• Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.187-202
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• 2000

The negative sentence may have an ambiguity depending on which constituent of the sentence is negated. In case of sentence final adverbials, whether they are included in the scope of negation generates the semantic ambiguity. Since sentences with ambiguous meanings have the same word order, the differences of the meanings in different contexts should be manifested with intonational cues. This article represents how intonation contributes to the disambiguation in negative sentences with ambiguity and which phonological/phonetic cues are specifically used in the course of the disambiguation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.804-806
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• 2004

this paper is to propose the formative Korean accentuation rule for the korean tort to speech conversion. The accentuation rule is as following： (1) If the rhyme of first syllable is -v, then accent is on the next syllable. (2) If the rhyme of first syllable is not -v, then accent is on the first syllable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.594-605
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the visual sensibility of wedding dress. There are 28 kinds of costume samples from photographs in wedding dress magazines. They were divided into simple, accent and decorative design. The Semantic Differential method was used in this study to measure them. The semantic scale was composed of 20 pairs of adjective words. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, ANOVA, MDS and regression analysis. The results are as follow; 1. Factor analysis has extracted five factors which consist of the visual sensibility of wedding dress. The factors are High quality, Cuteness, Femininity, Decoration and Modernness. 2. There were significant differences in the visual sensibility of wedding dress and demographics.3. The evaluative dimensions of the visual sensibility of wedding dress were identified by Cute-Adult and Simple-Decorative. 4. Preference was related to what are wearing-desirable, chic, cute, natural and beautiful, etc., and the wearing desire was related to what are favorite, lively, chic, special and gracious, etc. The noble sensibility was related to what are elegant, cute, feminine and chic, etc.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.63-70
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• 2011

Recent studies on English $L^*$ (low pitch accent) have revealed the difference of changes in acoustic manifestation between utterances produced by Koreans and those produced by native speakers of English. However, not much effort has been made to compare $L^*$ focused constituents and non-focused constituents. At the same time, most previous works on focus realization are lacking in terms of normalization of acoustic measurement. Therefore, this research is dedicated to comparing the $L^*$ focused items and non-focused items realized by Koreans and Americans and to examining the realization of English $L^*$ produced by the two language groups with improved normalization of the acoustic features (F0, intensity and duration). Within-group analysis comparing focused words and non-focused words showed both Americans and Koreans prolonged the $L^*$ focused syllables but the effect size of syllable lengthening made by Koreans was far less than that made by Americans. Furthermore, significant F0 lowering was found in Americans but not in Koreans. However, the effect of intensity change caused by $L^*$ focus was not significant within each group. The effect of focused words was tested between the two groups revealing that Koreans implemented English $L^*$ focus with higher F0, lower intensity and shorter duration than Americans. In the instances in which a significant Group x Focus Location (initial, middle and final of a sentence) interaction was found, further analysis testing the effect of Group on each Focus Location was conducted. The testing showed that the Koreans produced shorter syllables at initial and middle of a sentence and higher F0 at initial of a sentence than Americans. Implications for the intonation training were also discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.77-92
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• 2011

Public uniforms play an important role in creating the color and image of urban environment beyond the level of simple working clothes for unity and practicality. Hence this study aims to compare and analyze the color characteristics and images of the police officer, fire fighter, and street cleaner uniforms at home and abroad to guarantee the wearer's safety, increase convenience and agreeability, and give emotional satisfaction to citizens in harmony with urban environment color as public uniforms. For study methods, literature review investigated urban environment, color, and uniforms as public design. Empirical study extracted color data from the public worker uniforms of the world's top 20 cities selected by 'Newsweek' in 2010 and analyzed their colors, tones, and color images. The results of this study are as follows. The most common color for police uniforms were PB(dk) as the main color, PB(p) as the sub color, and Wh as the accent color. For fire fighter uniforms, PB(dkg) was the most common main color; GY(v), as the sub color; and ItGy, as the accent color. The most common color for street cleaner uniforms was YR(v) as the main color; GY(v), as the sub color; and mGy, as the accent color. As a result of analyzing color images of these uniforms, it was found that police uniforms commonly used a modern image; fire fighter uniforms commonly used a natural image and a cool casual image; and street cleaner uniforms commonly used a casual image. As examined above, the color of public uniforms suitable for urban environment and job characteristics is very important to establish the image of public institutions, as well as to create an urban image.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.73-96
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• 2014

