• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.127-140
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• 2010

The benefit that a consumer derives from the use of a good often depends on the number of other consumers purchasing the same goods or other compatible items. This property, which is known as network externality, is significant in many IT related industries. Over the past few decades, network externalities have been recognized in the context of physical networks such as the telephone and railroad industries. Today, as many products are provided as a form of system that consists of compatible components, the appreciation of network externality is becoming increasingly important. Network externalities have been extensively studied among economists who have been seeking to explain new phenomena resulting from rapid advancements in ICT (Information and Communication Technology). As a result of these efforts, a new body of theories for 'New Economy' has been proposed. The theoretical bottom-line argument of such theories is that technologies subject to network effects exhibit multiple equilibriums and will finally lock into a monopoly with one standard cornering the entire market. They emphasize that such "tippiness" is a typical characteristic in such networked markets, describing that multiple incompatible technologies rarely coexist and that the switch to a single, leading standard occurs suddenly. Moreover, it is argued that this standardization process is path dependent, and the ultimate outcome is unpredictable. With incomplete information about other actors' preferences, there can be excess inertia, as consumers only moderately favor the change, and hence are themselves insufficiently motivated to start the bandwagon rolling, but would get on it once it did start to roll. This startup problem can prevent the adoption of any standard at all, even if it is preferred by everyone. Conversely, excess momentum is another possible outcome, for example, if a sponsoring firm uses low prices during early periods of diffusion. The aim of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of the adoption process in markets exhibiting network effects by focusing on two factors; switching and agent heterogeneity. Switching is an important factor that should be considered in analyzing the adoption process. An agent's switching invokes switching by other adopters, which brings about a positive feedback process that can significantly complicate the adoption process. Agent heterogeneity also plays a important role in shaping the early development of the adoption process, which has a significant impact on the later development of the process. The effects of these two factors are analyzed by developing an agent-based simulation model. ABM is a computer-based simulation methodology that can offer many advantages over traditional analytical approaches. The model is designed such that agents have diverse preferences regarding technology and are allowed to switch their previous choice. The simulation results showed that the adoption processes in a market exhibiting networks effects are significantly affected by the distribution of agents and the occurrence of switching. In particular, it is found that both weak heterogeneity and strong network effects cause agents to start to switch early and this plays a role of expediting the emergence of 'lock-in.' When network effects are strong, agents are easily affected by changes in early market shares. This causes agents to switch earlier and in turn speeds up the market's tipping. The same effect is found in the case of highly homogeneous agents. When agents are highly homogeneous, the market starts to tip toward one technology rapidly, and its choice is not always consistent with the populations' initial inclination. Increased volatility and faster lock-in increase the possibility that the market will reach an unexpected outcome. The primary contribution of this study is the elucidation of the role of parameters characterizing the market in the development of the lock-in process, and identification of conditions where such unexpected outcomes happen.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.39-59
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• 1985

