• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.7 no.5
• /
• pp.94-99
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to find out what is the optimum conditions for RAPD of Zelkova serata. We changes the factors what affect to PCR band patterns, as a result, we established the optimum conditions as follows; template DNA 100mg, Primer 0.25uM, dNTP 100mM, Taq polymerase 1.0u, and total reaction volume was filled up to 10uL with distilled water. As the amount of primers went higher, PCR reaction rates were lowered. This reason was cause by exhaustion of primers during initial reaction. The amount of dNTP didn't showed noticable differtations between the range, but the optimum amount was 100mM for efficiency. Taq polymerase 1.0 unit was the best in the range. As the concentration of polymerase were increased, many non-specific bands were appeared, In primer selection, most Openron Random Primers are amplified in this experiment. The primers GC contents were 60, and set A, B, C, D, E, X were tested. Thermal cycler(ASTEC PC808, Japan) condition was, $95^{\circ}C$, 5min, initial denaturation, $94^{\circ}C$, 20sec, denaturation, $37^{\circ}C$, 40sec, annealing, $72^{\circ}C$, 1min, extention, 45cycle repeated and final extention $72^{\circ}C$10min.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.537-549
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to provide data for the basic research to found the effective conservation and management plan for the Hamyangsangrim designated as Natural Monument No. 154 and surround areas by analyzing the ecological characteristics such as landuse and actual vegetation, plant community structure, soil chemical property and also to identify the tendency of the ecosystem changes through comparison with past studies. According to analysis the results, the landuse and actual vegetation of survey site was classified as 8 types which were forest, artificial greenspace, plaza and open-space, bare ground and the pavement, water bodies, facilities, agricultural land and etc.. It was also categorized as 38 types according to detailed characteristic. 15 kinds of forest vegetation community types comprising silva were classified among them. The changes of actual vegetation showed little variation that the Quercus serrata-Carpinus tschonoskii forest was the most widely distributed in 2003(forest area ratio is 48.3%) and 2010(forest area ratio is 48.1%), whereas, the Quercus serrata forest declined a more dramatic from 11.6% to 23.2%. The Quercus serrata-Carpinus tschonoskii forest increased sharply(11.6% ${\rightarrow}$ 23.2%) and also the Quercus serrata-Zelkova serrata forest increased steadily(2.2% ${\rightarrow}$ 7.9%). The agricultural land around forest was transformed into artificial green zone. Moreover, water bodies, bare ground and the pavement of areas have increased. In addition, the urbanized area has decreased because the damaged areas inside forest have been restored to the woodlands. According to the result of typical 6 types vegetation communities change, the middle layer trees grew up to the canopy layer trees and was formed the canopy layer structure. The middle layer trees expanded their forces widely. Also new species appeared. And the shrub individuals also more dramatically increased due to the growth of shrubs. The force of Quercus serrata declined as well. However the force of Carpinus tschonoskii and Zelkova serrata expanded and increased in the forest. It must be the result of the ecological vegetation succession and environmentally soundly health recovery by influence of the projects of forest surrounding environment improvement and limitation of access to forest have managed and maintained since 2003. Those sorts of changes seems to be going to develop continuously. In the future Carpinus tschonoskii and Zelkova serrata will not be only codominant in the canopy layer but also Carpinus Tschonoskii, Zelkova serrata, Meliosma myriantha, Sapium japonicum. Styrax obassia and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum will be codominant in the middle layer. As a result, the forest's codominance species are going to be changed such like that.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.32-41
• /
• 2000

Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities on heartwood extractives from Zelkova serrata were investigated to develop a natural fungicide or preservative. The ethanol extract from Z. serrata was fractionated in the order of petroleum ether, diethylether and ethylacetate to determine antimicrobial activity. The highest antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms was found in the petroleum ether soluble fraction. An active antimicrobial compound was isolated from petroleum ether soluble fraction, and identified as 7-hydroxy-3-methoxycadalene by $^1H$-, $^{13}C$-NMR and EI-MS spectrometry. This compound showed higher antifungal activity, but lower antibacterial activity than hinokitiol(${\beta}$-thujaplicin), strong antimicrobial compound isolated from Thujopsis dolabrata. Antioxidative activity was also higher than ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and similar to BHT(butylated hydroxytoluene), one of the strongest synthetic antioxidant. As a result, it was concluded that 7-hydroxy-3-methoxycadalene isolated from Z. serrata had strong antifungal and antioxidative activities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.108 no.1
• /
• pp.29-39
• /
• 2019

The objective of this study was to suggest a suitable amount of fertilizer using the changes in growth performances and soil properties for improving survival and quality of Zelkova serrata trees in a harvested Pinus rigida plantation. One-year-old containerized seedlings of Z. serrata were planted with the density of 3000 seedlings $ha^{-1}$ in end of March 2011 at Gwangneung experimental forest, Pocheon. Solid compound fertilizer (N:P:K=3:4:1) were applied yearly in three amounts (control: no fertilization, F1: $180kg\;ha^{-1}$, and F2: $360kg\;ha^{-1}$) every May from 2011 to 2013. We analyzed soil properties before (2011) and after (2012 and 2017) fertilization. And we measured the root collar diameter and height of Z. serrata trees from 2011 to 2016, and then calculated H/D ratio and stem volume. Soil properties at Z. serrata plantation did not show difference according to fertilization level in every investigation year. As time passed after planting, however, concentrations of total nitrogen and available phosphorus were increased from decreased. The growth of root collar diameter, height and stem volume of Z. serrata trees at F2 plot were significantly higher those at the other plots after only 2 years of fertilization. Because Z. serrata tree demand to more nutrient during the early growing period. The survival rate of Z. serrata trees at control plot was significantly lower than that at the other plots. This might be due to Z. serrata trees at control plot had not the upper hand from competition with vegetation at the early in planting. However, the growth of height and stem volume of Z. serrata trees between F1 and F2 plots did not show difference over 6 years after planting. Consequently, we could suggest that Z. serrata trees need to F1 fertilization level for considering improving survival and quality of Z. serrata trees and economical efficiency of plantation managements after harvesting P. rigida plantation.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.231-240
• /
• 2000

