• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.315-322
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the induction rate of callus and antioxidative activity of rosemary and lavender. Callus induction rate of rosemary was 92% and 94% at 0.5mg/L and 1.0mg/L of 2,4-D in the media, respectively. The antioxidative activities of rosemary appeared differently according to the callus cultured under various concentrations of plant growth regulators. The strongest effect was observed at 0.1mg/L of 2,4-D extract, with $43{\pm}1.5{\mu}g/mL$ of an RC50 value. Callus induction rate of lavender was 98% and 99% at 1.0mg/L of 2,4-D and 1.0mg/L of NAA in the media, respectively. The regeneration rate of roots lavender was 85% at 1.0mg/L of NAA in the media. Antioxidative activities of lavender appeared diffently according to the callus cultured under plant growth regulators. The strongest effect was observed in 0.1mg/L of 2,4-D extract, with $37.6{\pm}0.9{\mu}g/mL$ of an RC50 value, which could be compared with value of leaf.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.292-303
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• 2010

On-chip cache memories play an important role in both performance and energy consumption points of view in resource-constrained embedded systems by filtering many off-chip memory accesses. We propose a 2-level data cache architecture with a low energy-delay product tailored for the embedded systems. The L1 data cache is small and direct-mapped, and employs a write-through policy. In contrast, the L2 data cache is set-associative and adopts a write-back policy. Consequently, the L1 data cache is accessed in one cycle and is able to provide high cache bandwidth while the L2 data cache is effective in reducing global miss rate. To reduce the penalty of high miss rate caused by the small L1 cache and power consumption of address generation, we propose an ECP(Early Cache hit Predictor) scheme. The ECP predicts if the L1 cache has the requested data using both fast address generation and L1 cache hit prediction. To reduce high energy cost of accessing the L2 data cache due to heavy write-through traffic from the write buffer laid between the two cache levels, we propose a one-way write scheme. From our simulation-based experiments using a cycle-accurate simulator and embedded benchmarks, the proposed 2-level data cache architecture shows average 3.6% and 50% improvements in overall system performance and the data cache energy consumption.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 1997

Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in Skim milk during fermentation by Lactobacillus bulgaricus YI-2 and Streptococcus lactis FYI-1 were determined. Autoclaved skim milk was inoculated with ca. 10$^{3}$ L. monocytogenes (Strain LM91-1 or LM 96-2) cells/ml, and with 5.0, 1.0, 0.5 or 0.1% of a milk culture of either L. bulgaricus TI-2 or S. lactis FYI-1. Skim milk containing ca. 10$^{3}$ L. monocytogenes was incubated at 37 or 42$\circ $C for 15 h with L. bulgaricus YI-2, and at 21 or 30$\circ $C for 15 h with S. lactis FYI-1. Cultured skim milks were stored at 4$\circ $C in the refrigerater. Samples were plated on Oxford Agar with oxford antimicrobic supplement to enumerate L. monocytogenes and on either modified MRS agar to enumerate lactic acid bacteria. L. monocytogenes survived the 15-h fermentation with S. lactis FYI-1 in all combinations of level of inoculum and temperature of incubation, but inhibition of growth ranged from 94 to 100%. When incubated with over the 1.0% of L. bulgaricus, L. monocytogenes inhibited or disappeared in fermented skim milk from 9 h after incubation. Especially, incubation at 42$\circ $C with 5.0% L. bulgaricus YI-2 as inoculum appeared to be the most effective inhibitory combination for strain LM 91-1, causing 100% inhibition in growth based on maximum papulation attained. In most instances of incubated with L. bulgaricus YI-2, growth of the pathogene appeared to be completely inhibited when the pH dropped below 4.38.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2007