The purpose of this study was to investigate how gap distances of 0.13mm, 0.15mm, 0.20mm, and 0.30mm affects solder joint strength from gold alloys and nickel-chromium base alloys and to examine the composition of solder gold, the solder joint of gold alloys and nickel-chromium base alloys. The tensile test specimens were prepared in the split stainless steel mold with a half dumbbell shape 2.5mm in diameter and l2mm in length. 6 pairs of specimens of each gap distance group of gold alloys and nickel-chromium base alloys were made and 48 pairs of all specimens were soldered with solder gold of 666 fineness. All soldered specimens were machined to a uniform diameter and then a tensile load was applied at a cross-head speed of 0.10mm/min using Instron Universal Testing Machine, Model 1115. The fractured specimens at solder gold of solder joint fracture with each gap distance of 0.13mm, 0.15mm, 0.20mm, and 0.30mm were examined under the Scanning Electron Microscope, JSM-35c and the composition of solder gold, the solder joint of gold alloys and nickel-chromium base alloys was analyzed by Electron Probe Micro Analyzer. The results of this study were obtained as follows: 1. In case of soldering of gold alloys, the tensile strength between gold alloys showed $37.33{\pm}2.52kg/mm^2$ at 0.13, $39.14{\pm}3.35kg/mm^2$ at 0.15mm, $43.76{\pm}2.97kg/mm^2$ at 0.20mm, and $49.18{\pm}4.60kg/mm^2$ at 0.30mm. There was statistically significant difference at each gap distance, and so the greater increase of gap distance showed the greater tensile strength. 2. In case of soldering of nickel-chromium base alloys, the tensile strength between nickel-chromium base alloys showed $34.84{\pm}4.26kg/mm^2$ at 0.13mm, $37.25{\pm}2.49kg/mm^2$ at 0.15mm, $42.91{\pm}4.32kg/mm^2$ at 0.20mm, and $46.93{\pm}4.21kg/mm^2$ at 0.30mm. There was not statistically significant difference only between 0.13mm and 0.15mm and bet ween 0.20 mm and 0.30mm, but generally the greater increase of gap distance showed the greater tensile strength. 3. The greater increase of gap distance shoed less porosities in solder gold at solder joint fracture. 4. In solder gold Au, Cu, Ag, Zn, and Sn were composed and Au and Cu were mostly distributed uniformly. 5. In solder joints of solder gold and gold alloys Au, Cu, Ag, Zn, and Sn were composed in solder gold and Au, Cu, Ag, Pt, and Pd were composed in gold alloys. Au and Cu of solder gold and gold alloys were mostly distributed uniformly and the diffusion of other elements except Pt and Pd around the solder joint was not almost found. In solder joints of solder gold and nickel-chromium base alloys Au, Cu, Ag, Zn, and Sn were composed in solder gold and Ni, Cr, and Al were composed in nickel-chromium base alloys. Au and Cu of solder gold and Ni and Cr of nickel-chromium base alloys were mostly distributed uniformly and the diffusion of other elements except Cr around the solder joint was not almost found.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.173-183
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• 2021

Objectives: This study evaluated the skin permeability of lawsone in henna hair dyes to understand the exposure characteristics of henna hair dyes in the human body. It examined the protective effects of protectants by applying protectants A, B, and C to test skin. Methods: Skin absorption tests were conducted using Franz diffusion cells according to OECD test guideline 428. After applying one kind of natural henna hair dye and chemical henna hair dye, respectively, to a standardized pig skin model, samples of receptor fluid were collected at 1h, 3h, 6h, and 24h. The skin permeation of lawsone was determined using HPLC. After the skin absorption experiment, the skin to which hair dye was applied was analyzed to determine the residual amount of lawsone in the skin. Results: The cumulative permeation of both natural and chemical henna hair dyes increased over time, and the natural henna hair dye had a flux value (t=3.194, p<.05) high both in the K_p value (t=3.207, p<.05) and the residual amount (t=22.701, p<.001). For skin treated with a protectant, the cumulative permeation of natural henna hair dye 24h control and the cumulative permeation of protectant A, B, and C increased over time. Flux and K_p values were in the order control > protectant A > protectant C > protectant B. The residual amount (F=4.469, p<.05) was in the order of protectant C > protectant A > protectant B > control. At 3h, the dye application time of natural henna hair dye, the lawsone flux value (F=4.454, p<.05) and K_p value (F=4.455, p<.05) were higher in the control group than in the protectant groups. The 24h cumulative permeation of the chemical henna hair dye increased with time in both the control and the protectant groups, and the flux and K_p values were in the order of protectant A > protectant C > protectant B > control. The residual amount (F=7.901, p<.01) was in the order of protectant B > protectant A> protectant C > control. Conclusions: Within the normal dyeing time for henna hair dye (three hours for natural henna hair dyes and 30 minutes for chemical henna hair dyes) lawsone skin penetration was not observed even when no protective agent was applied. After that time, however, evidence of skin penetration and retention of lawsone and the protective effect of protective agents were observed.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2018

