• 환경생물
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.459-467
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• 2015

지역적 규모의 탄소순환과 저장량 변화에 대한 자료는 지구적 규모의 탄소순환 형태 변화를 예측하는 중요한 자료가 된다. 따라서 다양한 지역적 규모의 생태계에 대한 자료 수집은 필수적이다. 본 연구는 국내 다양한 생태계 중 자연성이 높은 국립공원지역 산림 생태계의 탄소축적량을 산정하여 자연군락이 축적 가능한 탄소축적 잠재량을 평가하기 위해 진행되었다. 연구대상지인 덕유산국립공원은 신갈나무 우점군락 10,881.5 ha (47.2%), 굴참나무 우점군락 2,314.6 ha (10.0%), 소나무 우점군락 1,952.6 ha (8.5%), 졸참나무 우점군락 402.9 ha (1.7%) 등이 분포하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 조사구는 군락의 분포지역을 확인하고, 수목밀도와 종조성 등을 고려하여 선정하였고, biomass 탄소축적량을 산정하기 매목조사를 실시하였다. 각 매목조사구 내 토양샘플구 ($30cm{\times}30cm$)를 각 3개씩 설치하여 토양 탄소축적량을 조사하였다. Biomass 탄소축적량과 토양 탄소축적량은 신갈나무 우점군락에서 각각 1,749,000 tC와 7,776,000 tC로 가장 높은 값이 측정되었다. 군락별 전체 생태계에 축적되어 있는 탄소량은 신갈나무 우점군락과, 굴참나무 우점군락, 졸참나무 우점군락, 소나무 우점군락에서 각각 9,536,000 tC, 1,405,000 tC, 147,000 tC, 346,000 tC로 나타났다. 또한 덕유산국립공원의 전체 생태계 탄소축적량은 11,434,000 tC로 산정되었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.20-29
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• 2018

Background: For various reasons such as agricultural and economical purposes, land-use changes are rapidly increasing not only in Korea but also in the world, leading to shifts in the characteristics of local carbon cycle. Therefore, in order to understand the large-scale ecosystem carbon cycle, it is necessary first to understand vegetation on this local scale. As a result, it is essential to comprehend change of the carbon balance attributed by the land-use changes. In this study, we attempt to understand accumulated soil carbon (ASC) and soil respiration (Rs) related to carbon cycle in two ecosystems, artificially turned forest into pastureland from forest and a native deciduous temperate forest, resulted from different land-use in the same area. Results: Rs were shown typical seasonal changes in the alpine pastureland (AP) and temperate deciduous forest (TDF). The annual average Rs was $160.5mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ in the AP, but it was $405.1mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ in the TDF, indicating that the Rs in the AP was lower about 54% than that in the TDF. Also, ASC in the AP was $124.49Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ from litter layer to 30-cm soil depth. The ASC was about $88.9Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$, and it was 71.5% of that of the AP. The temperature factors in the AP was high about $4^{\circ}C$ on average compared to the TDF. In AP, it was observed high amount of sunlight entering near the soil surface which is related to high soil temperature is due to low canopy structure. This tendency is due to the smaller emission of organic carbon that is accumulated in the soil, which means a higher ASC in the AP compared to the TDF. Conclusions: The artificial transformation of natural ecosystems into different ecosystems is proceeding widely in the world as well as Korea. The change in land-use type is caused to make the different characteristics of carbon cycle and storage in same region. For evaluating and predicting the carbon cycle in the vegetation modified by the human activity, it is necessary to understand the carbon cycle and storage characteristics of natural ecosystems and converted ecosystems. In this study, we studied the characteristics of ecosystem carbon cycle using different forms in the same region. The land-use changes from a TDF to AP leads to changes in dominant vegetation. Removal of canopy increased light and temperature conditions and slightly decreased SMC during the growing season. Also, land-use change led to an increase of ASC and decrease of Rs in AP. In terms of ecosystem carbon sequestration, AP showed a greater amount of carbon stored in the soil due to sustained supply of above-ground liters and lower degradation rate (soil respiration) than TDF in the high mountains. This shows that TDF and AP do not have much difference in terms of storage and circulation of carbon because the amount of carbon in the forest biomass is stored in the soil in the AP.

