• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Japanese(L1) on the production of Korean accentual phrases(L2). Korean and Japanese have a similar prosodic structure. But different from Korean, Japanese is a pitch accent language. So each word has its own pitch accent. And pitch accents are maintained in the sentence intonation. This difference will have a negative influence on the production of Korean sentence intonation. For this study 4 Korean natives speakers and 10 advanced Japanese learners of Korean participated in the production test. The material analysed constituted 11 Korean sentences, six of which contain formally identical Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese words. The results show that the initial pitch pattern of Korean accentual phrases was affected by Japanese pitch accent types and this interference was greater for formally identical Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese words. But besides initial tones of accentual phrase, some positive interference was observed in the internal tonal pattern of accentual phrase. In the phonetic realization, the internal pitch range and initial pitch rising of accentual phrases was greater for Japanese learners of Korean than native speakers of Korean.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2017

The present study investigates the effect of Accentual Phrase on F0 using a subset of large-scale corpus of Seoul Korean. Four syllable words which were neither preceded nor followed by silent pauses were presumed to be canonical exemplars of Accentual Phrases in Korean. These four syllable words were extracted from female speakers' speech samples. Growth curve analyses, combination of regression and polynomial curve fitting, were applied to the four syllable words. Four syllable words were divided into four groups depending on the categorical status of the initial segment: voiceless obstruents, voiced obstruents, sonorants, and vowels. Results of growth curve analyses indicate that initial segment types have an effect on the F0 (in semitone) in the nucleus of the initial syllable, and the cubic polynomial term revealed that some of the medial low tones in the 4 syllable words may be guided by the principle of contrast maximization, while others may be governed by the principle of ease of articulation.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• 제18권1E호
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• pp.27-31
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• 1999

Recent linguistic researches have brought into focus the relations between prosodic structures and syntactic, semantic or phonological structures. Most of them prove that prosodic information is available for understanding syntactic, semantic and discourse structures. But this result has not been integrated yet into recent Korean speech recognition or understanding systems. This study, as a part of integrating prosodic information into the speech recognition system, proposes an automatic detection technique of Korean accentual phrase boundaries by using one-stage DP, and the normalized pitch pattern. For making the normalized pitch pattern, this study proposes a method of modified normalization for Korean spoken language. For the experiment, this study employs 192 sentential speech data of 12 men's voice spoken in standard Korean, in which 720 accentual phrases are included, and 74.4% of the accentual phrase boundaries are correctly detected while 14.7% are the false detection rate.

• 음성과학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.89-105
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• 2005

This paper is a production study of the effects of Korean prosody on two voiceless coronal fricatives /$s^h$/ and /s*/. The target segments were embedded in four prosodic positions: initial to the Intonational Phrase or the Accentual Phrase, and medial to the Accentual Phrase or to the Prosodic Word. Acoustic measurements showed that the durational differences associated with the /$s^h$/ versus /s*/ contrast vary in magnitude in different prosodic positions, confirming the proposal that segmental properties are affected by prosodic categories. This suggests that any speech synthesizer should take into consideration prosodically conditioned durational variation.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.209-224
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• 2000

This paper proposes an automatic detection method of intonational and accentual phrases in Korean standard continuous speech. We use the pause over 150 msec for detecting intonational phrases, and extract accentual phrases from the intonational phrases by analyzing syllables and pitch contours. The speech data for the experiment are composed of seven male voices and two female voices which read the texts of the fable 'the ant and the grasshopper' and a newspaper article 'manmulsang' in normal speed and in Korean standard variation. The results of the experiment shows that the detection rate of intonational phrases is 95% on the average and that of accentual phrases is 73%. This detection rate implies that we can segment the continuous speech into smaller units(i.e. prosodic phrases) by using the prosodic information and so the objects of speech recognition can narrow down to words or phrases in continuous speech.

• 음성과학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.113-133
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• 1998

The system proposed in this paper prosodically transcribes the intonation patterns, prosodic structures, phrasings, and other prosodic aspects of Korean utterances, on four parallel tiers: a tone tier, an orthographic tier, a break index tier, and a miscellaneous tier. The tone tier employs two phrase accents (L* and H *), three accentual phrase boundary tones (L-, H-, LH-), and four intonational phrase boundary tones (L%,H%,LH%,LHL%) in order to provide a phonological transcription of pitch events associated with accented syllables and phrase boundaries. The break index tier uses five break indices, numbered from 0 to 4, which mark a prosodic grouping of words and its prosodic structure in an utterance. Among the five indices, the break index 3 and the break index 4 align with an accentual phrase boundary tone and an intonational phrase boundary tone, respectively, in the tone tier.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.85-91
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• 1999

