• 터널과지하공간
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.181-189
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• 2009

이 연구는 지보재로서 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 록 볼트와 새로운 지보 형태인 스파이럴 볼트에 대한 지보특성을 비교하여 두 지보재의 지보효과를 평가하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 시멘트-모르타르 그라우트의 양생기간이 7일과 28일에 대한 록 볼트와 스파이럴 볼트의 실내인발시험을 실시하였으며, 각 시험결과로부터 인발하중, 변위 그리고 구속압, 내부압, 전단응력 등을 각각 구하였다. 인발하중에 대한 변위의 관계를 보면 각각의 양생기간에 대해서 스파이럴 볼트의 변위가 록 볼트에 비해 크게 나타나는데, 이것은 록 볼트의 역학적 성질이 스파이럴 볼트보다 크기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 또한 양생기간이 길 경우 두 지보재의 변위는 거의 동일하거나 감소하는 경향을 보이는데, 그 원인은 양생기간에 따라 그라우트의 압축강도가 증가하므로 지보재와 시멘트-모르타르 그라우트 사이의 부착력이 증가하기 때문으로 사료된다. 구속압을 비교한 결과 동일한 인발하중단계에서 스파이럴 볼트의 구속압이 록 볼트보다 크게 나타났다. 이러한 사실은 같은 조건하에 있는 지반이나 암반에 지보재를 설치 할 경우 시공성 측면에서 스파이럴 볼트가 록 볼트보다 지반이나 암반의 안정성을 확보하는데 더 효과적임을 지시한다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 같은 조건하에 있는 지반이나 암반에 지보재를 설치할 경우 새로운 형태의 지보재인 스파이럴 볼트가 기존의 지보재인 록 볼트보다 인발하중과 구속압을 더 크게 발휘하는 것으로 사료된다. 아울러, 지보재에 있어서 경제성, 현장에서의 지보재 시공성 뿐만 아니라 지보재 설치 전후의 지반이나 암반의 안정성 측면 등을 고려할 때 스파이럴 볼트가 록 볼트에 비하여 더 효과적일 것으로 판단된다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.1049-1066
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• 2016

An approximate analysis is presented for multi-story setback buildings subjected to ground motions. Setback buildings with mass and stiffness discontinuities are common in modern architecture and quite often they are asymmetric in plan. The proposed analysis provides basic dynamic data (frequencies and peak values of base resultant forces) and furthermore an overview of the building response during a ground excitation. The method is based on the concept of the equivalent single story system, which has been introduced by the author in earlier papers for assessing the response of uniform in height buildings. As basic quantities of the dynamic response of elastic setback buildings can be derived by analyzing simple systems, a structural layout of minimum elastic rotational response can be easily constructed. The behavior of such structural configurations, which is basically translational into the elastic phase, is also examined into the post elastic phase when the strength assignment of the various bents is based on a planar static analysis under a set of lateral forces simulating an equivalent 'seismic loading'. It is demonstrated that the almost concurrent yielding of all resisting elements preserves the translational response, attained at the end of the elastic phase, to the post elastic one.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.314-323
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• 2010

Recently, granular soils having a large particle size are frequently used as a filling material in the construction of foundation, harbor, dam, and so on. The shear behavior of this granular soil plays a key role in the stability of structures. For example, soil particle crushing occurring at the interface between structure and soil and/or within soil mass can cause the disturbance of ground characteristics and consequently induce an issues in respect of stability of structures. In order to investigate the shear behavior according to an existence and nonexistence of particle crushing, numerical analyses were conducted by using the DEM(Discrete Element Method)-based software program PFC(Particle Flow Code). Using the crushing model and non-crushing model which were created in this study, numerical analyses of ring shear test were conducted and their results were analyzed and compared. In general, landslide and slope stability are accompanied by a large displacement and consequently not only a peak strength but also a residual strength are very important in the analysis of landslide and slope stability. However the direct shear test which has been commonly used in the determination of shear strength parameters has a limitation on displacement therefore the residual strength parameters can not be obtained. The characteristics of residual shear behavior were investigated through the numerical analyses in this study.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2004

