• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.189-190
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• 2001

서쪽으로 중국대륙과 동쪽으로 한반도로 둘러싸여 있는 황해는 수심이 얕은 대륙붕 구조를 하고 있어 각종 오염에 취약하다. 황해변의 중국 동부쪽 대규모 공업단지들과 한국의 관장, 대불단지, 시화단지 등 대규모 공단에서 배출된 오염물짙이 황해를 오염시키고 있다. 한국과학기술연구원에서는 황해오염을 조사하기 위하여 황해를 대표할 수 있는 도서로 인천에서 남서쪽으로 약 49 km 떨어져 있는 덕적도에 측정소를 구축하여 1999년부터 대기오염물질을 측정하고 있다 (Lee at al., 2001). (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.313-314
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• 1999

중국의 인구증가, 산업화, 그리고 생활수준의 향상으로 인해 막대한 양의 대기오염물질이 풍하 측인 우리 나라와 일본, 태평양으로 장거리 이동하고 있다. 이중 일부가 대기를 통해 황해로 침적되어 환경악화와 자원고갈을 야기하고 있다. 황해는 중국과 한반도에 의해 3면이 막혀 있는 바다로 오염물질의 이동배출이 낮아 오염문제를 해결하기 어려운 지역이다. 오염이 심화되는 것을 막기 위해서는 한국과 중국이 모두 인정할 수 있는 객관적이고 신뢰할 만한 방법을 사용하여 황해로 유입되는 대기오염물질의 이동경로와 양을 파악하여야 하고, 중국의 대기질 변화에 의한 침적량 변화과정을 규명하고, 예측하여야 한다.(중략)

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.316-325
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• 2010

Harmonic analyses are carried out in order to obtain the major frequency components of the air temperature (AT) and surface water temperature (SWT) data monitored in the Middle Area of the Yellow Sea (Yellow Sea monitoring buoy). The analysis shows the annual and semi-annual components are predominant and the higher frequency components are relatively weak with contribution to the short fluctuations, i.e. below $0.2{\sim}0.5^{\circ}C$, in the AT and SWT. The standard deviation of the AT residual is 2.4 times larger than that of the SWT residual and the occurrence frequency distributions of the AT and SWT residual components are both closely fitted to a normal-distribution function. The variation pattern on the AT-SWT plane forms the clear continuous hysteresis loop in anti-clockwise direction which is composed of the AT-SWT rising period, AT-SWT falling period, and the constant SWT period in winter season.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.123-135
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• 2007

Five episodes of the large-scale transport of air pollutants in East Asia and its inflow into the Korean Peninsula have been analyzed through satellite and ground observations. These episodes include regionally polluted continental airmass, which is created by the pollutants produced in the cities and the industrial regions in China, to land on or pass through the Korean Peninsula by way of the Yellow Sea. The analysis of the NOAA satellite observation data made it possible to create images by combining 3 channels of visible and infrared ray ranges and also to identify the distribution and the transport of the air pollution mass over the Yellow Sea. The ground observation data of the air pollutants gathered in Chongwon were found highly valuable in verifying the information in comparison with ones from the satellite. Especially, regarding the episodes of large-scale transport of the air pollutants, the difference of concentration between $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ was found small with the increase of $PM_{2.5}$ value. The concentration of $PM_{10}$ in the episode of yellows and, however, was found much higher than that of $PM_{2.5}$. In the episode of 27 January 2006, the inflow of the regionally polluted continental air mass into the central and southwestern region of the Korean Peninsula was observed sequentially in the various ground observatories as well as by the satellite. The north-northwest airflow dissipated the clouds over from Mt. Halla in Jeju Island up to far downwind, reduced air pollution, and created von $K\acute{a}rm\acute{a}n$ vortex.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.99-106
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• 2006

Aircraft measurements have been executed for the purpose of monitoring the long range transported air pollution and estimation of air pollutant in/out-flux over the Yellow sea. Total 74 missions of measurements have been done since 1997, mainly in spring and fall. The main study domain was over $124^{\circ}$E $/sim$ $124^{\circ}$E, $35^{\circ}$N $/sim$ $37^{\circ}$N below 3,000m. In long-term trends, mixing ratios of $SO_{2}$N were around 2 ppbv expect in summer ( < 1 ppbv). NOx exhibited 24 ppbv and have no clear annual trends over the Yellow Sea. The concentrations of 03 were 51, 58, 41 ppbv in spring, summer and fall-winter, respectively. Backward trajectory was performed for three days to investigate the source regions of the air mass. Six regions were divided around Korea peninsular centering at $36^{\circ}$N, $126^{\circ}$E. I, II, III, IV and V regions represents in sequence northeast China and Siberia, Sandong peninsula and Balhae gulf, Sanghi and southern China, the south Pacific included Jeju island and the East sea included Japan. L region correspond to the airmass from Korea peninsula. Influx of $SO_{2}$N was approximately five times higher than outflux in yearly flux variation and showed a decreasing long-term trend since 1998. NOx outflux was average 0.095 ton/km/hr and three times higher than $SO_{2}$ outflux. In/out flux of 03 showed even distribution in yearly basis except 2002 (influx 5.45 ton/km/hr). The transported amounts from I, II, III regions were much higher than those from other region. In seasonal flux variation, influx levels of gas phases were the lowest in summer and the levels gradually increased from fall toward spring. As a result, transport of pollutants begins from fall and prevails in winter and spring.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.176-188
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• 2008

Anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide in Northeast Asia are of great concern because of their impact on air quality and atmospheric chemistry on regional and intercontinental scales. Satellite remote sensing based on DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) technique has been preferred to measure atmospheric trace species and to investigate their emission characteristics on regional and global scales. Absorption spectra obtained by the satellite-born instrument, SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) have been utilized to retrieve the information of $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ over Northeast Asia. $SO_2$ levels over Northeast Asia were in order of East China, Yellow Sea, South Sea and Korean Peninsula with mean vertical columns of $1.78({\pm}1.0){\times}10^{16}$, $1.11({\pm}0.67){\times}10^{16}$, $0.60({\pm}0.63){\times}10^{16}$, $0.71({\pm}0.65){\times}10^{16}\;molecules/cm^2$, respectively. $NO_2$ levels were in order of East China, Yellow Sea, Korean Peninsula, and South Sea with mean vertical columns of $1.2({\pm}0.56){\times}10^{16}$, $0.38({\pm}0.19){\times}10^{16}$, $0.48({\pm}0.28){\times}10^{16}$, $0.26({\pm}0.16){\times}10^{16}\;molecules/cm^2$, respectively. High levels of $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ were observed over East China, in particular in winter by the contribution of heating fuel combustion exhausts. The $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ levels over East China were the highest in January with 34% and 42% higher over the annual means. Low levels of $SO_2$ ranged over Korean peninsula, while $NO_2$ levels were relatively high, in particular in winter. The $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ levels over Yellow Sea were relatively higher compared to those over Korean peninsula and South Sea, which could be mainly attributed to their transport from East China.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2003.05b
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• pp.127-128
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• 2003

황해의 대기환경을 종합적이고 체계적으로 조사하기 위해 한국과학기술연구원 지구환경연구센터를 중심으로 1998년 12월부터 황해종합조사사업의 일부로 "해양-대기 조사 연구"가 수행되었다 (이승복 등, 2002). 황해 전반의 대기오염 현황을 파악하기 위하여 본 연구팀에서는 황해상 도서인 덕적도에 고정 측정소를 구축하여 대기오염물질을 측정하고 있으며, 거의 직선적으로 황해를 가로지르며 항해하는 정기 여객선에 탐승하여 매년 대기오염물질을 측정하였고, 순회 조사선에 탑승하여 황해의 넓은 영역을 순회하면서 대기오염물질의 측정을 시도하였다(이승복 등, 2002; 김용표 등, 2000). (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.91-92
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• 2006

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.721-730
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• 2021

Maritime air pollutants around port cities have gained a great deal of attention due to their direct impacts on regional air quality. This study aims to determine the geographical properties of sea/land breezes in different areas to discover overall ranges of maritime emission dispersion. The HOTMAC-RAPTAD modeling program was used to simulate regional-scale air dispersion considering non-linear and unsteady states during the general summer period for the target areas of the Yellow Sea (Incheon Port and Pyeongtaek·Dangjin Ports), archipelago region (Mokpo Port), South and East Sea (Busan and Masan Ports) and East Sea with mountainous area (Donghae·Mukho Ports). The resulting dispersion lengths of vessel emissions into the onshore regions around the target ports shed light on portal air quality management, because vessel emissions from the Incheon, Mokpo, Busan, and Donghae·Mukho ports were transported 27-31km (Western Seoul), 21-24km (Southern Muan), 20-26km (Gimhae and Yangsan), and 22-25km (Taebeak Mountains), respectively. Therefore, the results of this study provide useful data for regional air quality management and marine air pollution mitigation to improve the sustainability of port cities.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.643-652
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• 2006

Data of the carbon monoxide concentration observed in Mt. Waliguan in China (WLG), Ulaan Uul in Mongolia (UUM), Tae-ahn Peninsula in Korea (TAP), and Ryori in Japan (RYO) were analyzed for a long period between 1991 and 2004. The annual average concentration of carbon monoxide was the highest at TAP $(233{\pm}41ppb)$ followed by $RYO(171{\pm}36ppb),\;UUM(155{\pm}26ppb),\;and\;WLG(135{\pm}22ppb)$. The seasonal variations being high in spring and low in summer were observed in other areas of Eastern Asia except WLG. TAP was high in carbon monoxide concentration in all seasons compared to WLG, UUM and RYO and shows wide distribution of concentration in the histogram, which is caused by the influence of large-scale air pollution due to its downwind location close to the East Asian continent, China in particular. Also, our data was compared with data measured at Mauna Loa (MLO) in Hawaii. According to the origin of the isentropic backward trajectory and its transport passage, carbon monoxide concentration observed in TAP was analyzed as follows: continental background airflows (CBG) were $216{\pm}47ppb$; regionally polluted continental airflows (RPC) were $316{\pm}56ppb$; Oceanic background airflows (OBG) were $108{\pm}41ppb$; and Partly perturbed oceanic airflows (PPO) were $161{\pm}6ppb$. The high concentration of carbon monoxide in TAP is due to the airflow from East Asian continent origin rather than that from the North Pacific origin. Especially, RPC which passes through the eastern China appeared to be the highest in concentration in spring, fall, and winter. However, OBG was affected by the North Pacific air mass with a low carbon monoxide concentration in summer. The NOAA satellite images and GEOS-CHEM model simulation confirmed a large-scale air pollution event that was in the course of expansion from southeastern China bound to the Korean Peninsula and the Korea East Sea by way of the Yellow Sea.