• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.67-76
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine if Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture may be effective to the neuropathic pain(mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia) in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Methods : To produce the model of neuropathic pain, under isoflurane 2.5% anesthesia, L5 spinal nerve was ligated by 6-0 silk thread. After neurophathic surgery, the author examined if the animals exhibited the behavioral sign of allodynia. The allodynia was assessed by stimulating the medial malleolus with von frey filament and acetone. Three days after the neuropathic surgery, Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture was injected at Hwando($GB_{30}$) one time per two days for 2 weeks. After that, the author examined the withdrawal response of neuropathic rats' legs by von frey filament and acetone stimulation. And also the author examined c-Fos in the midbrain central gray of neuropathic rats and the change of WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT count in the blood of neuropathic rats. Results : The Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture injected Hwando($GB_{30}$) decreased the withdrawal response of mechanical allodynia that assessed with von frey filament in RA1-$GB_{30}$, RA2-$GB_{30}$ group as compared with control group. The Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture injected Hwando($GB_{30}$) decreased the withdrawal response of chemical allodynia(cold allodynia) that assessed with acetone in RA1-$GB_{30}$, RA2-$GB_{30}$ group as compared with control group. The Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture injected Hwando($GB_{30}$) showed the significant between control group and RA2-$GB_{30}$ group in the c-Fos expression. The Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture injected Hwando($GB_{30}$) did not show the significant between control group and RA1-$GB_{30}$ group, RA2-$GB_{30}$ group and RA3-$GB_{30}$ group in the WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT count. Conclusions : We have noticed that Radix Aconiti herbal acupuncture at Hwando($GB_{30}$) decreased mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia in the model of neuropathic pain compared with the control group. C-fos expression in the central gray of that group was also decreased compared with the control group. This study can be used as a basic resource on a study and a treatment of pain.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.186-193
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• 2018

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate pain-related behaviors after bilateral C2 root resection and change in pain patterns in the suboccipital region in rats. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups (n=25/group); $n{\ddot{a}}ive$, sham, and C2 resection. Three, 7, 10, and 14 days after surgery, cold allodynia was assessed using $20{\mu}L$ of 99.7% acetone. c-Fos and c-Jun were immunohistochemically stained to evaluate activation of dorsal horn gray matter in C2 segments of the spinal cord 2 hours, 1 day, 7 days, and 14 days after surgery. Results : Three days after surgery, the response to acetone in the sham group was significantly greater than in the $n{\ddot{a}}ive$ group, and this significant difference between the $n{\ddot{a}}ive$ and sham groups was maintained throughout the experimental period (p<0.05 at 3, 7, 10, and 14 days). Seven, 10, and 14 days after surgery, the C2 root resection group exhibited a significantly greater response to acetone than the $n{\ddot{a}}ive$ group (p<0.05), and both the sham and C2 resection groups exhibited significantly greater responses to acetone compared with 3 days after surgery. No significant difference in cold allodynia was observed between the sham and C2 root resection groups throughout the experimental period. Two hours after surgery, both the sham and C2 root resection groups exhibited significant increases in c-Fos- and c-Jun-positive neurons compared with the naive group (p=0.0021 and p=0.0358 for the sham group, and p=0.0135 and p=0.014 for the C2 root resection group, respectively). One day after surgery, both the sham and C2 root resection groups exhibited significant decreases in c-Fos -positive neurons compared with two hours after surgery (p=0.0169 and p=0.0123, respectively), and these significant decreases in c-Fos immunoreactivity were maintained in both the sham and C2 root resection groups 7 and 14 days after surgery. The sham and C2 root resection groups presented a tendency toward a decrease in c-Jun-positive neurons 1, 7, and 14 days after surgery, but the decrease did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion : We found no significant difference in cold allodynia and the early expression of c-Fos and c-Jun between the sham and C2 resection groups. Our results may support the routine resection of the C2 nerve root for posterior C1-2 fusion, but, further studies are needed.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.299-306
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• 2008

Sometimes, spinal cord injury (SCI) results in various chronic neuropathic pain syndromes that occur diffusely below the level of the injury. It has been reported that behavioral signs of neuropathic pain are expressed in the animal models of contusive SCI. However, the observation period is relatively short considering the natural course of pain in human SCI patients. Therefore, this study was undertaken to examine the time course of mechanical and cold allodynia in the hindpaw after a spinal cord contusion in rats for a long period of time (30 weeks). The hindpaw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation was applied to the plantar surface of the hindpaw, and the withdrawal frequency to the application of acetone was measured before and after a spinal contusion. The spinal cord contusion was produced by dropping a 10 g weight from a 6.25 and 12.5 mm height using a NYU impactor. After the injury, rats showed a decreased withdrawal threshold to von Frey stimulation, indicating the development of mechanical allodynia which persisted for 30 weeks. The withdrawal threshold between the two experimental groups was similar. The response frequencies to acetone increased after the SCI, but they were developed slowly. Cold allodynia persisted for 30 weeks in 12.5 mm group. The sham animals did not show any significant behavioral changes. These results provide behavioral evidence to indicate that the below-level pain was well developed and maintained in the contusion model for a long time, suggesting a model suitable for pain research, especially in the late stage of SCI or for long term effects of analgesic intervention.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.145-167
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• 2004