지반과 숏크리트 사이의 인터페이스 특성은 지반하중이 숏크리트 라이닝에 전달되는 과정에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 또한 인터페이스 특성은 지반 및 숏크리트 라이닝의 거동에 상당한 영향을 미친다. 그러나 대부분의 수치 해석적 연구에서는 이러한 인터페이스 특성을 단순히 가정하여 적용해 왔으며 이를 규명하기 위한 시도도 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 터널 측벽에서 회수된 숏크리트/암석 코어에 대해 직접전단시험과 인터페이스 수직압축시험을 실시하여 점착력, 인장강도, 마찰각, 전단강성 및 수직강성과 같은 인터페이스 특성을 규명하고자 하였다. 인터페이스 특성의 시간 의존적인 변화양상과 비교하기 위하여 압축강도와 탄성계수와 같은 숏크리트의 역학적 물성도 측정하였다. 실험결과로부터, 지반과 숏크리트 라이닝 사이의 인터페이스 특성은 역학적 물성과 유사하게 상당한 시간 의존적 거동을 보인다는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 인터페이스 특성의 시간의존적인 거동을 지수함수와 로그함수 형태로 잘 근사 시킬 수 있었다.

• 지반과기술
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2006

The optimum blasting pattern to excavate a quarry efficiently and economically can be determined based on the minimum production cost, which is generally estimated according to rock fragmentation. Therefore, it is a critical problem to predict fragment size distribution of blasted rocks over an entire quarry. By comparing various prediction models, it can be ascertained that the result obtained from Kuz-Ram model relatively coincides with that of field measurements. Kuz-Ram model uses the concept of rock factor to signify conditions of rock mass such as block size, rock jointing, strength and others. For the evaluation of total production cost, it is imperative to estimate 3-D spatial distribution of rock factor for the entire quarry. In this study, a sequential indicator simulation technique is adopted for estimation of spatial distribution of rock factor due to its higher reproducibility of spatial variability and distribution models than Kriging methods. Further, this can reduce the uncertainty of predictor using distribution information of sample data. The entire quarry is classified into three types of rock mass and optimum blasting pattern is proposed for each type based on 3-D spatial distribution of rock factor. In addition, plane maps of rock factor distribution for each ground level are provided to estimate production costs for each process and to make a plan for an optimum blasting pattern.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

최근 $CO_2$ 감축을 위해 고로슬래그 미분말과 같은 혼화재의 치환율을 높이기 위한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 프리캐스트 콘크리트의 경우 증기양생을 실시하기 때문에 혼화재의 치환율을 높여도 초기 강도 확보에 유리한 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 다양한 증기양생이력에 따른 압축강도 특성에 대한 연구가 요구된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 고로슬래그 다량치환(질량비 60%) 시멘트 콘크리트의 증기양생 이력에 따른 콘크리트 압축강도 특성을 규명하기 위해 물-결합재비(W/B) 32, 35%, 단위수량 135, $150,165kg/m^3$ 수준으로 콘크리트를 제조하였다. 그리고 공시체의 최고온도(50, $60^{\circ}C$) 및 최고온도유지시간(5, 6, 7hr)을 변수로 증기양생을 실시하였다. 실험결과, 증기양생을 통해 높은 초기강도를 얻을 수 있었지만 28일 압축강도에서 강도가 저하되는 현상을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 고로슬래그 다량치환 시멘트 콘크리트의 프리캐스트 콘크리트 부재에의 적용을 위해서는 탈형강도 및 요구강도를 확보할 수 있는 증기양생 이력에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.244-254
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• 2015

