• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 2002

From March 1998 to August 2000, the phonology and morphometrics change of Zostera caespitosa Miki were examined at the Duksan Port in the eastern coast of Korea. Morphometric characteristics (shoot height, leaf length, sheath length, leaf width, and number of leaf per shoot), size and number of reproductive structures (spathe, spadix, and seeds), shoot density, biomass and physiochemical parameters (water temperature and nutrient concentrations) were measured. Significant differences between months (p < 0.05) existed for morphometric characteristics except for sheath length. The sequence of shoot heights clearly showed cyclical annual variation with water temperature. Vegetative shoots of Z. caespitosa were present throughout the year, but reproductive shoots were rarely occurred from mid January to early April in water temperature of $9-12^\circ{C}$. Flowering in the spathe began in mid February, and seed maturing was occurred in early April. Water column nitrate and phosphate concentration showed seasonal variation, but ammonia concentration was variable with season. Relationships between shoot morphometrics and physiochemical parameters were not significantly correlated but water temperature seemed to regulate the re-productive phase and annual life cycle. The mean shoot density and above biomass of the populations were $511.6\pm{25.6}\;shoots\;m^{-2}$ and $413.4\pm{19.8}\;g\;dry\;wt\;m^{-2}$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.271-278
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• 2010

Field monitoring was conducted for fish fauna and community assessment at 7 sites from April 2008 to October 2009 in the Chogang Stream. The number of fish samples in this period were 4,669 in 36 species of 9 families. Family Cyprinidae take 66.7 (24 species), Cobitidae, Bagridae, Centropomidae and Odontobutidae occupied 5.6%(each 2 species), respectively. Twenty species (55.6%) including Acheilognathus koreensis and A. yamatsutae were found endemic out of the 36 species. The species of Pseudopungtungia nigra, Gobiobotia macrocephala and Gobiobotia brevibarba were endangered species. The most frequently found one was Zacco koreanus (34.0%, n=1,588) followed by Z. platypus (22.6%, n=1,053) and Coreoleuciscus splendidus (13.3%, n=623). The lower reach of Chogang Stream was more abundance of species, high diversity, evenness and richness, and lower dominance index than those of the upper reach. According to the dendrogram established at 0.5 level of similarity rate, sampling stations were divided into 3 groups. They were divided into upper most stream (St. 1~St. 2), upper stream (St. 3), middle and lower stream (St. 4~St. 7). Overall, it was concluded that the Chogang Stream has been relatively well protected from the anthropogenic disturbance for the legally protected species including the endemic species studied in this study.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.61-78
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the current characteristics of outpatients with postpartum disease and provide a treatment instruction in the clinical field. Methods: To analyze characteristics of outpatients with postpartum disease, We searched medical records from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017 using Z34 (Supervision of normal pregnancy), O94 (Sequelae of complication of pregnancy), U327 (産後風) and 388 postpartum patients were analyzed. Results: 1. The general characteristics of the subjects are as follows. The average age was $33.73{\pm}3.62$ years old, 356 (91.75%) patients are full term pregnancy, 201 (51.81%) patients are first delivery, 79 (20.36%) patients had past history of abortion and 63 (16.24%) patients had past history of gynecologic disease. 2. The most subjects visited in April (10.31%). The mean duration from delivery date to visiting date was $131.5{\pm}214.6$ days. The mean number of visits after the initial visit was $1.91{\pm}1.7$. 3. The characteristics related with pregnancy and delivery are as follows. The number of subjects taken assisted reproductive technology was 19 (4.9%) and suffering from gestational disease was 28 (7.22%). The mean body weight difference between full term pregnancy and visiting date was $-8.24{\pm}3.57kg$. The number of subjects discharging lochia on visiting date was 167 (43.04%) and breastfeeding was 262 (67.53%). 4. The most chief complaint was arthralgia in 217 (55.93%) followed by general weakness, cold sensation, edema, sweating disorder, dizziness, lower abdominal pain, digestion disorder, heat sensation, defecation disorder and urination disorder. 5. The most accompanied symptom was arthralgia in 322 (82.99%), followed by sleep disorder, cold sensation, general weakness, sweating disorder, defecation disorder, edema, dizziness, digestion disorder, urination disorder, lower abdominal pain and heat sensation. 6. A total of 356 subjects were taken herbal medicine. The most prescribed herbal medicine to subjects was Gungguijohyeol-eum-gamibang (29.59%). Conclusions: These results could be helpful to diagnose and treat postpartum patients in Korean gynecologic clinical fields.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.343-350
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• 1981