Purpose - It suggests that making a policy and strategies for a way of Dubai has a strong priority strategy on science and technology by using much oil dollars to prepare risk when oil dollar's decrease. This has been now investigated how the leading innovator has changed the periphery countries. Research design, data, and methodology - Analyze policy, status, what other neighbouring Middle East countries also want to benchmark a successful case of a leading Dubai strategy. Higher manpower is needed absolutely to develop S&T. and etc. Dubai and Arab countries establish university to nurture as well as invite the talented manpower from overseas to recover deficient manpower. Dubai built totally academy city and invited branch of the overseas famous university, and Saudi Arabia built university(KAUST) and invite faculty and support good scholarship for students. Abrab countries especially, This is studied the process of differentiating and integrating the migrant workers of these cities into the globalized cities. This has resulted in large-scale employment for foreign and local companies in these cities and the spread of science and innovation. Results - Dubai supports venture or SMEs by using a strong priority strategy and attracts foreigner's investor, with which the neighbouring countries have been preparing together for 4th wave. It demonstrates that the gravitational model has been activated from neighboring countries of innovation science to create Dubai's hub. The maturity of long-term urban innovation is related to innovation capability through the national response and review. As a result, the flow of skilled international migration has been localized because of the mutual intersection with the local employment structure, and the development has spread as it spreads to neighboring countries. Conclusion - For the exploiting of new Distribution market in the neighbouring countries, Middle East countries' a strong priority strategy on S&T and education system give an influence on economic situation of the 4th wave in the world and world order of leading by USA, Japan, or EU, and etc. This is due to the creation of clusters in the form of SEZs, friendly industrial policies and world-class infrastructure and innovation development. Its neighbours benchmark the cases of distribution of science innovation and centralizes the surrounding people.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2005

Catalytic wet oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in water has been conducted using $TiO_2-supported$ cobalt oxides at $36^{\circ}C$ with a weight hourly space velocity of $7,500\;h^{-1}.\;5\%\;CoO_x/TiO_2$, prepared by using an incipient wetness technique, might be the most promising catalyst for the wet oxidation although it exhibited a transient behavior in time on-stream activity. Not only could the bare support be inactive for the wet decomposition reaction, but no TCE removal also occurred by the process of adsorption on $TiO_2$ surface. The catalytic activity was independent of all particle sizes used, thereby representing no mass transfer limitation in intraparticle diffusion. XPS spectra of both fresh and used Co surfaces gave different surface spectral features for each $CoO_x,\;Co\;2P_{3/2}$ binding energy for Co species in the fresh catalyst appeared at 781.3 eV, which is very similar to the chemical states of $CoTiO_x$ such as $CO_2TiO_4\;and\;CoTiO_3$. The used catalyst exhibited a 780.3-eV main peak with a satellite structure at 795.8 eV. Based on XPS spectra of reference Co compound, the TCE-exposed Co surfaces could be assigned to be in the form of mainly $Co_3O_4$. XRD patterns for $5\%\;CoO_x/TiO_2$ catalyst indicated that the phase structure of Co species in the catalyst even before reaction is quite comparable to the diffraction lines of external $Co_3O_4$ standard. A model structure of $CoO_x$ present predominantly on titania surfaces would be $Co_3O_4$, encapsulated in thin-film $CoTiO_x$ species consisting of $Co_2TiO_4$ and $CoTiO_3$, which may be active for the decomposition of TCE in a flow of water.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.121-146
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 해운항만산업에서 블록체인을 도입할 때 발생하는 혁신저항에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대한 실증연구를 하는 것이다. 본 연구의 목적 달성을 위해 기존의 연구를 통하여 블록체인 도입에 대한 혁신저항에 영향을 미치는 요인을 도출하여 모형을 구축하였다. 모형의 유효성을 검증하기 위하여 국내의 해운항만산업에 종사하고 있는 종사자들을 대상으로 설문지를 이용하여 자료를 수집하고 통계분석을 통하여 모형을 검증하였다. 본 연구에서는 블록체인 도입에 따른 해운항만종사자들의 혁신저항에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 4가지 특성(혁신특성, 소비자 특성, 경제성, 사회적 영향)을 중심으로 변수들을 선택하였다. 혁신특성에 속하는 변수로는 상대적 이점, 복잡성, 인지된 위험이 포함되었고, 소비자 특성으로는 기존제품에 대한 태도, 혁신성, 자기효능감이 포함되었고, 경제성 변수로 비용의 합리성, 그리고 사회적 영향이 포함되었다. 이들 8가지 변수들이 혁신저항에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지에 대한 8개의 가설을 PLS 3.0 분석을 통하여 검정하였다. 가설검정 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 혁신특성 변수들 중에서 상대적 이점과 인지된 위험은 혁신저항에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었지만, 복잡성은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 둘째, 소비자 특성에 속하는 변수들 중에서 기존 제품에 대한 태도와 혁신성은 혁신저항에 유의한 값을 보였지만, 자기효능감은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 셋째, 비용의 합리성은 혁신저항에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 사회적 영향은 혁신저항에 영향을 미치는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다.

