• Computers and Concrete
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-77
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• 2005

The closed form solution of the equilibrium equations in the ultimate design of reinforced concrete sections under biaxial bending is presented. The stresses in the materials are described by the Model Code 1990 equations. Computation of the integral equations is performed generally in terms of all variables. The deformed shape of the section in the ultimate conditions is defined by Heaviside functions. The procedure is convenient for the use of mathematical manipulation programs and the results are easily included into nonlinear analysis codes. The equations developed for rectangular sections can be applied for other sections, such as T, L, I for instance, by decomposition into rectangles. Numerical examples of the developed model for rectangular sections and composed sections are included.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.225-239
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• 2003

(G, <) is an ordered group if'<'is a total order relation on G in which f < g implies that xfy < xgy for all f, g, x, y $\in$ G. We say that (G, <) is centrally ordered if (G, <) is ordered and ［G,D］ $\subseteq$ C for every convex jump C $\prec$ D in G. Equivalently, if $f^{-1}g f{\leq} g^2$ for all f, g $\in$ G with g > 1. Every order on a torsion-free locally nilpotent group is central. We prove that if every order on every two-generator subgroup of a locally soluble orderable group G is central, then G is locally nilpotent. We also provide an example of a non-nilpotent two-generator metabelian orderable group in which all orders are central.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.443-451
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics and identification of acetic acid bacteria for black waxy rice vinegar. Eight (8) strains of acetic acid bacteria were isolated for the production of acetic acid and their acidities were then compared with commercial acetic acid bacteria. Among them, F1, H4, and two types of commercial bacteria (four best strains by vinegar zymogen) were selected. After analyzing the 16S rRNA sequence, both F1 and H4 strains were identified as acetobacter genus. Therefore, the F-1 and H-4 strains were named as Acetobacter sp. F-1 and Acetobacter sp. H-4, respectively. Acidity of black waxy rice vinegar during fermentation was steadily increased up to 16 days and the acidity was then constant. Total acidity content was higher when used FV-1 strain. In the results of Hunter's color value of black waxy vinegar, L value was at 75.01 to 80.11, while (+a) value was at 3.34 to 3.92, and (+b) value was at 12.84 to 18.09. The major organic acid of the black waxy vinegar was acetic acid. The total organic acid content was high when used H-4, F-1, C-2 and C-1 strains. The total free amino acid content of the black waxy vinegar by strain was the highest (351.43 mg%) of F-1 vinegar strain, and the lowest (247.74 mg%) of C-2 vinegar strain. A sensory evaluation of black waxy vinegar indicated that F-1 vinegar strain was better than the other samples in aspect of flavor, color, and overall preference.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.623-631
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• 2001

Let $\kappa$ be a real abelian field of conductor f and $\kappa$(sub)$\infty$ = ∪(sub)n$\geq$0$\kappa$(sub)n be its Z(sub)p-extension for an odd prime p such that płf$\phi$(f). he aim of this paper is ot compute the cohomology groups of circular units. For m>n$\geq$0, let G(sub)m,n be the Galois group Gal($\kappa$(sub)m/$\kappa$(sub)n) and C(sub)m be the group of circular units of $\kappa$(sub)m. Let l be the number of prime ideals of $\kappa$ above p. Then, for mm>n$\geq$0, we have (1) C(sub)m(sup)G(sub)m,n = C(sub)n, (2) H(sup)i(G(sub)m,n, C(sub)m) = (Z/p(sup)m-n Z)(sup)l-1 if i is even, (3) H(sup)i(G(sub)m,n, C(sub)m) = (Z/P(sup)m-n Z)(sup l) if i is odd (※Equations, See Full-text).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 1988

A number of substituted furodiketochroman derivatives ($lll_{a-f}$) have been synthesized by fusion of aromatic aldehydes with 5-hydroxybergapten and 5-hydroxyisopimpinellin. On the other hand, when the reaction was carried out in a solvent, the corresponding bis-furoccumarin derivatives ($lV_{c-n}$) were obtained. The anticoagulant effect of compounds $lll_{a,b,d}$ and $lv_{b,c,f,g,i,k}$ was tested. They failed to demonstrate any significant effect. The effect of the tested compounds on the arterial blood pressure was studied. Compounds $lV_c$, $lll_d$, $lll_b$, $lV_b$, $lV_k$ and $lV_i$ showed lowering effects on the normal systolic blooc pressure of anaesthetized rats in a decreasing manner.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 2014