• 환경생물
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.363-370
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• 2014

생태계가 담당하는 기능의 크기와 그 변화에 관여하는 환경요인과의 상호관계성 도출은 생태계의 과학적 속성 이해에 필수불가결한 요소이다. 본 연구는 수변의 특이적 환경조건에 의해 주기적인 교란과 토양 퇴적환경이 발달하는 하천 수변지역에 형성되어 있는 하천식생에 대해 토양탄소축적량을 정량하고 그러한 식생의 토양으로부터 방출되는 토양호흡과 환경요소 자료를 수집하여 각 요소의 상호간의 관계성을 분석하였다. 남한강 여주지역에서 물억새, 달뿌리풀, 버드나무에서 토양호흡은 2009년 8월부터 11월까지 각 군락에서 수집하였으며, 토양탄소축적량은 각 군락의 3지점에서 수집하였다. 토양호흡은 지온변화에 민감하게 반응하였으며, 가장 높게 관찰되는 8월의 토양호흡값은 달뿌리풀군락, 물억새군락, 버드나무군락에서 각각 $1,539mgCO_2\;m^{-2}$, $1,200mgCO_2\;m^{-2}$, $1,215mgCO_2\;m^{-2}$으로 측정되었다. 이러한 자료를 바탕으로 산정한 연간 토양호흡량은 달뿌리풀군락, 물억새군락, 버드나무군락에서 각각 $19.8tCha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, $30.1tCha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, $22.0tCha^{-1}yr^{-1}$으로 산정되어 물억새군락의 토양에 가장 높은 탄소가 축적된 것으로 평가되었다. 한편, 토양탄소축적량 (리터층+토양층)은 달뿌리풀군락, 물억새군락, 버드나무군락에서 각각 $40.6tCha^{-1}$ (1.9+38.7), $46.9tCha^{-1}$ (43.0+3.9), $31.2tCha^{-1}$ (28.9+2.3)으로 물억새군락의 토양에 가장 많은 탄소가 축적된 것으로 조사되었으며 이는 물억새군락의 높은 지상부 생산성에서 기인하는 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2017

Background: In order to investigate organic carbon distribution, carbon budget, and cycling of the subalpine forest, we studied biomass, organic carbon distribution, litter production, forest floor litter, accumulated soil organic carbon, and soil respiration in Taxus cuspidata forest in Halla National Park from February 2012 to November 2013. Biomass was calculated by using allometric equation and the value was converted to $CO_2$ stocks. Results: The amount of plant organic carbon was $13.60ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ in 2012 and $14.29ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ in 2013. And average organic carbon introduced to forest floor through litter production was $0.71ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$. Organic carbon distributed in forest floor litter layer was $0.73ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ on average and accumulated organic carbon in soil was $51.13ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ on average. In 2012, Amount of released $CO_2$ from soil to atmosphere was 10.93 ton $CO_2ha^{-1}year^{-1}$. Conclusions: The net ecosystem production based on the difference between net primary production of organic carbon and soil respiration was $-1.74ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ releasing more carbon than it absorbed.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.210-218
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• 2018

Background: Soil respiration (Rs) is a major factor of the absorption and accumulation of carbon through photosynthesis in the ecosystem carbon cycle. This directly affects the amount of net ecosystem productivity, which affects the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem. Understanding the characteristics of Rs is indispensable to scientifically understand the carbon cycle of ecosystems. It is very important to study Rs characteristics through analysis of environmental factors closely related to Rs. Rs is affected by various environmental factors, such as temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, litter supply, organic matter content, dominant plant species, and soil disturbance. This study was conducted to analyze the effects of micro-topographical differences on Rs in forest vegetation by measuring the Rs on the ridge and southern slope sites of the broadly established Quercus mongolica forest in the central Korean area. Method: Rs, Ts, and soil moisture data were collected at the southern slope and ridge of the Q. mongolica forest in the Mt. Jeombong area in order to investigate the effects of topographical differences on Rs. Rs was collected by the closed chamber method, and data collection was performed from May 2011 to October 2013, except Winter seasons from November to April or May. For collecting the raw data of Rs in the field, acrylic collars were placed at the ridge and southern slope of the forest. The accumulated surface litter and the soil organic matter content (SOMC) were measured to a 5 cm depth. Based on these data, the Rs characteristics of the slope and ridge were analyzed. Results: Rs showed a distinct seasonal variation pattern in both the ridge and southern slope sites. In addition, Rs showed a distinct seasonal variation with high and low Ts changes. The average Rs measurements for the two sites, except for the Winter periods that were not measured, were $550.1\;mg\;CO_2m^{-2}h^{-1}$ at the ridge site and $289.4\;mg\;CO_2m^{-2}h^{-1}$ at the southern slope, a difference of 52.6%. There was no significant difference in the Rs difference between slopes except for the first half of 2013, and both sites showed a tendency to increase exponentially as Ts increased. In addition, although the correlation is low, the difference in Rs between sites tended to increase as Ts increased. SMC showed a large fluctuation at the southern slope site relative to the ridge site, as while it was very low in 2013, it was high in 2011 and 2012. The accumulated litter of the soil surface and the SOMC at the depth range of 0~5 cm were $874g\;m^{-2}$ and 23.3% at the ridge site, and $396g\;m^{-2}$ and 19.9% at the southern slope site. Conclusions: In this study, Rs was measured for the ridge and southern slope sites, which have two different results where the surface litter layer is disturbed by strong winds. The southern slope site shows that the litter layer formed in autumn due to strong winds almost disappeared, and while in the ridge site, it became thick due to the transfer of litter from the southern slope site. The mean Rs was about two times higher in the ridge site compared to that in the southern slope site. The Rs difference seems to be due to the difference in the amount of litter accumulated on the soil surface. As a result, the litter layer supplied to the soil surface is disturbed due to the micro-topographical difference, as the slope and the change of the community structure due to the plant season cause heterogeneity of the litter layer development, which in turn affects SMC and Rs. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce and understand these micro-topographical features and mechanisms when quantifying and analyzing the Rs of an ecosystem.