The forest vegetation of southern area of Mt. Naejang National Park, Korea was classified into nine communities of Zelkova serrata, Torreya nucifera, Quercus aliena, Carpinus tschonoskii, C. laxifora Q. variabilis, Q. serrata, Q. mongolica and Pinus densiflora based on the floristic composition and physiognomy Q. mongolica community distributes at elevation above 600 m in sea level, Q. variabilis community on xeric ridges and Q. serrata community on xeric slopes at elevation 250 m∼600 m, C. tschonoskii community on mesic sites and C. laxiflora community on xeric ones at elevation 200 m∼400 m,Q. aliena community on mesic slopes and Zelkova serrata community on mesic stony slopes at stream sides, Torreya nucifera community around the Paegyang temple and Pinus densiflora community on lower parts or ridges of mountain. The actual vegetation map of the area was made in scale 1: 25,000, including above mentioned nine plant communities.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.2 no.2 s.2
• /
• pp.3-14
• /
• 1993

This study was carried out to identify the species of wooden coffins excavated from ancient kings' tombs of Nakrang and Pro-Three-Kingdoms to the beginning period of the Three Kingdoms, and the private tombs of the middle stage at the Yi dynasty. The species of wooden coffins were identified as three softwoods(Thxus cuspidata, Sciodopitys verticillata, Pinus densiflora) and six hardswoods(Quercus acutissima, Quercus serrata, Zelkova serrata, Platycarya strobilarea, Alnus japonica and Morns spp.). Thxus cuspidata, wooden coffins of Nakrang kings' tombs, is distributed through Korea. However in previous examination it was known as Cunninghania lanceolata, native species in south China. Sciodopitys verticillata used as a wooden coffin of King Muryung's tomb was native to Japan. It was a material evidence proving the cultural exchange between Paekche Kingdoms and Japan in those days. Pinus densiflora was the species of wooden coffins excavated from private tombs in Yi dynasty, which was not found out from Pro-Three-Kingdoms and Three-Kingdoms. Quercus accutissima was used for making a trough shape wooden coffins at Daho-ri ancient tombs and Quercus serrata was used a outer wooden coffin of Nakrang kings' tombs. An adamant iron mongery might be used to manufacturing a trough shape wooden coffin. This indicates that a developed iron-manufacturing technics existed in Korea at that time. Zelkova serrata was used for making wooden coffins of Imdang and Kaya ancient tombs, Chunma and Hwangnam king tombs. Platycarya strobizacea was used for making wooden coffin of Daegok-ri, Alnus japonica for Daho-ri coffins and Morus spp. for Imdang coffins.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
• /
• 2004.05a
• /
• pp.62-62
• /
• 2004

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
• /
• 1996.10a
• /
• pp.156.2-156
• /
• 1996

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.73-83
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate defects in Zelkova serrata trees using an ultrasonic tomograph (PICUS) and suggest a management plan to maintain it as a natural and cultural resource. In previous study, health information of 16 protected trees were obtained by surveying the following categories; tree appearance, crown, bark, root exposure, water and nutrition, deterioration, pest, vitality, ground status, and pollutant. The average score of health was 16.5 in 16 trees, which means that general monitor is needed for management. In this study, the evaluation result of tree's inside defects using an ultrasonic tomograph showed that 43.8% of decay rate has been found in 16 trees. In fact, some trees look to be good even though they actually have a defects causing broken by natural disaster such as strong wind. Therefore, it is urgent to put some support to the trees and come up with a protective plan. The results of this study would be useful as basic data in developing a guideline for the efficient conservation and management of big and old trees.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.31-40
• /
• 2016

This study identifies the basic personality types of subjects who use the healing garden and investigates their plants-preference. The purpose of the study is to provide a basic information about planting plan, considered as a main parts of healing garden. Survey results are stated as follows: First, the order of preference of instinct type tree is Prunus yedoensis, zelkova serrata, Phyllostachys Bambusoides. On the other hands, the order of preference of feeling and thinking type is Prunus yedoensis, zelkova serrata, Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Second, the order of preference of instinct type of flowers is Rosa hybrida, Hibiscus syriacus, Forsythia koreana. However, the preference of emotional type is the order of Rosa hybrida, cosmos bipinnatus, Helianthus annuus and the preference of accident type is the order of Rosa hybrida, Hibiscus syriacus, Helianthus annuus. Third, for the color preferences, instinct type prefer yellow color, feeling type and thinking type prefer red color. Lastly, when people view plants, most personality types are interested in flower firstly, and secondly type of tree and scent. In other words, we can assume that people are interested in the flowers, most noticeable in plants. This study will enhance the effectiveness of the healing garden by providing relevant information regarding healing garden planting plan. Future research should consider to widen the range of target of investigation in order to perform additional comparison analysis.