As a result of the cost of grains, the replacement of grains by co-products (i.e. DDGS) in feedlot diets is a common practice. This change produces diets that contain a lower amount of starch and greater amount of fibre. Hypothetically, combining feed grade urea (U) with slow release urea (Optigen) in this type of diet should elicit a better synchrony between starch (high-rate of digestion) and fibre (low-rate of digestion) promoting a better microbial protein synthesis and ruminal digestion with increasing the digestible energy of the diet. Four cannulated Holstein steers ($213{\pm}4$ kg) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to examine the combination of Optigen and U in a finishing diet containing different starch:acid detergent fibre ratios (S:F) on the characteristics of digestive function. Three S:F ratios (3.0, 4.5, and 6.0) were tested using a combination of U (0.80%) and Optigen (1.0%). Additionally, a treatment of 4.5 S:F ratio with urea (0.80% in ration) as the sole source of non-protein nitrogen was used to compare the effect of urea combination at same S:F ratio. The S:F ratio of the diet was manipulated by replacing the corn grain by dried distillers grain with solubles and roughage. Urea combination did not affect ruminal pH. The S:F ratio did not affect ruminal pH at 0 and 2 h post-feeding but, at 4 and 6 h, the ruminal pH decreased as the S:F ratio increased (linear, p<0.05). Ruminal digestion of OM, starch and feed N were not affected by urea combination or S:F ratio. The urea combination did not affect ADF ruminal digestion. ADF ruminal digestion decreased linearly (p = 0.02) as the S:F ratio increased. Compared to the urea treatment (p<0.05) and within the urea combination treatment (quadratic, p<0.01), the flow of microbial nitrogen (MN) to the small intestine and ruminal microbial efficiency were greater for the urea combination at a S:F ratio of 4.5. Irrespective of the S:F ratio, the urea combination improved (2.8%, p = 0.02) postruminal N digestion. As S:F ratio increased, OM digestion increased, but ADF total tract digestion decreased. The combination of urea at 4.5 S:F improved (2%, p = 0.04) the digestible energy (DE) more than expected. Combining urea and Optigen resulted in positive effects on the MN flow and DE of the diet, but apparently these advantages are observed only when there is a certain proportion of starch:ADF in the diet.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.78-84
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• 1994

The crystal structure of N-11-(benzotriazol-1-yl)butyl]-P-nitroaniline ( C16H17N502) has been determinedfromsingle crystal x-ray diffractionstudy:C16H17N502 monoclinic, P21/n, a=17542(2)A, b=10.755(3)A, c=8.891(1)A, β=104.58(1)˚, V=1623.4(5)A3, 7=293(2)K, Z=4, Cuka(A = 1.5418A) , The molecular structure was solved was by direct meshed refined by full-matrix least squares to a final R =0.0411 for 2248 unique observed [F≥4o(p) ] reflections and 255 Parameters. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N (11) -Hl 1 (Nl 1) ‥‥N (3) hydrogen bond with N(11) ‥‥ N(3) =3.136(2)A and N(11)-Hll(Nll)‥‥N(3) =164.1(15) ˚.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.136-140
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• 1983

The hydration characteristics of barley kernels with various polishing yields were investigated at temperatures of $20-60^{\circ}C$ and their sorption kinetics were studied. The moisture gain in initial stage of hydration was directly proportional to square root of hydration time and there was a break point at the moisture gain of 0.45-0.55g $H_2O/g$ solid. The hydration rate was great in order of polishing yield of 50, 70, 95, 90 and 100%, and increased with increasing hydration temperature. The diffusivity of water into barley kernels followed Arrhenius equation, and the activation energies in hydration reaction of polished barley were ranged from 6.9 to 9.5 Kcal/mole and that of non-polished one was 11.6Kcal/mole.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.227-233
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of various addition and exclusion time of glucose (Control: no addition, A: 24～72 h, B: 24～48 h, C: 48～72 h, D: 0～72 h, E: 0～48 h, F: 0～24 h and 48～72 h, G: 0～24 h) on embryonic developmental capacity of 2-cell embryos in mice. Developed blastocysts were assessed for mean cell number by differential staining. The zona-intact blastocyst (ZiB) rates were higher (p<0.05) in group B than control. However, the zona-escape blastocyst (ZeB) rates were not significantly different in all groups. At 72 h, total blastocyst (ZiB + ZeB) formation rates were not significantly different in all groups. The mean cell number was not significantly different among all groups. The inner cell mass (ICM) cell number was higher (p<0.05) in group F than control, group A, B and G. The trophectoderm (TE) cell number was higher (p<0.05) in control than group A and D. The %ICM was higher (p<0.05) in group C, D and F than control. The ICM : TE ratio was not significantly different in all groups. Between control and glucose group, no significant difference was observed in the total blastocysts (ZiB + ZeB) formation rates. Also, no significant difference was observed in the mean cell number, ICM cell number and ICM : TE ratio. However the TE cell number was higher (p<0.05) in control than glucose group and %ICM was higher (p<0.05) in glucose group than control. In conclusion, glucose added in culture medium was not inhibitory on blastocyst formation but glucose added for 48 ～72 h in culture medium increases %ICM of blastocysts in mice.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.185-202
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• 2019

In this paper, we investigate many types of stability, like (uniform stability, exponential stability and h-stability) of the first order dynamic equations of the form $$\{u^{\Delta}(t)=Au(t)+f(t),\;\;t{\in}{\mathbb{T}},\;t>t_0\\u(t_0)=x{\in}D(A),$$ and $$\{u^{\Delta}(t)=Au(t)+f(t,u),\;\;t{\in}{\mathbb{T}},\;t>t_0\\u(t_0)=x{\in}D(A),$$ in terms of the stability of the homogeneous equation $$\{u^{\Delta}(t)=Au(t),\;\;t{\in}{\mathbb{T}},\;t>t_0\\u(t_0)=x{\in}D(A),$$ where f is rd-continuous in $t{\in}{\mathbb{T}}$ and with values in a Banach space X, with f(t, 0) = 0, and A is the generator of a $C_0$-semigroup $\{T(t):t{\in}{\mathbb{T}}\}{\subset}L(X)$, the space of all bounded linear operators from X into itself. Here D(A) is the domain of A and ${\mathbb{T}}{\subseteq}{\mathbb{R}}^{{\geq}0}$ is a time scale which is an additive semigroup with property that $a-b{\in}{\mathbb{T}}$ for any $a,b{\in}{\mathbb{T}}$ such that a > b. Finally, we give illustrative examples.