounds affect the activation processes. The respiratory burst stimulated by complement C5a, degraded IgG and PMA in neutrophils was inhibited by tetrachloroauric acid. In contrast to C5a and degraded IgG, PMA-stimulated superoxide production was weakly inhibited by tetrachloroauric acid. Staurosporine, genistein, EGTA and verapamil inhibited superoxide and $H_2O_2$ production caused by C5a and degraded IgG. PMA-stimulated superoxide production was inhibited by staurosporine but was not affected by genistein. Tetrachloroauric acid, genistein, EGTA and verapamil inhibited the release of acid phosphatase and myeloperoxidase, while the effect of staurosporine was not detected. The synthesis of interleukin-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor by $interleukin-1{\beta}$ in macrophages was inhibited by tetrachloroauric acid. Preincubation with tetrachloroauric acid, genistein, EGTA and verapamil, the elevation of [$Ca^{2+}_i$] evoked by C5a was inhibited. Store-regulated $Ca^{2+}$ entry in thapsigargin-pretreated neutrophils was decreased by the addition of tetrachloroauric acid and genistein. The effect of staurosporine on intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization was not observed. In conclusion, tetrachloroauric acid may suppress neutrophil responses through its inhibitory action on elevation of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level and protein kinase C. It might exhibit an inhibitory effect on the action of protein tyrosine kinase. Tetrachloroauric acid depresses cytokine production by macrophages.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2022

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Baicalein (BA) on the production of hydrogen peroxide in lipoteichoic acid-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Methods : Lipoteichoic acid-stressed RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages were incubated with baicalein at concentrations of 50 and 100 µM. Incubation time is 30 minutes, 2 h, 12 h, and 18 h. After incubation, The production of hydrogen peroxide in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages was measured with dihydrorhodamine 123 assay. Streptococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid and Streptococcus pyogenes lipoteichoic acid were used as cell-stimulating lipoteichoic acid. Cell viabilities were measured with a modified MTT assay. Berberine, indomethacin, and gallic acid were incubated for the same time as the comparative materials. Results : BA at the concentration of 50 and 100 µM did not show cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages for 24 h incubation. For 30 minutes, 2 h, 12 h, and 18 h incubation, BA at the concentration of 50 and 100 µM significantly inhibited the production of hydrogen peroxide in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages stimulated by Streptococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid (p < 0.05); also, BA at the concentration of 50 and 100 µM also inhibited the productions of hydrogen peroxide in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages stimulated by Streptococcus pyogenes lipoteichoic acid significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusions : BA might have anti-bacterial activity related to its inhibition of hydrogen peroxide production in lipoteichoic acid-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.710-716
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• 2016

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid, which is an important inhibitor of neurotransmission in the human brain. GABA is also used as the precursor of biopolymer Nylon-4 production. In this study, the carbon flux from the tricarboxylic acid cycle was directed to the GABA shunt pathway for the production of GABA from glucose. The GABA shunt enzymes succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (GabD) and GABA aminotransferase (GabT) were co-localized along with the GABA transporter (GadC) by using a synthetic scaffold complex. The co-localized enzyme scaffold complex produced 0.71 g/l of GABA from 10 g/l of glucose. Inactivation of competing metabolic pathways in mutant E. coli strains XBM1 and XBM6 increased GABA production 13% to reach 0.80 g/l GABA by the enzymes co-localized and expressed in the mutant strains. The recombinant E. coli system developed in this study demonstrated the possibility of the pathway of the GABA shunt as a novel GABA production pathway.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.972-977
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• 1997

Conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid(CLA) are a series of positional and gemotric isomers of linoleic acid which are found naturally in food, mainly dietary products and breef. We studied the effects of CLA on the growth of tumor cells and the production of interleukin-1(IL-1) and interleukin-2(IL-2). CLA treatment markedly inhibited the growth of Yac-1 cells and sarcoma-180 cells by 99 and 82% to that of control, respectively, after four days of incubation at 37$^{\circ}C$. To elucidate the immunological mechanism of antitumor activity of CLA, spleen cells of Balb/c mouse were exposed to 31, 63, 125, 250 $\mu\textrm{g}$ of CLA per ml for 24 hrs at 37$^{\circ}C$. The culture supernatants of CLA-exposed spleen cells reduced the production of IL-1 and IL-2 in all of the test conditions. These results indicate that the anticarcino-genic effect of CLA was mediated by the other actions rather than the production of the Il-1 or IL-2. We suggest that CLA might have an antiinflammatory effect in part due to its inhibitory action on the production of IL-1.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.292-296
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• 1995

Production of poly($\beta$-hydroxybutyrate-co-$\beta$-hydroxyvalerate)[poly(HB-co-HV) from glucose and propionic acid was studied in a two-stage fed-batch fermentation using Alcaligenes eutrophus NCIMB 11599. When either glucose became sufficient or the feeding rate of propionic acid decreased, production of poly(HB-co-HV) increased but concomitantly resulted in a reduced fraction of HV. During the copolymer accumulation stage, the specific production rate of hydroxyvalerate (HV) increased up to 0.013 (g-HV/g-RCM/h) but it decreased as propionic acid was accumulated. Control of the propionic acid concentration in the medium, therefore, is considered to be one of the most important operating parameters for production of poly(HB-co-HV) with a higher HV fraction. A high titre of poly(HB-co-HV) (85.6 g/I) with HV fraction of 11.4 mol$%$ could be obtained in 50 h by controlling the propionic acid concentration at 1 to 4 g/I.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soluble carbohydrates (glucose, cellobiose), pH (6.0, 6.5, 7.0), and rumen microbial growth factors (VFA, vitamins) on biohydrogenation of linoleic acid (LA) by mixed rumen fungi. Addition of glucose or cellobiose to culture media slowed the rate of biohydrogenation; only 35-40% of LA was converted to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or vaccenic acid (VA) within 24 h of incubation, whereas in the control treatment, 100% of LA was converted within 24 h. Addition of VFA or vitamins did not affect biohydrogenation activity or CLA production. Culturing rumen fungi at pH 6.0 slowed biohydrogenation compared with pH 6.5 or 7.0. CLA production was reduced by pH 6.0 compared with control (pH 6.5), but was higher with pH 7.0. Biohydrogenation of LA to VA was complete within 72 h at pH 6.0, 24 h at pH 6.5, and 48 h at pH 7.0. It is concluded that optimum conditions for biohydrogenation of LA and for CLA production by rumen fungi were provided without addition of soluble carbohydrates, VFA or vitamins to the culture medium; optimum pH was 6.5 for biohydrogenation and 7.0 for CLA production.