• 생태와환경
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.310-318
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• 2013

육상생태계의 토양에는 대기의 약 2배에 해당하는 많은 양의 탄소를 가지고 있으며, 기후변화에 의한 기온 상승으로 대기로의 방출에 매우 취약한 상황에 놓여 있다. 한반도의 육상 생태계 토양탄소 수지의 변화예측을 위해 필연적으로 요구되는 다양한 생태계의 토양호흡 자료 수집을 위해 이용되는 방법론, 기기, 기기들 간의 오차, 시공간적인 불균일성, 결측 자료에 대한 보충 (gap filling), 발생원 별 구분 등에 대한 현 상황을 정리하고 그를 바탕으로 국내 토양호흡 연구의 문제점과 과제에 대해 고찰하였다. 결론적으로 국내의 토양호흡 연구는 기기 간 또는 방법들 간의 오차 보정이나 노력들이 매우 빈약하게 행해져 왔기 때문에 과거 및 현재 축적되는 자료의 품질은 거의 보정되지 않은 상태로 볼 수 있다. 이러한 문제점들이 해소되지 않고 지금까지와 같은 방식으로 토양호흡 자료가 축적된다면 그 활용성은 매우 낮을 수 밖에 없다. 또한 장기적인 자료 축적, 토양호흡 조절 메커니즘에 관한 조절 실험, 다양한 생태계, 토성, 토심 등에 대한 자료 역시 장래의 토양권 탄소 동태 변화를 모델 수단으로 예측하는 데에는 매우 중요한 요소이므로 토양호흡 자료 수집과 함께 수집되어야 할 것이다. 더불어 장기적인 측면에서 이러한 문제들이 연구자 간에 깊숙이 인식되어 보다 양질의 자료가 생산되도록 노력할 필요가 있다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2009

연속적인 지표 플럭스 관측으로부터 축적되는 엄청난 양의 자료를 체계적으로 처리분석하고 종합하여 일관성 있는 결과를 도출해 내려면 에디 공분산 자료 처리 방법의 표준화가 우선되어야 한다. 이 논문에서는 국내 타워 플럭스 관측 네트워크인 KoFlux의 표준화된 자료 처리 방법을 소개하고, 처리 방법이 다른 경우에 생길 수 있는 지표 플럭스의 불확실성을 평가하였다. 광릉 활엽수림에서 관측된 탄소 플럭스의 경우, 순생태계교환량(net ecosystem exchange, NEE)과 생태계호흡량(ecosystem respiration, Re)은 각각 자료 처리 방법의 차이에 따라 민감한 반응을 보였다. 그러나 두 양이 서로 상쇄되어, 총일차생산량(gross primary productivity, GPP=NEE+Re)은 자료 처리 방법이 다른 경우에도 불구하고 오차 범위 내에서 일치하였다. 이러한 결과는 GPP를 산출할 때에 Re를 독립적으로 관측하는 것이 중요함을 시사한다. 반면 수증기 플럭스(증발산)의 경우, 야간 토양 증발이 작아서 연 적산증발산량은 자료 처리 방법에 민감하지 않았다. 이렇게 표준화된 자료처리 프로토콜을 아시아 타워 플럭스 네트워크인 AsiaFlux에 적용할 경우, 지역 규모 탄소 순환, 역학 식생 및 지면과정 모형의 검증을 위한 일관성 있는 데이터베이스의 구축이 가능해 질 것이다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제4권1_2호
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• pp.38-51
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• 1981

