• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.3257-3265
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• 2015

Background: Radiotherapy is an important treatment of choice for breast cancer patients after breast-conserving surgery, and we compare the feasibility of using dual arc volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT2), single arc volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT1) and Multi-beam Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (M-IMRT) on patients after breast-conserving surgery. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with breast cancer (half right-sided and half left-sided) treated by conservative lumpectomy and requiring whole breast radiotherapy with tumor bed boost were planned with three different radiotherapy techniques: 1) VMAT1; 2) VMAT2; 3) M-IMRT. The distributions for the planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs) were compared. Dosimetries for all the techniques were compared. Results: All three techniques satisfied the dose constraint well. VMAT2 showed no obvious difference in the homogeneity index (HI) and conformity index (CI) of the PTV with respect to M-IMRT and VMAT1. VMAT2 clearly improved the treatment efficiency and can also decrease the mean dose and V5Gy of the contralateral lung. The mean dose and maximum dose of the spinal cord and contralateral breast were lower for VMAT2 than the other two techniques. The very low dose distribution (V1Gy) of the contralateral breast also showed great reduction in VMAT2 compared with the other two techniques. For the ipsilateral lung of right-sided breast cancer, the mean dose was decreased significantly in VMAT2 compared with VMAT1 and M-IMRT. The V20Gy and V30Gy of the ipsilateral lung of the left-sided breast cancer for VMAT2 showed obvious reduction compared with the other two techniques. The heart statistics of VMAT2 also decreased considerably compared to VMAT1 and M-IMRT. Conclusions: Compared to the other two techniques, the dual arc volumetric modulated arc therapy technique reduced radiation dose exposure to the organs at risk and maintained a reasonable target dose distribution.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.383-392
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• 2020

In this paper, AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite photocatalyst is successfully synthesized by microemulsion method and anion in situ substitution method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) are used to study the structural and physicochemical characteristics of the AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite composite. Using rhodamine B (RhB) as a simulated pollutant, the photocatalytic activity and stability of the AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite composite under visible light are evaluated. In the AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite visible light system, RhB is nearly 100 % degraded within 15 minutes. And, after five cycles of operation, the photocatalytic activity of AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite remains at 95 % of the original level, much higher than that of pure Ag₃PO₄ (40 %). In addition, the mechanism of enhanced catalytic performance is discussed. The high photocatalytic performance of AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite composites can be attributed to the synergistic effect of Ag₃PO₄, diatomite and AgCl nanoparticles. Free radical trapping experiments are used to show that holes and oxygen are the main active species. This material can quickly react with dye molecules adsorbed on the surface of diatomite to degrade RhB dye to CO₂ and H₂O. Even more remarkably, AgCl/Ag₃PO₄/diatomite can maintain above 95 % photo-degradation activity after five cycles.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2016

The study was performed to investigate the effects of whey protein-rich meal substitute added with vitamins, minerals, and lactobacillus powder probiotics on weight loss, body fat, and body composition in 24 female volunteers for 4 weeks. Whey protein-rich meal substitute was consumed with low-fat, high calcium milk (1% fat, 260 mg/200 mL) twice a day. Subjects submitted 3-day diet records and a life-style questionnaire before the study. During the study, subjects were required to turn in a diet record every day and consume the meal substitute formula in the metabolic ward at C university for 4 weeks. Anthropometric measurements were carried out weekly by Inbody 7.0. The dietary intake and anthropometric data were analyzed to compare changes before and after the study by paired t-test with SPSS version 23.0. The subjects were mostly early 20's and either overweight or obese and highly motivated to lose weight. Most of the subjects consumed three meals per day regularly and spent mostly 10~15 minutes for a meal. Their caloric intake was relatively low and decreased from 1,360 kcal at week 0 to 1,100 kcal after 4 weeks. However, total protein intake increased while carbohydrate and fat intakes decreased (p<0.05) after the trial. Nine vitamin intakes after the study improved compared to those before the study (p<0.05). After the study, subjects showed lower body weight (-1.8 kg), body fat (-0.94 kg), percent body fat (-0.86%), as well as waist circumference (-4.52 cm), hip circumference (-0.44 cm), waist hip ratio (-0.05), and triceps skinfold thickness (-2.39 mm) compared to those at week 0 (p<0.05). Muscle mass tended to be less compared to week 0, although there was no significant differences between weeks 0 and 4. In conclusion, diet trial with whey protein-rich meal substitute induced weight loss and positively changed body fat parameters and body composition.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.305-315
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• 2021

