• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.12 no.1_2
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• pp.16-31
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• 1968

Comparative studies were made on some sulfonamides, used individually and combined with parasympatholytic agents as regards (1) the absorption rate through isolated rat small intestine (in vitro), (2) the absorption rate through rat small intestine (in vivo), and (3) the blood concentration of sulfonamides were examined by its oral administration with each combined drug to rabbits, and the following effects were found, parasympatholytic agents inhibit the absorption of sulfonamides from the small intestinal tract. Comparison of the inhibitic efficiency of parasympatholytic agents is as follows: oxazepam, oxyphencyclimine hydrochloride, probantheline bromide, atropine sulfate (The examples are from the weakest to the strongest). Decrement of the absorption rate of sulfonamides is as follows: sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine (The example are from the strongest to the weakest). Additionally, it is assumed that if the combined drugs were absorbed from the small intestine in the original form, those inhibitic effects should be best regarding to their sulfonamide per parasympatholytic agent combined rate "25:1" than to their any other rates.her rates.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.578-589
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• 1996

This study was performed to invstigate the effect of dietary protein level and source on cadmium intoxicification in rats. Forty-eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 171$\pm$3g were blocked into 8 groups of 6 animals according to body weigth, and were raised for 30days. Eight experimental diets different with cadmium(0ppm, 400ppm)and protein(15%, 40%) levels and protein source[casien, I.S.P.(isolated soy protein)] were given to animals for 30days. Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, liver weight, kidney weight and femur weight were lower in cadmium added group, and higher in high protein groups(40% protein) than medium protein groups(15% protein). But, dietary protein source had no influence on them. Cadmium concerntration of liver was higher in rats fed casein than I.S.P. groups, and cadmium concentration in intestine was higher in high protein groups. In femur both high protein and I.S.P.diets increased cadmium concentrations. MT concdentrations in liver, kidney and intestine were higher in cadmium added group, and kidney intestine MT concentration were higher in high protein group. Absorption and retention rates of cadmium were lower in rat fed I.S.P. than animal fed casein among medium protein groups and cadmium concentration in blood and liver of I.S.P groups were lower than casein groups. But absorption and retention rates of cadmium were similar in high casein and I.S.P. groups. Renal damage by cadmium administration was not seen in all groups. Absorption rates of zinc and copper competing with cadmium in absorption process were lower in high protein groups than medium protein groups and lower in rats fed I.S.P. than casein. In conclusion, weight gain, F.E.R, and MT concentraion of high protein groups were higher than those of medium protein groups and absorption and retention rates of cadmium were lower in high protein groups. From these results, it was shown that cadmium toxicity was alleviated by high dietary protein. Meanwhile, the effect of dietary source on the cadmium toxicity was different with protein level. In medium protein groups absorption and retention rates of cadmium were much lower in rats fed I.S.P. than casein. In high protein groups, cadmium toxicity was not influenced by protein source and absorption and retention rates of cadmium were not different between casein and I.S.P. groups.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06d
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• pp.292-297
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• 2001

This paper discusses the effect of varying LiBr solution circuits flow rates for a direct fired double effect commercial absorption chiller in the parallel flow configuration. The effects of solution flow rates have been investigated for generator, condenser, solution heat exchanger, absorber and evaporator. According to the result of this work, it was found that sensible heat rate of generator increases and refrigerant vapor generated in that decreases when inlet solution flow rate of that increases. As solution flow rate of absorber increases, the degree of superheat increases because of decreasing solution heat exchanger efficiency. The flashing vapor at the top of absorber increases in proportion to the degree of superheat whileas decreases cooling capacity inversely.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 1971

The method of assessing drug availability has been the subject of much concern and the equation is presented to estimate the drug availability of dosage forms and to calculate the desirable rates of drug absorption in a model. $Xmax/X_0=(k_1/k_2)^{{\frac{1}{1-^-k_1/k_2}}}$ To facilitate the calculations involved in the equation, a program in Fortran with Format was used in the IBM 1130 digital computer system. Using availability, $Xmax/X_0$, and the given rates of elimination from the blood, the desirable rates of drug absorption in the model were calculated and shown in detail. Applicabiliy of the equation to estimate the drug availability of dosage forms in the model was demonstrated with different sets of data from the literatures.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.431-439
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• 1998