본 연구는 한국어 유음 /l/의 두 변이음 중 [r]의 음성적 실현에 대해 실험음성학적으로 고찰해보았다. 분절음들의 음성학적 실현은 인접해 있는 분절음으로부터 영향을 받을 뿐만 아니라 분절음의 운율적 위치 또한 영향을 미친다. 본 연구는 이런 운율적 위치가 변이음 [r]의 음성적 실현에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 운율적 위치는 발화문장 초, 억양구 초, 악센트구 초, 그리고 악센트구 말로 분류하였으며 그리고 단어 내 위치에 따른 영향 또한 살펴보기 위하여 단어 초, 단어 중간, 단어 말로 분류하였다. 네 명의 피험자를 대상으로 음성 실험과 그에 따른 통계 분석 결과, [r]의 음성적 실현은 다양한 것으로 나타났다. 가장 약화 정도가 심한 공명음에서부터, 마찰음, 그리고 [r]의 전형적인 음성적 실현인 짧은 파열음으로까지 다양하게 실현되었다. 짧은 파열음 내에서도 폐쇄구간과 VOT의 길이 또한 다양하게 나타났다. 이들의 다양한 음성적 실현에 미치는 요인 중의 하나는 단어 내 [r]이 나타나는 위치로서 단어 초(때에 따라서는 단어 말에서도)에서가 단어 중간에서보다 약화 현상이 덜한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 음성, 운율 단위초 강화 현상과 단위말 장음화 현상에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 그리고 운율적 위치에 따라서도 다양하게 실현되었는데 일반적으로 운율적으로 약한 자리에서가 강한 자리에서보다 약화된 형태인 공명음 또는 마찰음으로 실현되는 경향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 폐쇄구간이 약화되지 않고 짧은 폐쇄음으로 실현될 경우 폐쇄구간 지속시간은 운율위치와 뚜렷한 상관관계를 보이지 않는 반면 VOT 지속시간은 단어 초 위치에서 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 즉, 발화문장 초와 억양구 초에서가 악센트구 초와 악센트구 중간에서보다 강하게, 즉 길게 실현되는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 [r]의 음성적 실현이 운율적 계층성에 따라 달라지며 운율적으로 강한 자리에서가 약한 자리에서 보다. 또는, 계층적으로 높은 위치에서가 낮은 위치에서보다 분절음 자신의 음성적 특성의 변형(약화)을 덜 입는 것으로 해석할 수 있겠다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 합성단위 선택 (unit selection) 기반 일본어 합성기에 필요한 후보 합성단위들에 대한 사전선택 (pre-selection)의 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 일반적인 사전선택 방법은 하나의 억양구에서 음소 열에 대한 비용을 계산하여 이용하는 방법이다. 그런데, 일본어는 다른 언어와는 다르게 상대적인 피치의 높낮이로 나타나는 악센트를 가지는 언어이고, 몇 개의 단어가 하나의 악센트구를 형성하는 특징이 있다. 또한 일본어의 운율은 악센트 구를 기본 단위로 하여 변화하는 특징이 있어서, 사전선택에서 이러한 악센트 구 단위의 운율 변화를 반영함으로써 음질을 향상시킬 수 있고, 악센트 구에서 음소 열에 대한 비용을 계산하여 억양구에서 하는 것보다 계산량을 줄일 수 있다. 제안한 방법은 일본어의 악센트 구를 정의하여 음소 열에서 이것을 분석하고, 각 악센트 구에서 합성 할 음소의 각 후보에 대해 CCL (Connected Context Length)을 구하는 악센트 구 매칭을 이용하여 사전선택을 수행하는 방법이다. 제안한 방법은 Voiceware의 합성기인 VoiceText를 baseline 시스템으로 사용하여 구현하였고, 인지적 에러 (억양 에러, 연결 에러)와 합성시간에 대해 평가하였다. 실험 결과, 제안한 방법은 합성 음질을 보다 자연스럽게 향상시켰고, 합성 속도를 개선하였다.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.123-148
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• 2000

This paper investigates prosodic conditions for the epenthetic /n/ in Korean. It has been claimed that an epenthetic /n/ appears across prosodic words (Han 1994, Lee 1996). However, using acoustic data as well as aerodynamic data, I argue that the epenthetic /n/ does not always surface across all prosodic words, but that its appearance is prosodically restricted. I further demonstrate that it appears only across prosodic words within an accentual phrase. This finding provides empirical support for the intonation-based model of Korean prosodic structure studies.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.187-200
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• 2002

The purpose of the present study is to see in terms of $F_{0}$ variation in Japanese how discourse focus and the lexical word accent interact with each other in realizing overall intonation patterns. Discourse focus causes prosodic restructuring of phrase structures and, as a result, largely affects pitch contours, whereas the lexical word accent is said to delimit the $F_{0}$ into a certain range. Measurement of $F_{0}$ was made of utterances of Japanese sentences to observe behavior of pitch contours with varied focus assignment and lexical accent specifications. The utterances were obtained in question-answer discourse contexts so that in a sentence, either one NP was always focused or no focus was assigned. I set four points for $F_{0}$ measurement; $F_{1s},F_{1m}, F_{2s}$, and $F_{2m}$, two for each noun phrase corresponding to $F_{0}$ at the beginning of the first syllable and that of the vocalic portion of the second syllable in the two NP's. The results of present study were as follows: (1) for all combination of lexical accent types, the $F_{0}$ rise both in NP1 and NP2 are higher when focused than when not focused. (2) NP2 starts a new accentual phrase when focused, showing even higher $F_{0}$ than NP1, the latter of which implies that in forming a new accentual phrase by focusing, catathesis does not seem to take effect on NP2 preceded by accented NP1. (3) unfocused NP2 preceded by unaccented NP1 has higher $F_{0}$ than those preceded by accented NP1.