Background: Panax stipuleanatus represents a folk medicine for treatment of inflammation. However, lack of experimental data does not confirm its function. This article aims to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of triterpenoid saponins isolated from P. stipuleanatus. Methods: The chemical characterization of P. stipuleanatus allowed the identification and quantitation of two major compounds. Analgesic effects of triterpenoid saponins were evaluated in two models of thermal- and chemical-stimulated acute pain. Anti-inflammatory effects of triterpenoid saponins were also evaluated using four models of acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in mice. Results: Two triterpenoid saponins of stipuleanosides R₁ (SP-R₁) and R₂ (SP-R₂) were isolated and identified from P. stipuleanatus. The results showed that SP-R₁ and SP-R₂ significantly increased the latency time to thermal pain in the hot plate test and reduced the writhing response in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. SP-R₁ and SP-R₂ caused a significant decrease in vascular permeability, ear edema, paw edema, and granuloma formation in inflammatory models. Further studies showed that the levels of inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin 6 in paw tissues were downregulated by SP-R₁ and SP-R₂. In addition, the rational harvest of three- to five-year-old P. stipuleanatus was preferable to obtain a higher level of triterpenoid saponins. SP-R₂ showed the highest content in P. stipuleanatus, which had potential as a chemical marker for quality control of P. stipuleanatus. Conclusion: This study provides important basic information about utilization of P. stipuleanatus resources for production of active triterpenoid saponins.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제58호
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• pp.139-160
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• 2018

"대학" 8조목의 하나인 격물치지는 유학의 공부론이자 정치의 출발점이다. 유학의 목표는 수기안민, 내성외왕으로 집약된다. 조선 전기격치 개념은 이를 위한 학문과 위정의 시초로서의 의미가 강조된다. 이는 유학이 국가 운영의 핵심적인 가치 체계로 자리하게 되면서, 불교에 의지해 국가를 운영하던 시스템의 일대 변환과 사상적 패러다임의 전환을 예비하는 것이었다. 인륜 규범을 정하고 사회를 질서 짓는 근거로 유학이 부상하면서 유학의 경세론적 특성이 두드러진 것도 이 시기였다. 조선조 내내 "대학연의"는 제왕의 학문과 정치의 모범으로 경연에서 강론되었고, 그 출발점으로 '격치'가 논의되었다. 한편 '격치'와 관련한 다양한 해석과 논변은 경학사상사적으로 정주 성리학이 조선 성리학으로 심화되는 과정을 여실히 보여준다. '격물'과 '물격' 해석을 둘러싼 논변은 인식 주체와 대상의 문제를 넘어 리의 본질을 궁구하는 문제와 맞닿았고, 기호와 영남 유학을 가르는 분수령이 되었다. 다양한 해석과 논변에도 불구하고 앎과 실천을 통합하는 유학의 공부론은 인문학의 역할과 위상에 대한 우려의 목소리가 높은 시대에 하나의 실마리를 제공할 수 있을 것이다. 시장 논리에 내맡겨진 과학기술의 방향과 속도를 조절하는 데에 대학과 인문학의 역할은 오히려 강화되어야 하고, 학문의 궁극적인 목표를 재성찰함으로써 이러한 문제에 조금 더 다가갈 수 있기 때문이다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제57호
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• pp.67-102
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• 2014

여헌(旅軒) 장현광(張顯光)(1554-1637)은 17세기 전반기 영남유학을 대표하는 산림처사이자 철학자이다. 그는 당대 지식인들로부터 진정으로 군자다운 사람, 아동(我東)의 공자(孔子), 심지어 신인(神人), 성인(聖人)으로까지 칭송되었으며, 사문(斯文)의 주석(柱石), 사림의 의범(儀範)으로 인정받았다. 경세가로서의 그의 모습은 두 차례의 지방관에서는 유가적인 도덕정치, 즉 민생안정과 교화의 정치를 실현한 인물로 평가되었고, 산림으로 초빙되었을 때는 왕으로부터 바르고 어질고 겸손하고 검소하여 옛사람의 풍도(風度)가 있다고 평가받았으며, 학자들로부터는 당대 정치의향배를 결정하는 중요한 인물로 평가되었다. 그의 학문은, 이학(易學)에 있어서는 철저하게 정주학에 근본하면서도 정주의 해석을 넘어서는 업적을 세웠으며, 우주사업은 실천학으로서의 유학의 성격을 밝혔고, 예설은 회암(晦庵)의 유서(遺書)를 따르되 고예(古禮)를 서로 참조하여 말속(末俗)의 오류를 씻어내었다는 평가를 받았다. 그러나 성리설의 경우, 퇴율이후의 당파성을 넘어서서 이기사칠설(理氣四七說)의 본질을 밝힘으로써 실천지학으로서의 유학 본연의 가치를 회복하기 위해 제시된 이기경위설(理氣經緯說)은 그것이 퇴계의 호발설과 합치되지 않는다는 점에서 영남의 퇴계학파 및 근기남인에 의해 비판되기도 하였다. 그러나 이런 여헌의 학문은 조선유학이 주이(主理),주기(主氣)로 대분되는 단편적인 것이 아니라 보다 입체적이고 다양한 모습을 갖춘 것임을 확인시켜주며, 또한 그의 우주사업과 노인사업은 조선유학의 도덕론이 단순히 공리공론이 아닌 실천적인 것임을 잘 보여주고 있다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.701-713
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• 2021