This survey has been conducted to obtain basic data of the quality of ground water for hydroponics and waste nutrient solution after hydroponics in hydroponic farms in Chungbuk area. Ground water samples were collected and analyzed at 19 sites of hydroponic farms. Waste nutrient solution samples were analyzed at 15 sites selected of them. The values of several components in ground water for hydroponics were as follows. pH range was shown from 6.2 to 7.7 and the average was 6.8. EC range was shown from 0.10 to 0.45 dS $m^{-1}$ and the average 0.23 dS $m^{-1}$. $NO_3-N$ concentrations was ranged from 0.12 to 13.77 mg $L^{-1}$, $SO_4^{2-}$ concentrations was ranged from 1.84 to 63.01 mg $L^{-1}$ and $Cl^-$ concentrations were ranged from 10.46 to 72.09 mg $L^{-1}$. Average values of $NO_3-N$, $SO_4^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$ were 4.00 mg $L^{-1}$, 12.70 mg $L^{-1}$ and 27.57 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ concentrations were ranged from 3.24 to 36.99 mg $L^{-1}$, 1.44 to 14.93 mg $L^{-1}$ and 6.12 to 25.25 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. Average concentrations were 13.06 mg $L^{-1}$ in $Ca^{2+}$, 6.02 mg $L^{-1}$ $Mg^{2+}$ and 12.08 mg $L^{-1}$ in $Na^+$. In waste nutrient solution after hydroponics, pH range was shown from 4.3 to 8.8 and the average was 6.7. EC range was shown from 0.44 to 2.37 dS $m^{-1}$ and the average 1.15 dS $m^{-1}$. Range of $NO_3-N$, $PO_4-P$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ in waste nutrient solution were $10{\sim}212$, $0.56{\sim}26.1$, $10{\sim}295$, $16{\sim}215$, $9{\sim}54$ and $10{\sim}53$ mg $L^{-1}$ respectively. Average concentration were 100 mg $L^{-1}$ in $NO_3-N$, 12.15 mg $L^{-1}$ in $PO_4-P$, 99 mg $L^{-1}$ in $K^+$, 78 mg $L^{-1}$ in $Ca^{2+}$, 26 mg $L^{-1}$ in $Mg^{2+}$ and 26 mg $L^{-1}$ in $Na^+$. Inorganic matters in waste nutrient solution after hydroponics was higher than that of ground water for hydroponics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.444-447
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• 2000

The spinel L $i_{1-x}$ M $n_2$ $O_4$has been synthesized by the solid-state reaction. L $i_{l-x}$M $n_2$ $O_4$which includes a mixture of LiOH . $H_2O$ and Mn $O_2$prepared by preliminary heating at 35$0^{\circ}C$ for 12hr. L $i_{l-x}$M $n_2$ $O_4$fired at temperature range from 75$0^{\circ}C$ for 48hr. The structure and the electrochemical characteristics of spinel to L $i_{1-x}$ M $n_2$ $O_4$which is fabricated by changing sintering condition from starting materials are investigated. The cyclic voltammetric measurement was performed using 3 electrode cells. Electrode specific capacity and cycle life behavior were tested in a 3.0~4.2V range at a constant current density of 0.45mA/c $m^2$. To improve the cycle performance of spinel L $i_{l-x}$M $n_2$ $O_4$as the cathode of 4V class lithium secondary batteries, spinel phases L $i_{1-x}$ M $n_2$ $O_4$were Prepared at various lithium. The results showed that discharge capacity of L $i_{l-x}$M $n_2$ $O_4$varied at lithium quantity decrease with increasing lithium add quantity. The discharge capacities of L $i_{0.925}$M $n_2$ $O_4$and LiM $n_2$ $O_4$revealed 108 and 117mAh/g, respectively.spectively.y.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.171-177
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• 2007

In order to investigate the effect of the methanogenic bacteria in bacteria in leachate on the degradability of landfill waste, this study has created 4 cylinder-shape PVC lysimeters (Diameter: 30cm, Height: 200cm, Volume: 140L) and for the biological treatment and recirculation of the leachate, two anaerobic batch reactors (Diameter: 20cm, Height: 30cm) were created. To simulate a conventional landfill, no recycling was done in L1. In L2, 1,068ml of leachate (twice of rainfall amount) was recycled. In L3 and L4, the leachate was anaerobically digested in a dark room (with $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) for a week and them recycled by 1,064ml and 2,128ml, respectively, with recycled water only. In terms of cumulative $CH_4$ production, however, L3 and L4 were much higher (three times) than L1 and L2. Between L3 and L4, the latter was 1.23 times higher than the former in terms of cumulative CH4 production. In other words, the more the methanogenic bacteria-activated leachate is recycled, the more active the degradation due to active methane fermentation by the recyled methanogenic bacteria. And methane recovery is different according to the amount of recycled the methanogenic bacteria in leachate.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.322-327
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• 2003

