• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.894-899
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• 2001

Intakes and excretions of zinc and copper were determined for 8 female adolescents (aged 16.4$\pm$0.5 y; body mass index 20.4$\pm$1.3kg/$m^2$; body fat 33.3$\pm$2.5%; bone mineral density of lumbar spine in L2-L4; 0.96$\pm$0.08g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) when they consumed diets basal and high in calcium for 6 days each. All subjects consumed a basal Ca diet containing 800 mg, Korean RDA level of the subjects, and a high Ca diet containing 1200mg, RDA plus 2 SDs of calcium intake. The diets provided 58% of energy intake as carbohydrate, 25% as fat, and 17% as protein. Food, urine and fecal samples were collected during the last 3 days of each feeding period and were assayed. Mean daily intakes on the basal and high calcium diets, respectively, were 6.57 and 6.37 mg for zinc and 910 and 812 $\mu\textrm{g}$for copper. Fecal excretion of copper and zinc in relation to intake was significantly greater on the high calcium than on the basal calcium diet. Hence, apparent absorption rate was significantly lowered from 98.7% on the basal calcium diet to 97.9% on the high calcium diet for zinc from 66.3% to 56.4% for copper, respectively. Urinary loss of copper was not detectable but that of zinc was 0.38mg on the basal diet and 0.47mg on the high calcium diet. Copper retention was 899$\pm$105$\mu\textrm{g}$/day on the basal calcium diet and 792$\pm$20.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/day on the high calcium diet, and zinc retention was 3.95$\pm$0.91mg/day and 3.11$\pm$0.89mg/day. Thus, copper and zinc retention was significantly decreased on the high calcium diet (p<0.05). Summarizing the results, apparent absorption and retention of zinc and copper were significantly decreased by calcium supplementation. Therefore, it is suggested that interactions among minerals should be considered in determining RDA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.665-672
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• 2011

We evaluated the effects of organic Ca supplements chelated with milk protein (CaMP) in ovariectomized osteoporotic rats. Eight week-old Sprague-Dawley female rats were ovariectomized and fed a low $CaCO_3$ diet (0.1%) for 4 weeks to create an osteoporotic model. At that point, L4-$CaCO_3$ rats were sacrificed and the rest of the rats were divided into 4 groups, each of which was fed an experimental diet for 4 weeks: low-$CaCO_3$ (0.1%; L8-$CaCO_3$) and CaMP at 3 Ca levels: low (0.1%; L8-CaMP), normal (0.5%; N8-CaMP), and high (1.5%; H8-CaMP). Daily weight gain, serum ALP, weight and breaking force of femurs, Ca content of the lumbar, and Ca absorption were measured. Daily weight gain increased in the N8-CaMP and H8-CaMP groups compared to the low Ca groups. The ALP activity in the CaMP-fed rats was significantly lower than in the $CaCO_3$-fed rats. Both breaking force and femur weight were higher in the N8-CaMP and H8-CaMP groups compared to the L8-$CaCO_3$ group. Ca content of the lumbar increased dose-dependently with Ca intake levels of CaMP. Ca absorption rates of the CaMP-fed rats increased more than that of the rats fed low Ca levels of $CaCO_3$. These results demonstrate that the CaMP supplement had positive effects on bone metabolism and Ca bioavailability in ovariectomized osteoporotic rats. Therefore, CaMP may be recommended as a useful Ca supplement to prevent bone loss in osteoporosis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.9.1-9.11
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• 2018

Background: In recent years, with the prohibition of antibiotics used as growth stimulants in the nutrition of farm animals, researchers have searched for alternative natural and reliable products in order to be able to sustain the developments experienced during the use of antibiotics and to overcome the possible inconveniences. In this context, studies on evaluation of essential oils in poultry nutrition have been reported to improve the utilization of feed, stimulate the release of digestive enzymes, increase absorption in the stomach and intestines, antimicrobial and anti-parasitic effects and thus, can be an alternative to antibiotics and improve meat quality as well. Indeed, this study has been carried out to explore the effects of the addition of 150 mg/kg capsicum oleoresin (CAP), carvacrol (CAR), cinnamaldehyde (CIN) or their mixture (CAP+CAR+CIN) into the broilers' ration over sensory, physical and chemical properties in breast meat and leg meat. Methods: Experiments were conducted over 400 male and female broiler chicks (Ross-308) in 5 groups (1 control group and 4 treatment groups), each composed of 80 chicks. The control group was fed without feed additives while the second, third, fourth and the fifth groups were fed with 150 mg CAP/kg feed, 150 mg CAR/kg feed, 150 mg CIN/kg feed, and 150 mg CAP+CAR+CIN/kg feed, respectively. Results: Addition of CAP, CAR, CIN or CAP+CAR+CIN had effects on the sensory (of taste, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability); physical properties (of $L^*$ value and toughness), the chemical properties (of DM, CF, CP, linoleic, EPA, behenic, MUFA, PUFA and ${\Sigma}n-6$ of the leg meat), the physical characteristics (of toughness and firmness), and the chemical properties (of CF, CP, linoleic, ecosenic, EPA, lignoseric, MUFA and ${\Sigma}n-3$) of the breast meat in comparison to control group. Furthermore, while the treatments had positive impacts on thawing loss, cooking loss and water holding capacity in both breast and leg meat; no effect was observed on pH value and lipid oxidation on day 1, day 4 and day 8. Conclusion: The results strongly suggested that the addition of CAP, CAR, CIN or CAP+CAR+CIN to the rations of the broiler chicks changed the sensory, physical and chemical properties of breast and leg meat. It was also observed that these compounds were more effective when they were added to the ratio as a mixture rather than adding them individually.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.88-96
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• 2005