Objective: The present work was undertaken to evaluate the effects of storage time, choline chloride, and high concentrations of Cu and Zn on the kinetic behavior of vitamin degradation during storage in two vitamin premixes and four vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premixes. Methods: Two vitamin premixes (with or without 160,000 mg/kg of choline) were stored at 25℃ and 60% humidity. Besides, four VTM premixes were used to evaluate the effects of choline (0 vs 40,000 mg/kg) and trace minerals (low CuSO4+ZnO vs high CuSO4+ZnO) on vitamin stability in VTM premixes stored in room, and the VTM premixes were stored in room temperature at 22℃. Subsamples from each vitamin and VTM premix were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months. The retention of vitamin A (VA), vitamin D3 (VD3), vitamin E (VE), vitamin K3 (VK3), vitamin B1 (VB1), vitamin B2 (VB2), vitamin B3 (VB3), vitamin B5 (VB5), and vitamin B6 (VB6) in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes during storage was determined. The stability of vitamins in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes was determined and reported as the residual vitamin activity (% of initial) at each sampling point. Results: The effect of choline on VK3 retention was significant in vitamin premixes (p<0.05). The negative effect of storage time was significant for the retentions of VD3, VK3, VB1, VB2, VB5, and VB6 in vitamin premix (p<0.05). For VTM premixes, negative effect of storage time was significant (p<0.05) for the losses of vitamin in VTM premixes. Choline and high concentrations of Cu and Zn significantly increased VA, VK3, VB1, and VB2 loss during storage (p<0.05). The supplementation of high concentrations of Cu and Zn significantly decreased the concentrations of VD3 and VB6 (p<0.05) in VTM premixes at extended storage time. Conclusion: The maximum vitamin stability was detected in vitamin and VTM premixes containing no choline or excess Cu and Zn. The results indicated that extended storage time increased degradation of vitamin in vitamin or VTM premixes. These results may provide useful information for vitamin and VTM premixes to improve the knowledge of vitamin in terms of its stability.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1193-1201
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• 2021

Objective: According to market demand, meat duck breeding mainly includes 2 breeding directions: lean Pekin duck (LPD) and fat Pekin duck (FPD). The aim of the present study was to compare carcass and meat quality traits between 2 strains, and to provide basic data for guidelines of processing and meat quality improvement. Methods: A total of 62 female Pekin ducks (32 LPDs and 30 FPDs) were slaughtered at the age of 42 days. The live body weight and carcass traits were measured and calculated. Physical properties of breast muscle were determined by texture analyzer and muscle fibers were measured by paraffin sections. The content of inosine monophosphate (IMP), intramuscular fat (IMF) and fatty acids composition were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, Soxhlet extraction method and automated gas chromatography respectively. Results: The results showed that the bodyweight of LPDs was higher than that of FPDs. FPDs were significantly higher than LPDs in subcutaneous fat thickness, subcutaneous fat weight, subcutaneous fat percentage, abdominal fat percentage and abdominal fat shear force (p<0.01). LPDs were significantly higher than FPDs in breast muscle thickness, breast muscle weight, breast muscle rate and breast muscle shear force (p<0.01). The muscle fiber average area and fiber diameter of LPDs were significantly higher than those of FPDs (p<0.01). The muscle fiber density of LPDs was significantly lower than that of FPDs (p<0.01). The IMF of LPDs in the breast muscle was significantly higher than that in the FPDs (p<0.01). There was no significant difference between the 2 strains in IMP content (p>0.05). The polyunsaturated fatty acid content of LPDs was significantly higher than that of FPDs (p<0.01), and FPDs had higher saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid levels (p<0.05). Conclusion: Long-term breeding work resulted in vast differences between the two strains Pekin ducks. This study provides a reference for differences between LPD and FPD that manifest as a result of long-term selection.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.480-489
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• 2020