The present investigation was estimated the effect of temperature, precipitatiion, and time on the decomposition of litters with litter bags of Pinus densiffora and Quercus mongolica at Gure where elevation in 50m, and at Nogodan where elevation in 1300m on Mt. Jiri. As the above results, decomposition model was proposed to relation of the environmental conditions. And was investigated the production and decomposition of litters from the stands of various forest communities in Kwangneung, Mt. Jiri and Mt. Halla. The results are as follows; The models for the decay of organic carbon (C) was as follows: $C=Coe^{-Kt}$ (limiting factor;time) $C=Coe^{-K'te}$ (limiting factor;tempedrature) $C=Coe^{-KnP}$ (limiting factor:precipitation) As observed in litter bag method, the decomposition rate of litter in Pinus densiflora was slower than that of Quercus mongolica. The higher elevation, the slower decomposition rate. The decomposition of litters at Gure where elevation in 50m was equally influenced by temperature and precipitation. But at Nogodan where elevation in 1300m was much inflenced by precipitation. The decay constant of litters was larger in hardwood forest than in coniferous forest. In the same species, the more elevatiion, the less decomposition constant. The time required for the decay of 50%, 95^, 99% of the accumulated litters in the forest floor were faster in hardwood forest than in coniferous forest. In the same species, the higher elevatiion, the longer time required.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.38-52
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• 2024

산업생산 전반의 생산성 향상에 기여하는 디지털전환 산업과 함께 탄소중립 및 지속가능 성장을 위한 스마트그린 산업이 미래산업으로 성장하고 있다. 이 논문은 스마트그린 산업의 성장 동인과 입지패턴 변화 분석을 통해 미래산업 혁신생태계에서의 동 산업의 위상 및 역할 모색을 연구목적으로 한다. 동 산업은 수도권과 비수도권 모든 지역에서 증가세를 보이며, 비수도권 비도시 지역에서도 뚜렷한 산업 성장세를 확인할 수 있다. 특히, 스마트 그린 산단 시범사업, 광주전남 혁신도시 조성, 신재생에너지 정책 추진 등으로 호남권 및 충남 해안지역의 핵심 집적지(HH형) 부상, 경상권 지역에 고립 중심지(HL형) 형성 등 비수도권 지역에서 신재생에너지 생산기업의 집적이 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 스마트그린 산업은 정책적 요인이 성장 촉발 요인이며, 다극형 허브(Hub)-스포크(Spoke) 네트워크 구조를 형성하는 미래산업 혁신생태계에서 비도시지역의 다양한 특성화 소거점(Spoke) 형성을 촉진할 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2018

Ground-level ozone ($O_3$) can be a menace for vegetation, especially in Asia where $O_3$ levels have been dramatically increased over the past decades. To ensure food security and maintain forest ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and functional diversity of soil biota, in the over-populated Asia, environmental standards are needed. To set proper standards, dose-response relationships should be established from which critical levels are derived. The predictor of the response in the dose-response relationship is an $O_3$ metric that indicates the dose level to which the plant has been exposed. This study aimed to review the relevant scientific literature and summarize the $O_3$ metrics used worldwide to provide insights for Asia. A variety of $O_3$ metrics have been used, for which we discuss their strengths and weaknesses. The most widely used metrics are based only on $O_3$ levels. Such metrics have been adopted by several regulatory agencies in the global. However, they are biologically irrelevant because they ignore the plant physiological capacity. Adopting AOT40 ($O_3$ mixing ratios Accumulated Over the Threshold of $40nmol\;mol^{-1}$) as the default index for setting critical levels in Asia would be a poor policy with severe consequences at national and Pan-Asian level. Asian studies should focus on flux-based $O_3$ metrics to provide relevant bases for developing proper standards. However, given the technical requirements in calculating flux-based $O_3$ metrics, which can be an important limitation in developing countries, no-threshold cumulative exposure indices like AOT0 should always accompany flux-based indices.