Paraquat-resistant biotype of Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. was determined by chlorophyll loss and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and the resistant mechanism was investigated with respect to absorption, translocation, and binding constant. RAPD analysis for paraquat resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes found in a pear orchard revealed that the biotypes possessed remote genetic relationship. Chlorophyll loss, as an indication of paraquat toxicity, of S biotype was 7.8-fold greater than that of R biotype. There were no differences in contents of epicuticular wax and cuticle and amounts of [14C]paraquat penetrating the cuticle between the two biotypes. Little translocation of the herbicide out of the treated leaf was observed in either biotype. Binding constants of paraquat to the cell wall and thylakoid membrane were 7.4-fold and 16.9-fold, respectively, higher in R biotype than in S biotype. The results suggest that the resistance mechanism of C. canadensis biotype is due partly to high binding affinity of paraquat to the cell wall and thylakoid membrane.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1008-1016
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• 2013

SAR measurement which was applied only to the mobile phone has been expanded in the Korean radio regulation law to the portable wireless communication equipments within 20 cm from the human body since Jan. 2012. The two-way radio operating at 150 MHz frequency band was newly included following the revised radio regulation in the target equipment of measurement. SAR measurement system at 150 MHz satisfying this regulation is necessary accordingly for SAR conformity assessment. The international SAR measurement standard(IEC 62209-2) includes the evaluation method on frequencies above 300 MHz, and the commercial SAR measurement system can measure SAR above 300 MHz only. The size of the reference dipole antenna(760 mm, return loss: -27.57 dB) and flat phantom ($1,300 mm(L){\times}900 mm(W){\times}200 mm(H)$), targeted SAR values for numerical analysis(1 g: 1.08 W/kg, 10 g: 0.77 W/kg) for SAR validation evaluation at 150 MHz frequency are proposed in this paper. The suggested dipole antenna and flat phantom are assembled and used to verify the conformity assessment of commercial SAR measurement system. The measured SAR values of 1 g and 10 g were obtained respectively to be 1.13 W/kg, 0.81 W/kg, and they satisfied the effective range(within ${\pm}10$ %) of IEC international standard. The standards based on this study are expected to be used for the domestic SAR measurement standard and IEC(International Electrotechnical Commission) international standard.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2002

In this study, new development of natural ventilation window was accomplished to control environment of greenhouse with no use of farced ventilation during hot season. The ventilation effect of developed ventilation window was investigated in experimental greenhouse which was designed using side wall panel and folding type panel fur natural ventilation. Folding panel type ventilation window was designed to open upper part of the side wall and top of the roof using two hinges which are located bottom of the side wall and the roof panel to grab one side of each panels and guide the other side along with the guidance rail. Developed ventilation window has top ventilation part with maximum moving distance X=ι (1-cos$\theta$)=848.5 mm and side ventilation part with maximum moving distance Y=ι/2 $\times$sin$\theta$=1,184.4 mm at 45$^{\circ}$ of theoretical opening angle. It took 4.5 minutes to open roof vent fully and temperature at 1.2 and 0.8 m height decreased after 1 minute from starting opening and became equilibrium state maintaining 3-4$^{\circ}C$ difference after 2 minutes from complete opening. Air exchange rate was 15.2~39.3 h$^{-1}$ which was more than 10~15 h$^{-1}$ of continuous type and Venlo type greenhouse. The descent effect of temperature by ventilation windows was two times higher than Venlo type greenhouse.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1634-1640
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• 2004

