• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 1997

On the precontracted rabbit cavernosal muscle strips with phenylephrine ($5\ast10^{-6}$M), Increasing concentrations of acetylcholine (10-7, 10-6, 10-5, 10-4M) showed relaxation effect dose-dependently in control group ($10^{-7}$M : 15.32%, $10^{-6}$M : 35.44%, 10-5M : 59.45%, 10-4M : 76.54%). After 3 months administering Korean red ginseng, the relaxation action of acetylcholine was significantly increased ($10^{-7}$M : 34.18%, $10^{-6}$M : 56.35%, $10^{-5}$M : 75.33%, $10^{-4}$M : 89.86%). Relaxation effect of Korean red ginseng was significantly increased after 3 months administering Korean red ginseng. Intracavernous pressure response to electrostimulation wan 107.52 cm$H_2O$ in control group and significantly increased to 138.34 cm $H_2O$ after 3 month administering Korean red ginseng. With these results, we can confirm that long-term administration of Korean red ginseng enhances the erectly capacity and that its action is mediated by endothelium derived relaxing factor and peripheral neurophysiologic enhancement.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.48-52
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• 1964

1. The auther studied the interrelationship between the sensibility of heart of fishes to neuro-hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine and acetylcholinie) and 5-hydroxytryptamine and the differentiation of nervous system in the heart . Attempts were also made to develop the similarity and systematic relationship of inter-genus and inter-species. 2. Judging from the reactions to neurohormones, it is considered that inter-genus of locah (Misgurnus mizolepis GNTHER) and eel (Anguilla japonic TEMMINEK & SCHJEGEL) are more closely related than that of Crucian (Carassius carassius L. ). 3. As the sensibility of locach to 50 jhdroxytryptamine is more sensitive over 10, 000 times than that of a Mollusca, Meretrix lusoria RODING, it is very excellent material for the bioassay of 5-jydroxytryptamine.

• Bulletin of Food Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.52-58
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• 2005

최근 20여년 동안 Panax ginseng의 다양한 효과가 연구 되어져 왔다. Panax ginseng의 주요 활성 성분인 ginsenosides는 오직 인삼에서만 발견되어지는 saponin이다. 최근 들어 신경, 非신경 또는 복합적으로 분포된 세포에서 ginsenoside가 $Ca^2+$, $K^+$,$Na^+$,$Cl^-$ channel이나 ligand gated ionchannel (5-HT3, nicotinic acetylcholine, NMDA receptor)과 같은 다양한 ion channel을 조절하는증거들이 발표되고 있다. Ginsenoside는 voltage-dependent $Ca^2+$, $K^+$,$Na^+$ channel의 활성을 억제하는 반면 $Ca^2+$-activated $Cl^-$ channel이나 $Ca^2+$-activated $K^+$ channel의 활성은 증가 시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 흥분성 ligand-gated ion channel인 $5-HT_3$, nicotinic acetylcholine, NMDA receptor의 활성은 억제한다. 본 총설에서는 현재까지 알려진 ion channel 활성에 대한 ginsenoside의 조절작용과 이것으로 인해 어떻게 생물학적 효능과 연결이 되어있는지에 대하여 이야기하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.96-96
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• 2001

This study was attempted to investigate the effect of cromakalim(CRK). $K^{-}$ channel opener, and glibenclamide(GLY), $K^{-}$ channel blocker, on intestinal function of rabbit. CRK supressed the tension and spontaneous movement of intestinal strips. Such CRK strengthened the tension and spontaneous movement of strips potentiated by acetylcholine, whereas more attenuated those weakened by dopamine. GLY augmented the tension, did not affect to the spontaneous movement of strips. GLY inhibited the acetylcholine-potentiated responses of tension and spontaneous movements in intestinal strips. GLY blocked the weakened responses of tension, while did not affect to the dopamine-weakened responses of spontaneous movements in intestinal strips. The present studies suggest that $K^{-}$ channel opening suppresses intestinal movements, whereas it's blockade enhances intestinal movements in rabbit.abbit.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.99-106
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• 2000