• 과학기술학연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.65-98
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• 2016

최근 국내에서도 사회 주체(주민, 사용자 등) 주도형 혁신모델이자 지역 현장 기반형 혁신의 장으로서 리빙랩이 도입 적용되고 있다. 본 연구는 지역사회문제 해결을 위한 실험으로 '리빙랩'을 명시하고 추진된 북촌 리빙랩, 성대골 리빙랩, 건너유 프로젝트 3개 사례를 분석하였다. 각 사례의 지역문제, 문제해결 목표, 참여주체 및 주체별 역할, 리빙랩 추진체계, 의의를 분석하고 리빙랩의 유형 특성을 도출했으며, 향후 발전 방안을 모색하였다. 분석 결과 각 사례는 기술 활용 방식과 사용되는 기술의 특성은 차이가 있으나 과학기술 ICT와 지역문제 해결을 연계하고자 했으며 지역주민이 문제 발굴부터 기술 실험 및 확산 적용까지 리빙랩 전반에서 주도적인 역할을 수행하였다. 또한 공통적으로 중간지원조직의 역할이 리빙랩 운영에 중요한 요인으로 작용하였다. 각 사례는 서로 다른 리빙랩 유형을 보이고 있는데, 북촌 IoT 리빙랩은 정부/지자체가 리빙랩 활동기반 조성 또는 행위자 활동을 지원하고 프로젝트 형태로 운영된 반면, 성대골 에너지전환 리빙랩과 건너유 프로젝트는 시민사회 스스로 지역문제를 해결하기 위해 문제를 정의하고 기술을 탐색하는 형태로 진행되었다.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2012

Oxygen is the final acceptor of electron transport from fat and carbohydrate oxidation, which is the rate-limiting factor for cellular ATP production. Under altitude hypoxia condition, energy reliance on anaerobic glycolysis increases to compensate for the shortfall caused by reduced fatty acid oxidation [1]. Therefore, training at altitude is expected to strongly influence the human metabolic system, and has the potential to be designed as a non-pharmacological or recreational intervention regimen for correcting diabetes or related metabolic problems. However, most people cannot accommodate high altitude exposure above 4500 M due to acute mountain sickness (AMS) and insulin resistance corresponding to a increased levels of the stress hormones cortisol and catecholamine [2]. Thus, less stringent conditions were evaluated to determine whether glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity could be improved by moderate altitude exposure (below 4000 M). In 2003, we and another group in Austria reported that short-term moderate altitude exposure plus endurance-related physical activity significantly improves glucose tolerance (not fasting glucose) in humans [3,4], which is associated with the improvement in the whole-body insulin sensitivity [5]. With daily hiking at an altitude of approximately 4000 M, glucose tolerance can still be improved but fasting glucose was slightly elevated. Individuals vary widely in their response to altitude challenge. In particular, the improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by prolonged altitude hiking activity is not apparent in those individuals with low baseline DHEA-S concentration [6]. In addition, hematopoietic adaptation against altitude hypoxia can also be impaired in individuals with low DHEA-S. In short-lived mammals like rodents, the DHEA-S level is barely detectable since their adrenal cortex does not appear to produce this steroid [7]. In this model, exercise training recovery under prolonged hypoxia exposure (14-15% oxygen, 8 h per day for 6 weeks) can still improve insulin sensitivity, secondary to an effective suppression of adiposity [8]. Genetically obese rats exhibit hyperinsulinemia (sign of insulin resistance) with up-regulated baseline levels of AMP-activated protein kinase and AS160 phosphorylation in skeletal muscle compared to lean rats. After prolonged hypoxia training, this abnormality can be reversed concomitant with an approximately 50% increase in GLUT4 protein expression. Additionally, prolonged moderate hypoxia training results in decreased diffusion distance of muscle fiber (reduced cross-sectional area) without affecting muscle weight. In humans, moderate hypoxia increases postprandial blood distribution towards skeletal muscle during a training recovery. This physiological response plays a role in the redistribution of fuel storage among important energy storage sites and may explain its potent effect on changing body composition. Conclusion: Prolonged moderate altitude hypoxia (rangingfrom 1700 to 2400 M), but not acute high attitude hypoxia (above 4000 M), can effectively improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance for humans and antagonizes the obese phenotype in animals with a genetic defect. In humans, the magnitude of the improvementvaries widely and correlates with baseline plasma DHEA-S levels. Compared to training at sea-level, training at altitude effectively decreases fat mass in parallel with increased muscle mass. This change may be associated with increased perfusion of insulin and fuel towards skeletal muscle that favors muscle competing postprandial fuel in circulation against adipose tissues.