Falling film absorption process is an important problem in application such as absorption chillers. The presence of waves on the film affects the absorption process significantly. In the present study the characteristics of heat and mass transfer in laminar-wavy falling film were studied numerically. The wavy flow behavior was incorporated in the energy and diffusion equation. The numerical solution indicated that the interfacial wave increased the transfer rates remarkably. Interfacial shear stress and wave frequency seemed to be the dominant factors on the film Nusselt number and Sherwood number in the wavy film. A comparison of the transfer rates of the wavy film to that of the smooth film showed that the mass transfer rate could be increased by more than 50%.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.639-645
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• 2009

In this study, alkanolamine was used to achieve high absorption rates for $CO_2$ as suggested at several literatures. The absorption rates of aqueous AMP and MEA solutions with $CO_2$, $SO_2$, $NO_2$ were measured using a stirredcell reactor. The reaction rate constants were determined from the measured absorption rates. The performances were evaluated under various operating conditions. As a result, the reactions with $SO_2$, $NO_2$ into aqueous AMP and MEA solutions were classified as an instantaneous reaction respectively. The absorption rates increased with increase of the reaction temperature and the concentration of absorbents. The simultaneous absorption rate of $CO_2/SO_2/NO_2$ into 3, 5, 10 wt.% MEA at various pressure of $CO_2/SO_2/NO_2$, was more increased 14~20% than AMP solution. We investigated the effect of $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ on the simultaneous absorption of $CO_2/SO_2/NO_2$ from a flue gas. The performances were evaluated under various operating conditions in order to investigate the absorption characteristic.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.587-595
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• 2015

In this study, fault symptoms were simulated and analyzed for a single-effect absorption chiller. The fault patterns of fault detection parameters were tabulated using the fault symptom simulation results. Fault detection and diagnosis by a process history-based method were performed for the in-situ experiment of a single-effect absorption chiller. Simulated fault modes for the in-situ experimental study are the decreases in cooling water and chilled water mass flow rates. Five no-fault reference models for fault detection of a single-effect absorption chiller were developed using fault-free steady-state data. A sensitivity analysis of fault detection using the normalized distance method was carried out with respect to fault progress. When mass flow rates of the cooling and chilled water decrease by more than 19.3% and 17.8%, respectively, the fault can be detected using the normalized distance method, and COP reductions are 6.8% and 4.7%, respectively, compared with normal operation performance. The pattern recognition method for fault diagnosis of a single-effect absorption chiller was found to indicate each failure mode accurately.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.182-183
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• 2017

This research identifies radon gas absorption mechanism by adsorption materials, replacing gypsum board with radon emissions, the density and absorption rates of magnesium were carried out using vermiculite, anthracite, powdered active carbon, bentonite, illite, diatomite as a basic study on the fire resistance type of radon Gas reduction type with absorption and decomposition. As a result of the experiment, diatomite showed the lowest density, and the highestt value was the highest. For the absorption rate, bentonite showed the highest absorption rate, and the anthracite showed the lowest absorption rate.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 1988

Computer optimization technique was applied to obtain the optimum formula of o/w type ointment vehicle containing sodium lauryl sulfate and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (MP). In order to determine the feasibility of optimizing a vehicle composition with the aid of computer, the amounts of sodium lauryl sulfate $(X_1)$, salicylic acid $(X_2)$, and MP $(X_3)$ were selected as the independent variables for the solubility and the absorption rates of salicylic acid (dependent variables). The experimental values of absorption rates agreed well with the calculation values obtained from the polynomial regression analysis, and the contour charts drawn by computer were useful in optimization process.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.3293-3303
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• 1996

Numerical analyses have been performed to estimate the absorption heat and mass transfer coefficients in absorption process of the LiBr aqueous solution and the total heat and mass transfer rates in a vertical tube absorber which is coolING ed by air. Axisymmetric cylindrical coordinate system was adopted to model the circular tube and the transport equations were solved by the finite volume method. Absorption behaviors of heat and mass transfer were analyzed through falling film of the LiBr aqueous solution contacted by water vapor in tube. Effects of film Reynolds number on heat and mass transfer coefficients have been also investigated. Especially, effects of tube diameter have been considered to observe the total heat and mass transfer rates through falling film along the tube. Based on the analysis it has been found that the total mass transfer rate increases rapidly in a region with low film Reynolds number(10 ~ 40) as the film Reynolds number increases, while decreases beyond that region. The total heat and mass transfer rates increase with increasing the tube diameter.