Aspalatone [3-(2-methyl-4proponyl)]-2-acetyloxybenzoate, CAS 147249-33-0) is a compound having an antithrombotic action. General pharmacological properties of aspalatone were studied. Aspalatone had no effect on central nervous system and no anticonvulsant effect up to 1200 mg/kg p.o. However, the compound has hypothermic and analgesic effect. When administered intravenously in rabbits, aspalatone did not affect blood pressure, heat rate and respiration rate and depth, and it did not inhibit transient hypotensive effect of acetylcholine. The compound did not affect isolated guinea-pig ileum and tracheal strip at a concentration of 1${\times}$$10^{-4}$, and did not inhibit histamine-induced contraction of guinea-pig ileum. It also did not affect isolated rat stomach fundus and estrogenated rat uterus at 1${\times}$$10^{-4}$, and did not inhibit contraction produced by acetylcholine or oxytocin. The pupil size and intestinal propulsion were not influenced at a large dose of was shown. The compound showed a slight increase in urine volume and led to decreased excretion of potassium in urine of rats. The results suggest that aspalatone may have no considerable adverse effects in general pharmacological aspect.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.95-98
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• 1992

Alcoholic extract of seeds of Sesamum indicum (SI, 1-30mg/kg) caused hypotensive action in anesthetized rats. Heart rate was also decreased at slightly higher doses (10-30 mg/kg). Pretreatment with atropine (2 mg/kg) abolished these cardiovascular responses. In isolated spontaneously beating atria from guinea-pigs. SI caused decrease in force and rate of atrial contractions. In isolated guinea-pig ileum and rat uterus, SI (100-1000 ug/ml) produced contractile responses. All these actions of SI were abolished in the presence of atropine ($1\mu$M). These results indicate that alcoholic extract of seeds of Seamum indicum contains acetylcholine-like constituent(s) which explains some of the folkloric uses of plant.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.237-243
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• 2001

This study was attempted to investigate the effects of cromakalim (CRK), $K^{+}$ channel opener, and glibenclamide (GLY), $K^{+}$ channel blocker, on intestinal function of rabbit. CRK supressed the tension and spontaneous movement of intestinal strips. CRK enhanced the tension and spontaneous movement of strips induced by acetylcholine. Also the inhibiting effect of dopamine was potentiated by CRK. GLY augmented the tension, but did not affect the spontaneous movement of strips. GLY inhibited tension and spontaneous movements in intestinal strips induced by acetylcholine, GLY blocked the dopamine-induced attenuation of tension, but not the decrease of spontaneous movements in intestinal strips. The present studies suggest that $K^{+}$ channel opening suppresses intestinal movements, whereas it's blockade enhances intestinal movements in rabbit.abbit.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.121-123
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• 2016

A 7-year-old castrated male domestic short-hair cat presented with anorexia, constipation, depression, and voice alteration. Physical and neurological examinations revealed hyperthermia ($40.5^{\circ}C$), ventroflexion of the neck, reduced responses to external stimuli, generalized muscle weakness, and exercise intolerance. Thoracic radiographs revealed the presence of a cranial mediastinal mass. The history, clinical signs, and other examination results were compatible with acquired myasthenia gravis (MG). Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody titers were determined to confirm MG and the serum AChR antibody concentration was 1.24 nmol/L (reference interval, < 0.3 nmol/L). This is the first diagnosis of acquired MG in a cat in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Biophysical Society Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.54-54
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• 2001

The effects of protein kinase C inhibitors, chelerythrine and bisindolylmaleimide I, on acetylcholine activated $K^{＋}$ currents ( $I_{KACh}$) were examined in atrial myocytes of mice using patch clamp technique. Chelerythrine and bisindolylmaleimide I inhibited $I_{KACh}$ in reversible and dose-dependent manners. Half maximal effective concentrations were 0.49 $\pm$ 0.01 $\mu$M for chelerythrine and 98.69 $\pm$ 12.68 nM for bisindolylmaleimide I.(omitted)

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.233-238
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• 1998

Certain basic characteristics of choline uptake in nerve terminals were studied with synaptosomes from rat hippocampus. Synaptosomal $[^3H]$-choline uptake was clarified as specific and high affinity by low Km value(2.2 uM), Na+-dependency and high sensitivity to hemicholinium-3, a competitive inhibitor of choline uptake. Choline uptake into synaptosomes was linearlys related to Na+ concentration and membrane potential. Extracellular Ca2+ modulated the choline uptake, but probably not through increase of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$, because this modulation was not affected the by high $K^+$-depolarization. EGTA (2mM) added for $Ca^{2+}$-free condition had a peculiar effect of decreasing choline uptake. These results suggest that Ca2+ may play an important role in regulating the metabolism of acetylcholine in the nerve terminals directly through the increase of acetylcholine release.