The crystal and molecular structure of P-aminobenzaldehyde cyclohexylthiosemicarbazone, C14H20N4S, has been determined from 2712 integrated intensities measured on a computer controlled four circle diffractometer with monochromated $CuK_{\alpha}$, X-ray radiation. The crystals are monoclinic, space group C2/c with eight molecules in a unit cell of dimensions, a = 12.488(2), b = 12.276(4), c = 19.997(6)${\AA}$ and ${\beta}=103.55(3)^{\circ}$. The structure was solved by Patterson and Fourier method and refined by a full-matrix least squares method to a final R value of 0.058 for all reflections. The C(8)-S bond is trans to N(2)-N(3) and C(8)-N(1) is cis to N(2)-N(3) bond. The cyclohexane ring has chair conformation and makes an angle of $40.7^{\circ}$ with the benzene ring. The molecules are linked by N(2)H…S hydrogen bonds into dimer-like units which are held together by $N-H{\ldots}N$ hydrogen bonds. Sulfur accepts second rather weak hydrogen bond from N(4). An intramolecular hydrogen bond exists between N(1) and N(3) atoms.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1157-1163
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• 1996

Bangah, one of the herbs grown in Korea, was investigated for its antioxidant activity. The ether extracts of bangah herb was separated into neutral, phenolic, acidic and basic fractions and further separated into subfractions. Antioxidative activities were measured by hydrogen donating activity (HDA), peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and inhibition activity against lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes, The subfraction components were identified by GC/MS and NMR. Phenolic, though being very small in quantity, showed higher antioxidant activity at all assay system by hydrogen donating activity. POV, TBA value and inhibition activity against lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes. Five subfractions(P-1, P-2, P-3, P-4 and P-5) were fractionated from phenolic fraction of bangah herbs, and subfraction P-2 among them showed strong antioxidant activity on a level with BHT or gallic acid at each assay system. Four compounds (peak I, peak II, peak III and peak IV) were isolated by gas chromatogram of TMS derivatives of subfraction P-2 and thes compounds were confirmed to be phenolic substance having -OH and COOH group. There subfractions (N-1, N-2 and N-3) were fractionated from neutral fraction of bangah herbs, and subfraction N-2 among them showed highest antioxidant activity and inhibition activity against lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes. Subfraction N-2 was indentified to be estragole by H-NMR spectroscopy.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1 s.61
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• pp.174-186
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• 2005

Objectives : The water extract of Samul-tang (SMT) has traditionally been used for treatment of ischemic heart and brain damage in oriental medicine. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the water extract of SMT rescues cells from these damages. Methods: This study was designed to investigate the protective mechanisms of SMT on oxidative stress-induced toxicity in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. Treatment with $H_2O_2$ markedly induced death of H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells in a dose-dependent manner. Results: The characteristics of H20z-induced death of H9c2 showed apparent apoptotic features such as DNA fragmentation and morphological change. However, SMT significantly reduced both H202-induced cell death and morphological change. The decrease of Bc-2 expression by High were inhibited by SMT. In addition, the increase of Bax expression was also inhibited by SMT. The cotreatment of SMT and $H_2O_2$ in H9c2 cells also induced the phosphorylation of ERK in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK1/2 attenuated the protective effects of SMT on $H_2O_2-induced$ toxicity in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. These results suggest that both ERK1/2 signaling pathways play important roles in the protective effects of SMT on $H_2O_2-induced$ apoptotic death of H9c2 cells. Also, the expression profile of proteins in $H_2O_2$ cardiomyoblast cells were screened by using two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. Among 300 spots resolved in 2-D gels, the comparison of control versus apoptosis cells revealed that signal intensity of 17 spots increased and 11 spots decreased. Conclusions: Taken together, this study suggests that the protectiw effects of the water extract of SMT against oxidative damages may be mediated by the modulation of Bc1-2 and Bax expression via the regulation of the ERK signaling pathway.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 2014

Saccharothrix algeriensis NRRL B-24137 produces naturally different dithiolopyrrolone derivatives. The enzymatic activity of pyrrothine N-acyltransferase was determined to be responsible for the transfer of an acyl group from acyl-CoA to pyrrothine core. This activity was also reported to be responsible for the diversity of the dithiolopyrrolone derivatives. Based on this fact, nine dithiolopyrrolone derivatives were produced in vitro via the crude extract of Sa. algeriensis. Three of them have never been obtained before by natural fermentation: acetoacetyl-pyrrothine, hydroxybutyryl-pyrrothine, and dimethyl thiolutin (holomycin). Two acyltransferase activities, acetyltransferase and benzoyltransferase catalyzing the incorporation of linear and cyclic acyl groups to the pyrrothine core, respectively, were biochemically characterized in this crude extract. The first one is responsible for formation of acetyl-pyrrothine and the second for benzoyl-pyrrothine. Both enzymes were sensitive to temperature changes: For example, the loss of acetyltransferase and benzoyltransferase activity was 53% and 80% respectively after pre-incubation of crude extract for 60 min at $20^{\circ}C$. The two enzymes were more active in neutral and basal media (pH 7-10) than in the acidic one (pH 3-6). The optimum temperature and pH of acetyltransferase were $40^{\circ}C$ and 7, with a $K_m$ value of $7.9{\mu}M$ and a $V_{max}$ of $0.63{\mu}M/min$ when acetyl-CoA was used as limited substrate. Benzoyltransferase had a temperature and a pH optimum at $55^{\circ}C$and 9, a $K_m$ value of $14.7{\mu}M$, and a $V_{max}$ of $0.67{\mu}M/min$ when benzoyl-CoA was used as limited substrate.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.176-189
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• 2002