• 폴리머
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.328-333
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• 2008

삼투압을 이용한 약물전달시스템은 소화관내의 물이 다공성막을 통하여 시스템 내부로 침투하면 시스템 내부에 있던 삼투압물질과 섞여 삼투압을 발생시키고, 이 삼투압의 힘으로 시스템 내부에 있는 약물을 시스템 외부로 일정한 속도로 방출하는 제제기술이다. 이러한 삼투압을 이용하여 상용화된 대표적인 제품으로 니페디핀을 모델약물로 한 타블렛제형인 Procadia $XL^{(R)}$(Pfizer)과 $Adalat^{(R)}$(Bayer)가 널리 상용화되어 있다. 이번 연구에서는 타블렛 형태의 삼투압정을 유동층코팅 기술을 이용하여 삼투성펠렛으로 제조하였다. 삼투성펠렛은 수팽윤성 고분자와 삼투염을 포함한 시드층, 모델약물인 니페디핀을 포함하는 약물층 그리고 약물의 방출을 조절할 수 있는 다공성막으로 구성되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 다공성막으로 사용되는 초산셀룰로오스(CA)와 $Eudragit^{(R)}$ RS의 구성비와 코팅두께에 따른 약물방출 거동을 확인하였으며, 다공성막의 구성물질인 CA의 비가 증가할수록 또한 다공성막의 코팅두께가 증가할수록 같은 측정시간 때에 약물의 방출이 낮게 나타남을 확인하였다. 약물방출 전후의 펠렛의 형태를 확인하기 위하여 SEM을 측정하였다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.110-122
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• 2011

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 확산텐서영상에 기반하여 한국 아동 집단의 해부학적 뇌연결성 지도를 확립하고 뇌신경망의 효율성을 평가하는 기법을 개발하는 것이다. 대상 및 방법 : 건강한 아동 12명에서 얻은 확산텐서영상과 뇌구획영상을 바탕으로 구조 연결 행렬을 구하여 집단의 구조 연결성을 평가하였다. 일표본 t-검정을 시행하여 평균적인 구조 연결성을 파악하였고 이 때 얻은 각 피험자의 백질 다발을 표준공간으로 정규화하여 집단의 해부학적 뇌연결망 지도를 확립했다. 뇌신경망의 군집정도(clustering coefficient), 평균이동거리(characteristic path length), 전체/부분 연결망 효율성(global/local efficiency) 등 연결망 속성을 계산한 후 시각화 하였다. 결과 : 연결망 측면에서 한국 아동 집단의 뇌연결성이 작은세상속성을 가짐을 밝혔다. 또한 해부학적 뇌연결망 지도를 얻었는데 대뇌 반구 내의 연결성이 높게 나타남과 뇌간과 운동/감각 영역간에 많은 신경 연결이 집중되어 있음을 확인하였다. 결론 : 한국 아동 집단의 해부학적 뇌연결망 지도를 작성하는 방법론을 제시하여 뇌를 연결성 측면에서 이해하고 발달 장애와 성인 뇌신경망의 효율성을 평가할 수 있는 기본 도구를 확립하게되었다.