Objective : Neuropathic pain can be caused by a partial peripheral nerve injury. This kind of pain is usually accompanied by spontaneous burning pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia. It is not clear that scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture can control neuropathic pain effectively. The purpose of this study is to examine if scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture may be effective to the neuropathic pain (mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia) in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Methods : To produce the model of neuropathic pain, under isoflurane 2.5% anesthesia, tibial nerve and sural nerve was resected. After the neuropathic surgery, the author examined if the animals exhibited the behavioral signs of allodynia. The allodynia was assessed by stimulating the medial malleolus with von Frey filament and acetone. Three weeks after the neuropathic surgery, scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture was injected at Hwando(GB30) one time a day for one week. After that the author examined the withdrawl response of neuropathic rats' legs by von Frey filament and acetone stimulation. And also the author examined c-fos in the midbrain central gray of neuropathic rats and the change of WBC count in the blood of neuropathic rats. Results & Conclusion : 1. The scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture injected at Hwando(GB30) decreased the withdrawl response of mechanical allodynia in SHA-1, SHA-2 and SAH-3 group as compared with control group. 2. The scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture injected at Hwando(GB30) decreased the withdrawl response of chemical allodynia(cold allodynia) in SHA-1, SHA-2 and SAH-3 group as compared with control group. 3. The scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture injected at Hwando(GB30) showed the significant difference between sham group and control group(p=0.01), sham and SHA-3 group(p=0.026), control group and SHA-1 group(p=0.01), control group and SHA-2 group(p=0.024) in the c-fos expression. 4. The scolopendrid aqua-acupuncture injected at Hwando(GB30) showed the significant difference between sham group and SHA-3 group(p=0.010), control group and SHA-3 group(p=0.006) in the WBC count.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.67-77
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine if Bee Venom Acupuncture may be effective to the neuropathic pain(mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia) in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Methods : To produce the model of neuropathic pain, under isoflurane 2.5% anesthesia, tibial nerve and sural nerve was resected. After the neuropathic surgery, the author examined if the animals exhibited the behavioral signs of alloynia. The allodynia was assessed by stimulating the medial malleolus with von Frey filament and acetone. Three weeks after the neuropathic surgery, Bee Venom Acupuncture was injected at Hwando(GB30) one time a day for one week. After that, the author examined the withdrawl response of neuropathic rats' legs by yon Frey filament and acetone stimulation. And also the author examined c-Fos in the midbrain central gray of neuropathic rats and the change of WBC count in the blood of neuropathic rats. Results : The Bee Venom Acupuncture injected Hwando(GB30) decreased the withdrawl response of mechanical allodynia in BV-2, BV-3 group as compared with control group. The Bee Venom Acupuncture injected Hwando(GB30) decreased the withdrawl response of chemical allodynia(cold allodynia) in BV-2, BV-3 group as compared with control group. The Bee Venom Acupuncture injected Hwando(GB30) showed the significant difference between control group and BV-2 group, control group and BV-3 group in the c-Fos expression and U count. Conclusion : We have noticed that Bee Venom Acupuncture at Hwando(GB30) decreased mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia in the model of neuropathic pain compared with the control group. C-Fos expression in the central gray of that group was also decreased compared with the control group. Psin control using Bee Venom Acupuncture was accumulated as time goes by. This study can be used as a basic resource on a study and a treatment of pain.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2005

Objective : We have studied to know effects of Ligigeopoongsan(LGS, 理氣祛風散) on mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia and c-Fos protein expression in the model of neuropathic pain of rats. Methods : The model of neuropathic pain was made by injured tibial nerve and sural never while common peroneal never was maintained. After 2weeks, we performed behavioral test for 7 days to try out mechanical allodynia using von frey filament and cold allodynia using acetone, which are calculated by counting withdrawal response on foot. Rat brains removed and sliced on 8th days. Serial sections were immunohistochemically reacted with polyclonal c-Fos antibody. The numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons in the central gray were examined using scion image program. Results : 1. Mechanical allodynia in LGS-2, LGS-3 groups were significantly diminished compared with the control group. 2. Cold allodynia in LGS-3 group was significantly diminished compared with the control group. 3. c-Fos protein expression on the central gray LGS-2, LGS-3 groups were significantly lower than that of control group. conclusions : We have noticed that LGS(理氣祛風散) diminished mechanical and cold allodynia in the model of neuropathic pain compared with the control group. c-Fos protein expression in the central gray of that group was also decreased compared with the control group. Pain control group were LGS was accumulated time goes by. This study can be used as a basic resource on a study and a treatment of pain.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 1995