The purpose of this study were to illustrate the various medication error types and causes and identified to related drugs to provide basic data for preventing nurses' medication error by analysing 73 cases of AJN 'medication Error' column(1993, Oct -2000, Nov). Nurses' types of medication error were classified into 7 types. The most frequent error types are wrong medication$(21.9\%)$ and the wrong dose$(21.9\%)$ together. The others are wrong $time(4.1\%)$, $omission(2.7\%)$, mechanical $error(2.7\%)$, incorrect IV $rate(1.4\%)$. wrong route $administration(1.4\%)$ in order. Nurses' causes of medication error were 9 kinds. The most frequent type is confusing between similar drug shape, color, size, name, injection devices and patient's $name(43.9\%)$ and the others are lack of knowledge about $drugs(26.8\%),\; slips(7.3\%),\; miscalculating\;dose(4.9\%)$, incorrect adjusts $devices(4.9\%)$, difficulty to read or illegible decimal $point(4.9\%),$ $abbreviation(2.4\%)$, fatigue with $overwork(2.4\%)$ and no communication with $patient(2.4\%)$ in order. Related drugs with medication error are as follows. - dose unit(IU. minims. mcg/min. mEq) : Heparin. insulin. synthetic calcitonin, some enzymes and hormones, vitamins, some antibiotics, tuberculin injection. MgSO4 injection. nitroglycerin - similar size, color and shape drug : $0.9\%$ N/S and acetic acid $0.25\%$ for irrigation. premixed 2mg lidocaine sol. and $0.9\%$ N/S, gentamycin 20mg/2mL for children and 80mg/2mL for adult, dextroamphetamine 5mg and 10mg capsule. sedatives chloral hydrate 250mg/5mL and 500mg/5mL - similar name :Aredia(pamidronate disodium) and Adriamycin(doxorubicin), Lamictal (lamotrigine) and Lamisil 250mg. Elderpryl and enalapril, cefotaxime and cefoxitin, carboplatin and cisplatin, sumatriptan and zolmitriptan, Celebrex and Celexa, Humulin and Humalog, Percodan and Percocet, Diabeta and Diabinese, Epivir and Retrovir, Xanax(alprazolam) and Zantac(ranitidine) - decimal point : low molecular weight warfarin, methotrexate - unfamiliar drug uses of familiar drug ; methotrexate. droperidol, imipramine, propranolol - number of drug name(misleading chemical name) : 6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil - type of administration route : Oxycodone(OxyContin). - administration time : acarbose(Precose). - injection way (Z-track method): hydroxyzine - epidural cathether : LMWHs(enoxaparin, dalteparin), - ADD Vantage self contained delivery system : ceftriaxone(Rocephin)

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.134-143
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• 1987

In order to observe the strawberry as the raw materials and to compare the color of strawberry's products, Hunter L,a,b tristimulate color values were measured physically by color difference meter. Food textural properties of strawberry were measured by Rheo textural meter for rheological properties of strawberry jam. According to results obtained, it showed that Hunter L,a,b tristimulus color values were affected by ripening time of strawberry and Hunter color values changed regularly on different pH. Deformation of red color pigment Hunter color values changed linearlly on different pH, therefore red color pigment of elderberry showed to be used as a food color agent. The first peak of strawberry in TPA curve was high as cherry, grape and pineapple Strawberry jam showed pseudoplastic characteristic and time dependence.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.391-399
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• 2006

The population dynamics of Zacco koreanus in the upstream and downstream of Hoengseong Lake, Korea were investigated from April to October 2005. As the result of a comparison of variations regarding the time of I koreanus populations, it was confirmed that downstream was a place to remain compared to upstream Also the b value, assessed by Length-weight relationship in upstream and downstream, were $3.21{\sim}3.35,\;and\;2.94{\sim}3.37$, respectively indicating the fish in downstream had better than upstream. Additionaly condition factor(K) of each population in upstream and downstream were $0.0292{\sim}0.0693\;and\;-0.0165{\sim}0.0499$, respectively, K value in upstream lower than downstream. On the other hand, the maximum-growth value$(L_{\infty})$ calculated by von Bertalanffy's growth model in upstream and downstream were 279.7mm and 303.9mm, respectively, indicating that the potential-growth ability of population in downstream was higher than population in upstream. Therefore, Z. koreanus population in upstream became worse based on matters of age structure, Length-weight relationship, and von Bertalanffy's growth model. These results are considered to show the change of the physical environment by the constructing of Hoengseong Dam.