Two kinds of mutually cross-linkable copolymers were prepared to be used as humidity-sensing materials. The humidity-sensitive thin films consist of cross-linked polyelectrolytes of the following component: 4-vinylbenzyl dimethyl 2-(dimethylphosphino)ethyl phosphonium chloride (1)/ bis(2-methoxyethyl)itaconate (2)= 3/l, 2/l, 1/1 and 1/2 and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (3)/ vinylbenzyl tributyl phosphonium chloride (4)= 3/l, 2/l, 1/1 and 1/2. The humidity sensor prepared from the reaction of 1/2= 2/l with 3/4= 2/l showed an average resistance of 723,36.2 and 2.42 ㏀ at 30, 60 and 90%RH, respectively. Temperature dependence, frequency dependence, and response time were measured and the reliability test such as water durability and long-term stability were also estimated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1119-1125
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• 2004

The effect of hemicellulose extracted from soy fiber on the level of blood glucose and serum cholesterol in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat were investigated. The experimental plots were divided to cellulose group (control, 0.5％ hemicellulose group (H-l) and 1％ hemicellulose group (H-2) group. The groups were fed for 6 weeks, then fed for 1 week more after streptozotocin injection. Food intakes, weight gain and food efficiency ratio of H-2 group were higher, while water intakes and liver weight were lower than those of control and H-l group. The content of blood glucose and urine glucose were 212.8 mg/dL, 0.97 mg/dL in the control group, 160.5 mg/dL, 0.53 mg/dL in the H-l group, 141.0 mg/dL, 0.35 mg/dL in the H-2 group, respectively. There was no significantly difference in the content of neutral lipid, while the content of total serum cholesterol was 101.6 mg/dL in the control group, 73.8-78.4 mg/dL in the hemicellulose groups. The content of serum HDL-cholesterol in the all experimental groups showed no significantly difference showing 39.8-44.7 mg/dL. HTR and atherogenic index were 0.44 and 1.27 in the control group, but 0.54 and 0.46-0.85 in the hemicellulose groups, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2000

The explants of yacon (Polymnia sonchifolia Poeppig & Endlicher) were cultured to invest th8e dedifferentiation condition, and formative callus from leaf was cultured to find the regeneration and micro-crown bud formation. Basal MS medium was more effective to form callus than 1/2 MS and B$_{5}$ medium. Calli formations from leaf, petiole and lateral bud were more effective on MS medium supplemented with 1.0, 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2, 0.4 mg/L kinetin or BA than 1.0, 2.0 mg/L NAA and 0.2, 0.4 mg/L kinetin or BA. Formative callus from leaf was proliferated about 70% on medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BA. When callus was proliferated, 63% regeneration rate was shown on medium supplemented with 1.0, 2.0 mg/L BA in case of subculture for 3~4 months but was not shown on medium supplemented with 1.0, 2.0 mg/L kinetin. Micro-crown bud formed as addition of BA at 3~4 months after callus culture and then was obtained many at 5~6 months, it was most formed about 82% on medium supplemented with 5 mg/L BA. Rate of micro-crown bud formation was increased as more over 5 mg/L BA concentration, when this time, however, shoot had thick leaves and short internodes, and then withered before long, Micro-crown bud was formed about 88.0% on medium supplemented with 5% sucrose, that was more increased 28% than with 3% sucrose. The buds of crown bud between harvested in field and formed in vitro were difference only in size, but both were similar in shape according to histological view.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.55-60
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate production characterisitic of methane gas in anaerobic digestion reactor according to input type of food waste. In the production rates of $CH_4$ gas per g $VS_{added}$, reactor R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 in which sewage sludge and food waste were combined with mixing ratio of 1:0.1, 1:0.3, 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2 showed 85mL, 62mL, 67mL, 72mL, and 73mL $CH_4/g$ $VS_{added}$ which were much more than sewage sludge digestion alone. Methane content according to crushing size of food waste respectively showed 51.1%(raw food), 53.1%(2~4mm), and 50.6%(<2mm), In case of methane production according to washing of food waste, R12(7~8 times washing) showed the highest methane production.