We produced the causalgiform pain by the tight ligation of L5 and L6 spinal nerves in the adult rats. To evalute the effect of Ketamine -noncompetitive NMDA (N-methyl-D aspartate) antagoinst- on the causalgiform pain, we tested the changes of; withdrawal sensitivity to the innocuous mechanical stimulation of Von Frey hair 2.35 g(mechanical allodynia); withdrawal frequency to the cold stimulation of acetone (cold allodynia); and total withdrawal time (second) to the cold ($4^{\circ}C$) plate stimulation (cold hyperalgesia) after the administration of 1 mg, 3 mg, 10 mg/kg ketamine. The results were as follows: 1) Cold hyperalgesia was significantly reduced (p<0.05) by 1 mg, 3mg, 01 mg/kg ketamine. 2) Cold allodynia and mechanical allodynia was significantly reduced (p<0.05) by 10 mg/kg ketamine. Above results suggest a therapeutic utility of ketamine in treatment of causalgia - especially, cold hyperalgesia.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.489-494
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• 2021

Oxaliplatin, a third-generation platinum derivative, is the mainstay of current antineoplastic medications for advanced colorectal cancer therapy. However, peripheral neuropathic complications, especially cold allodynia, undermine the life-prolonging outcome of this anti-cancer agent. Rosavin, a phenylpropanoid derived originally from Rhodiola rosea, exhibits a wide range of therapeutic properties. The present study explored whether and how rosavin alleviates oxaliplatin-induced cold hypersensitivity in mice. In the acetone drop test, cold allodynia behavior was observed from days 3 to 5 after a single injection of oxaliplatin (6 mg/kg, i.p.). Cold allodynia was significantly attenuated following rosavin treatment (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Specific endogenous 5-HT depletion by three consecutive pretreatments with parachlorophenylalanine (150 mg/kg/day, i.p.) abolished the analgesic action of rosavin; this effect was not observed following pretreatment with naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist, 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Furthermore, 5-HT_1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (0.16 mg/kg, i.p.), but not 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist MDL-72222 (1 mg/kg, i.p.), blocked rosavin-induced analgesia. These results suggest that rosavin may provide a novel approach to alleviate oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia by recruiting the activity of 5-HT_1A receptors.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.96-104
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• 2015

Background: The present experiment was conducted to identify the cooperative effect of serine histogranin (SHG) and noradrenaline in alleviating peripheral neuropathic pain. Methods: Chronic constriction injury of the right sciatic nerve was used to induce chronic neuropathic pain. For drug delivery, a PE10 tube was inserted into the subarachnoid space. Acetone drops and a $44^{\circ}C$ water bath were used to evaluate the cold and heat allodynia, respectively. Placing and grasping reflexes were used to assess the locomotor system. Results: SHG at 0.5 and $1{\mu}g$significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the thermal allodynia. The cold allodynia was also significantly reduced by intrathecal injections of 0.5 (P < 0.05) and $1{\mu}g$(P < 0.001) of SHG. $1{\mu}g$of noradrenaline, but not $0.5{\mu}g$, significantly alleviated the cold (P < 0.01) and thermal (P < 0.05) allodynia. The ameliorating effect of noradrenaline or SHG disappeared when the two compounds were administrated in equal concentrations. A significant difference (P < 0.01 in the acetone and P < 0.05 in the heat) was observed in the groups under equal doses of the two compounds, with a lower effectiveness of the combination therapy. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the simultaneous administrations of noradrenaline and SHG do not result in synergistic analgesia, and combination therapy may not be a good approach to the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain syndrome.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3 s.71
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• pp.261-272
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was conducted to determine the analgesic effect of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus using the model of neuropathic pain and formalin-induced pain. Methods : A model of neuropathic pain was made by injuring the tibial nerve and sural nerve while the common peroneal nerve was maintained. After 2 weeks, the Acanthopanax sessiliflorus was orally administered to rats. The author performed behavioral teststo try out mechanical allodynia using von frey filament and cold allodynia using acetone, which are calculated by counting withdrawal response on foot. Thirty minutes after the Acanthopanax sessiliflorus injection in the abdominal cavity, the formalin test was performed. 2% formalin in a volume of $20{\mu}l$was injected subcutaneously into the plantar surface of the hindpaw with 26-G needle. To access formalin-induced pain behavior, paw licking time was measured every 5 min. Results : The Acanthopanax sessiliflorus 400mg/10ml/kg group showed significant decrease the withdrawal response of mechanical allodynia using von frey filament in the 10min, 30min, 60min and 120min increments compared with the control group. There were no significant differences in each group in the withdrawal response of cold allodynia using acetone. The Acanthopanax sessiliflorus group showed significant decrease in the formalin-induced pain behavior in the 15min, 20min and 25min increments compared with the control group. Conclusions : The Acanthopanax sessiliflorus may have a significant analgesic effect on the general pain as well as nerve injury pain.