Objective: Sow milk (SM) may not be able to meet the piglet's nutritional needs in late lactation. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of early commercial milk (CM) supplement on the mucosal morphology, bacterial community and bacterial metabolites in jejunum of piglets. Methods: Ten litters of newborn piglets ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) were randomly divided into 2 groups of 5 litters. The piglets in the control group were suckled by the sow (SM), while the piglets in the treatment group (CM supplement) were supplemented with a CM supplement along with suckling from d 4 to d 28 of age. Results: No significant differences were observed about jejunal mucosal morphology on d 28 and d 35 between two groups. On d 28, the activity of lactase in the jejunum was significantly decreased in the CM group, while the activity of sucrase and the ratio of maltase to lactase were significantly increased (p<0.05). On d 35, the activity of maltase in the jejunum was significantly increased in the CM group (p<0.05), and maltase to lactase ratio tended to increase in the CM group (p = 0.065). In addition, piglets in the CM group had a higher abundance of Clostridium XI, Tuicibater, and Moraxella in the jejunum on d 28, while the abundance of Lactobacillus was significantly increased on d 35 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The early CM supplement improved the maturation of the jejunum to some extent by enhancing the maltase and sucrase activities. Moreover, the early CM supplement could help maintain the homeostasis of internal environment in jejunum by increasing the microbial-derived metabolites.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.11-31
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• 2019

대영도서관 소장의 청나라 중기에 제작된 「무이산구곡계전도」을 대상으로 그림에 명기된 경물의 명칭을 분석하는 한편 산세, 포구(浦口)와 선박, 건축요소, 토목요소, 인물, 석각 등으로 경물명을 유형화한 후 곡별 문화경관적 속성을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 「무이산구곡계전도」에 등장하는 건축요소는 총 28 건으로 정자(亭)가 7개소(25%), 사묘[廟]가 4개소(14.3%), 서원과 관(觀)이 각각 3개소(10.7%), 도원(道院)과 마을(村)이 각각 2개소(7.1%)로 집계되었으며, 토목요소는 총 29건으로 동(洞)이 9개소(31%), 고적(古跡)이 6개소(20.7%), 대(臺)가 3개소(10.3%), 도(渡)·교(橋)·지(池)가 각각 2개소(6.9%), 원(園)·문(門)·갱(坑)·정(井)·유지(遺址)가 각각 1개소(3.4%)로 나타났다. 이들 형체요소와 토목요소는 18C 중반 무이산 구곡계의 문화경관적 속성을 드러내는 중요한 유적이다. 각 곡별 형체요소는 1곡이 12개소(21.1%), 5곡이 11개소(19.3%), 4곡이 9개소(15.8%), 9곡이 8개소(14%), 3곡이 7개소(12.3%), 6곡이 4개소(7%), 2곡이 3개소(5.3%), 7곡이 2개소(3.5%) 그리고 8곡이 각각 1개소(1.8%)로 정리되어 1곡과 5곡 그리고 4곡이 갖는 문화경관적 특성이 한층 부각되었다. 한편 『무이산지』의 명소 유형에 대한 묘사에 따르면, 「무이산구곡계전도」에 표현된 경물의 묘사는 총 38개 유형으로 집계되었는데, 이중 암(岩)·봉(峰)·석(石) 등 3개 경물이 차지하는 경관적 비중이 압도적이었다. 이는 무이구곡의 벽수단산의 경색을 보이는 단하지모적 특성이 반영된 결과이다. 「무이산구곡계전도」에 표현되었거나 내포된 무이산의 문화적 함의를 분석 및 해석한 결과, 무이산 구곡계에는 이학문화, 도교문화, 불교문화, 차문화, 기타문화 등 5개 문화가 존재하는 것으로 파악되었다. 한편 「무이산구곡계전도」에 표시된 총 171곳의 경물 명중에는 현장 바위글씨[石刻]와 일치되거나 동일한 의미를 보이는 석각은 찬경제각(贊景題刻) 3방, 철리제각(哲理題刻) 3방, 길어제각(吉語題刻) 1방 등 총 7개소로 나타났으며 이는 그림과 석각 간의 상호텍스트성을 보이는 중요한 근거로 보인다.