This study was designed to compare the nutritional intake and iron nutritional status between urban and rural middle school girls. Along with a questionnaire, blood samples were obtained from 311 middle school girls (urban 129 girls, rural 182 girls). Nutrient intakes were measured with a convenient method, and clinical symptoms relating anemia was investigated by 4-point Likert scale. For the nutrient intake, the total energy intake was 1722.2 kcal (82.0% of RDA) for the urban group and 1649.5 kcal (78.6% of RDA) for rural group. The rural group showed significantly lower level than the urban group in all nutrients except fat, carbohydrate and total energy intake. Regarding the food frequency, students from the rural group marked significantly lower intake of milk (p<0.00l), kimchi (p<0.05), fruit (p<0.05), tofu, bean (p<0.00l) than the urban group. For every clinical finding regarding anemia, the rural group marked higher value than the urban group but the difference was not significant. The hemoglobin concentration of urban group was 13.28 g/dL, and rural group showed 12.51 g/dL which was significantly lower than urban group (p<0.00l). The hematocrit rate was 37.82% for the urban group and 38.13% for the rural group and there was no significant difference between two groups. The red blood cell (RBC) count of the rural group was significantly lower than the urban group (p<0.00l). Evaluating with the iron deficiency standard which is less than 12 g/dL, the urban group was 6.2% and the rural group was 34.6% thus the deficiency rate was significantly higher in the rural group. This study showed that nutrient and iron status of the girls of rural group is not as good as the urban group. As middle school girls require high level of iron absorption due to blood loss which occurs during abrupt physical growth and menstruation, dietary counselling is required to enhance the iron status. When iron deficiency is serious, they need to take more positive action such as iron supplement in addition to food-iron fortification.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.333-343
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• 1999

To investigate the relationship between the translocation and distribution the monovalent K and Na and the divalent Sr and Ca, the natrophile and calcitrophic plant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was used. Strontium uptake and distribution are concentration and growth stage dependent. The highest Ca content occurred in the treatment of 4 : 1 mM ratio of Ca to Sr, while the highest Sr content in old leaves in the presence of 1 mM Ca and 4 mM Sr. The addition of low concentration of Sr stimulates Ca-uptake. Reversely. Sr-uptake is highest in the presence of 1 mM Ca. This result may be an antagonistic effect between Ca and Sr. The ratios of Mg to Ca and Sr are satisfactorily presented by the regression analysis. The sum of Sr and Ca contents are most significant linear to the ratio of Mg to one, showing a negative correlation. This result implies that the absorption of Mg and Ca or Sr is antagonistic. In the presence of only 5 mM Sr, K and Na-uptakes increases, while Sr in the presence of Ca does not affect the change in the K and Na assimilation and their ratios. The ratios of K to Na is also not changed. A little addition of Sr could more effectively retain the chlorophyll loss while only in the presence of Sr, the chlorophyll levels are considerably reduced.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.1474-1481
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• 2011

This study investigated the physicochemical characteristics of Korean wheat flour substituted for 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% durum rimachinata wheat in order to develop a Korean wheat pasta suitable for consumer-preferred soft textures. The particles of Korean wheat that were less than 250 ${\mu}M$ were 87.03% of all particles, while 68.7% of durum rimachinata had particles more than 250 ${\mu}M$ in size. Durum rimachinata had more protein (13.84${\pm}$0.03) and ash (0.70${\pm}$0.02) than Korean wheat. In farinograph characteristics, water absorption, development time, stability, and weakness increased as the amounts of substituted Korean wheat flour increased. Also, the gelatinization characteristics of the amylograph exhibited an increase of gelatinization temperature and decrease in maximum viscosity. However, maximum viscosity was shown to be more than 550 B.U. until 30% of the substitution level of Korean wheat flour to durum rimachinata wheat. Also, it did not affect the texture of the noodle product. We could make pasta with softness and springiness with less than a 15% substitution level of Korean wheat flour due to similar characteristics in cooking properties such as weight, volume, water absorption, turbidity, and cooking loss when compared to the control. L and a values increased, and the b value decreased in color as substitution amounts of Korean wheat flour increased. The hardness and adhesiveness of cooking noodles was shown to be a low value at more than a 30% substitution level of Korean wheat flour, and springiness, gumminess, and chewiness all exhibited high values. In a sensory evaluation, overall acceptability was shown to have the highest score in control. More than 30% of substitution of Korean wheat flour showed high preferences. Therefore, 15% of the substitution level of Korean wheat flour could be adapted in dough and cooking properties for making pasta-substituted Korean wheat. However, a texture analyzer and sensory evaluation of cooked pasta was shown to have a good quality at more than 30% substitution level of Korean wheat flour.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.271-276
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• 2000

Dry noodles were prepared with wheat flour and immature Rubes coreanus (Bogbunja) powder, and the effects of added immature bogbunja powders on dough rheology and noodle quality were examined. Particle size distribution of immature bogbunja powder ranged from 0.04 to $500\;{\um}m$, which was different from that of wheat flour. The initial pasting temperature, peak and final viscosities as well as setback increased in amylograph with the increase of immature bogbunja powder. The water absorption and dough development time increased, but the dough stability decreased in farinograph with the increase of immature bogbunja powder. Decrease of L and b values and increase of a value were shown with the increase of immature bogbunja powder in wheat flour-immature bogbunja powder composite as well as dry noodles. The cooked weight and volume of noodles decreased, but the cooking loss increased with the addition of immature bogbunja powder. Most of texture parameters (hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and tension) of cooked noodles decreased with the addition of immature bogbunja powder. From the result of sensory evaluation, dry noodles containing 1 and 2% immature bogbunja powder were rated as higher quality dry noodles than the others.