The purpose of this research is to evaluate a short-term export demand forecasting model reflecting individual passenger vehicle brands and market characteristics by using Vector Autoregressive (VAR) models that are based on multivariate time-series model. The short-term export demand forecasting model was created by discerning theoretical potential factors that affect the short-term export demand of individual passenger vehicle brands. Quarterly short-term export demand forecasting model for two Korean small vehicle brands (Accent and Avante) were created by using VAR model. Predictive value at t+1 quarter calculated with the forecasting models for each passenger vehicle brand and the actual amount of sales were compared and evaluated by altering subject period by one quarter. As a result, RMSE % of Accent and Avante was 4.3% and 20.0% respectively. They amount to 3.9 days for Accent and 18.4 days for Avante when calculated per daily sales amount. This shows that the short-term export demand forecasting model of this research is highly usable in terms of prediction and consistency.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.794-804
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• 2011

With increases in the amount of spare time by many and with increased social interest in health, the sportswear market is steadily growing. Thus, sportswear companies are putting more effort into developing their websites for differentiation strategies. It is possible to deliver effective images with the use of proper colors in websites. This study aimed to analyze the colors of websites of sportswear brands' and to compare their characteristics. Thirty-seven brands were chosen and classified into three groups: active sportswear, outdoor wear and golf wear. 168 color samples in total as main colors, sub-colors and accent colors were collected from the first screen of each websites. The colors were analyzed by Musell's 10 hues and by the 12 tone classifications of PCCS. The results indicated that white is the color most often used as the main color and sub-color on these websites. There were differences among the colors of the three groups. Both active sportswear and outdoor wear have a similar tendency in terms of their use of colors and tones, while golf wear is different from these two groups. Active sportswear websites and outdoor wear websites frequently used red and vivid, bright tones for their accent colors. In comparison, Green Yellow and light grayish tones were most commonly used as accent colors in golf wear websites.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.274-282
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• 2013

Research was initiated to investigate early germination and establishment characteristics of perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.). An alternative condition was applied in Experiment I with 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$ (ISTA condition). Experiment II was conducted under $5^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ (natural condition). Significant differences were observed in germination percentage, germination speed and germination peak time. Seed germinating vigor was 66.00 to 93.75% under ISTA and 66.25 to 93.50% under natural conditions. Germination speed, measured as days to germination of 50% through 90%, was much faster with 'Pennant II', 'Brightstar II', 'Sonata' and 'Accent II' under ISTA conditions. But it was faster only with 'Pennant II' and 'Brightstar II' under natural conditions. Germination peak time ranged 1.48 to 5.65 days under ISTA, while 2.17 to 10.63 days under natural conditions. Regardless of growing conditions, the shortest cultivars in peak time were 'Sonata', 'Pennant II', and 'Brightstar II' and the longest one 'Revenge GLX'. Considering germinating vigor, early germination speed and germination peak time, 'Pennant II', 'Brightstar II', 'Sonata' and 'Accent II' were regarded as excellent cultivars under ISTA conditions, while 'Pennant II' and 'Brightstar II' under natural conditions.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.277-281
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• 2006

This paper presents a method for the automatic recognition of pitch accents over syllables. The method that we propose is based on the time-delay recursive neural network (TDRNN). which is a neural network classifier with two different representation of dynamic context: the delayed input nodes allow the representation of an explicit trajectory F0(t) along time. while the recursive nodes provide long-term context information that reflects the characteristics of pitch accentuation in spoken English. We apply the TDRNN to pitch accent recognition in two forms: in the normal TDRNN. all of the prosodic features (pitch. energy, duration) are used as an entire set in a single TDRNN. while in the distributed TDRNN. the network consists of several TDRNNs each taking a single prosodic feature as the input. The final output of the distributed TDRNN is weighted sum of the output of individual TDRNN. We used the Boston Radio News Corpus (BRNC) for the experiments on the speaker-independent pitch accent recognition. π 1e experimental results show that the distributed TDRNN exhibits an average recognition accuracy of 83.64% over both pitch events and non-events.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 1984

The Infusion pump that is widely used in hospital has been designed. This system consists of microcomputer system, stepping motor control part and mechanical part for syringe driving. It has 450mmHg maximum pressure and $\pm$0.5% accuracy, and and especially keep the accent on the electrical and functional safety.