모래와 자갈이 암반 위에 퇴적된 지층에서 터널의 윗부분이 지하수가 많은 모래자갈층을 통과하는 상황에서 터널을 시공하였다. 지상의 일부 곡선구간에 빌딩들도 있는 저심도 터널을 안전하게 시공하기 위하여 강도가 작고 지하수가 많은 터널천정부의 모래자갈이 터널 내로 낙하하는 유사현상(sand flow)을 예방해야 하였다. 이를 위하여 대구경강관다단그라우팅이나 제트그라우팅으로 터널주변 충적층을 굴착 전에 미리 보강한 후 터널을 시공하였다. 이와 같이 터널을 보강한 효과와 지상빌딩의 안전을 시공 중 계측을 통하여 확인하였다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.145-154
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• 2017

In geological engineering, grouting with Portland cement is a common technique for ground improvement, during which micro-fine cement is applied as a slurry, such that it intrudes into soil voids and decreases soil porosity. To determine the utility and behavior of cements with different Blaine values (index of cement particle fineness) for stabilization of fine sand, non-destructive and destructive tests were employed, such as laser-ray determination of grain size distribution, and sedimentation, permeability, and compressive strength tests. The results of the experimental study demonstrated a suitable mix design for the upper and lower regions of the cement-grading curve that are important for grouting and stabilization. Increasing the fineness of the cement decreased the permeability and increased the compressive strength of grouted sand samples considerably after two weeks. Moreover, relative to finer (higher Blaine value) or coarser (lower Blaine value) cements, cement with a Blaine value of $5,100cm^2/g$ was optimal for void reduction in a grouted soil mass. Overall, study results indicate that cement with an optimum Blaine value can be used to satisfy the designed geotechnical criteria.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.419-433
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• 2009

Pressure grouting is a common technique in geotechnical engineering to increase the stiffness and strength of the ground mass and to fill boreholes or void space in a tunnel lining and so on. Recently, the pressure grouting has been applied to a soil-nailing system which is widely used to improve slope stability. The soil-nailing design has been empirically performed in most geotechnical applications because the interaction between pressurized grouting paste and the adjacent ground mass is complicated and difficult to analyze. The purpose of this study is to analyze the increase of pullout resistance induced by pressurized grouting with the aid of performing laboratory model tests and field tests. In this paper, two main causes of pullout resistance increases induced by pressurized grouting were verified: the increase of residual stress; and the increase of coefficient of pullout friction. From the laboratory tests, it was found that residual stress in borehole increases by pressurized grouting and dilatancy angle could be estimated by cavity expansion theory using the measured wall displacements. From the field test results, the pullout resistance of soil-nailing with pressurized grouting was found to be 10% larger than that of soil-nailing with gravitational grouting, mainly caused by mean normal stress increase and dilatancy effect. So, the pullout resistance could be estimated by considering these two effects. The radial displacement increases with dilatancy angle increase and the dilatancy angle decreases with injection pressure increase. The measured pullout resistance obtained from field tests is in good agreement with the estimated one from the cavity expansion theory.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2003년도 학술.기술논문 발표회
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• pp.43-48
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• 2003

This paper investigate that the effect of the concrete containing mineral admixtures(pozzolanic materials such as fly-ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, silica fume and meta kaolin) on the resistance properties to chloride ion invasion. The purposed testing procedure was applied to the concrete added mineral admixtures for 3~4 replacement ratios under W/B ratios ranged from 0.40 to 0.55. For the electrical migration test, Tang and Nilsson's method was used to estimate the migration coefficient of chloride ion. As a results, the W/B ratios, kinds of admixture and replacement ratios, water curing periods had a great effect on the migration coefficient of chloride ion, and the optimal replacement ratios of admixture had a limitation for each admixtures. Also, the addition of mineral admixtures by mass(replacement of OPC) enhanced the resistance of the mixture to chloride penetration compared with the plain concrete. The amount of acid soluble chloride ions and water soluble chloride ions were varied with the kinds of mineral admixtures. The compressive strength was shown related to the migration coefficient of chloride ion, the compressive strength increased with the decreasing migration coefficient of chloride ion. Below the 50MPa, the variation of migration coefficient of concrete added mineral admixtures was bigger than plain concrete.