• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.19
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• pp.8279-8285
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• 2014

A meta-analysis incorporating 34 case-control studies from 19 articles involving 12,197 cases and 13,488 controls was conducted to assess the effects of three genetic variants of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9): rs187084, rs352140, and rs5743836. Studies on associations between TLR9 polymorphisms and cancer risk were systematically searched in electronic databases. The reported odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled to assess the strength of any associations. The results showed that the rs187084 polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of cancer (CC vs TC+TT: OR=1.14, 95% CI=1.02-1.28), specifically cervical cancer (C vs T: OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.05-1.34; TC vs TT: OR=1.32, 95% CI=1.10-1.58; CC vs TT: OR=1.31, 95% CI=1.03-1.68; CC+TC vs TT: OR=1.32, 95% CI=1.11-1.56), and that this association was significantly positive in Caucasians (CC vs. TC+TT: OR=1.18, 95% CI=1.01-1.38). The rs352140 polymorphism had a protective effect on breast cancer (GA vs GG: OR=0.77, 95% CI=0.66-0.89), whereas the rs5743836 polymorphism was likely protective for digestive system cancers (CC+TC vs TT: OR=0.81, 95% CI=0.66-0.98). In conclusion, our results suggest that the rs187084 polymorphism may be associated with an elevated cancer risk, whereas polymorphisms of rs352140 and rs5743836 may play protective roles in the development of breast and digestive system cancers, respectively. From the results of this meta-analysis further large-scale case-control studies are warranted to verify associations between TLR9 polymorphisms and cancer.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2007

Low glycemic index (GI) foods have been reported to be very important in the control of blood glucose levels in diseases such as diabetes mellitus and obesity, which are becoming more prevalent in Korea. Bread consumption at breakfast and as a snack is also on the rise. To provide low GI alternatives, breads supplemented with dietary fibers-fructooligosaccharide (FOS), ground whole rye, and 2 types of resistance starch (RS2 and RS4)-were developed. The GIs for these breads were evaluated with 13 healthy college students (M6, F7) and sensory tests were done. Four kinds of breads were made through the modification of a basic recipe for white bread (the control, B) as follows: for Bf, the entire amount of sugar was replaced with FOS. For Ryef, 50% of the white wheat flower was replaced with roughly ground wholerye (20 mesh: 12-20 mesh = 1 : 3) in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. For RS2f and RS4f, 20% of the white wheat flower was replaced with RS2 or RS4, in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. The overall preference score of Bf was similar to that of B, while those of Ryef, RS2f and RS4f were lower than that of B, but showed the acceptable degree of the overall preference. The glycemic indices of Ryef and RS2f were 46.1 and 45.9 respectively, which were significantly lower than the GI of B, 67.8. The GIs of Bf and RS4f were, however, 66.7 and 80.5 respectively, showing no significant difference compared to B. The glycemic loads for a 30 g serving were 9.5, 5.9, 6.2, 11.0 and 9.0 for B, Bf, Ryef, RS2f and RS4f, respectively. In conclusion, addition of RS2 or roughly ground whole rye to the dough formula significantly lowered the GI. Since the preferences shown for those two breads were acceptable, they may be recommended as a substitute for white bread fir persons who need blood glucose management. More studies on the bread making process are required to improve preference and acceptance. Although GI lowering effects for F and RS4 were not found in this study, further studies are needed to verify their effects.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.197-210
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the induction servicescape and the user satisfaction and repurchase intention about the restaurant tables embedded with the most advanced eco - friendly induction range. The main results of this study are as follows. The demographic characteristics of the respondents were 104 male respondents and 106 female respondents, with male - female ratio almost similar. The respondents' positions and responsibilities consisted of 68 restaurant representatives and 142 restaurant managers or persons in charge. The number of restaurants embedded with the induction ranges staffing 5 or more employees was 62.4%, which clearly showed that they were larger than the average restaurants(2.8 employees). The result of hypothesis testing by regression analysis showed that the restaurant's eco - friendly functional induction servicescape had a significant effect on user satisfaction, and ② the eco - friendly functional induction servicescape of the restaurant had a significant influence on repurchase intention. ③ The operation of the restaurant with the induction of the eco - friendly function of the restaurant. The satisfaction of the manager has a significant influence on the repurchase intention. Therefor, the hypothesis suggested in this study was adopted.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.197-211
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the image of dental hygienists. The subjects in the study were 396 patients and their caregivers who visited 14 dental hospitals and dentists' offices in and around Seoul. After a survey was conducted, the following findings were given: 1. The people investigated gave a mean of 4.0 to the image of dental hygienists. Dental hygienists rated highest in terms of looking neat and tidy(4.33), and were given the lowest marks in arbitrary job performance(3.46). 2. There appeared four different types of dental hygienist images, which made a 59.824 prediction of the image of dental hygienists in general. A typical image(4.11) was most dominant, followed by professional one(4.07), personal one(4.01) and social one(3.73). 3. The relations between the general characteristics of the respondents and their image of dental hygienists could be described as below: 1) By age, those who were in their 60s(4.12) had the best image of dental hygienists, and the teenagers(3.90) had the worst image of them. 2) By gender, the men(4.05) looked at dental hygienists more positively than the women(3.96). They had a significantly different opinion on the social image of dental hygienists according to gender(pE0.05). 3) By marital status, the married people(4.00) had a better image of dental hygienists than the unmarried ones(3.95). 4) As for the influence of the type of dental institutions, they had a more favorable image of dental hygienists in dentists' offices(4.13) than in dental hospitals(3.88). There was a broad significant difference in the way they looked at the professional and personal images of dental hygienists according to the type of dental institutions(pE0.001). 5) As to the impact of educational level, those who received community-college or higher education(4.01) had the best image of dental hygienists, and those who received middle-school or lower education(3.91) had the worst image of them. 6) By occupation, the government workers and students(4.07) had the best image of dental hygienists, and the company employees(3.90) had the worst image of them. They took a significantly different view of the social image of dental hygienists according to occupation(pE0.05). 7) Concerning the impact of the frequency of receiving dental treatment, the respondents who had received it seven times or more(4.16) had the best image of dental hygienists, and those who hadn't(3.79) the worst image of them. There was a wide significant gap according to that frequency. The way they looked at the typical, social and professional images of dental hygienists was quite different significantly according to that frequency as well(pE0.001). 8) As for the influence of whether they were accompanied by caregivers or not, the people who weren't accompanied by caregivers(3.99) had a better image of dental hygienists than those who were(3.97).

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.187-197
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• 2010

The paleoseismological study in Korea has begun along the Yangsan fault zone (YFZ) and Ulsan fault zone (UFZ) since 1994. Some evidences related to late Quaternary movement are found at only some part of the YFZ, such as Pyonghae, Yuge, and Eonyang-Tongdosa areas. However, it is found along the most of the UFZ except the northen and southern ends of the fault. The dominant time span of faulting events along the YFZ and UFZ are quite different, and 500 ka to 200 ka and 300 ka to recent time, respectively. The dominant faulting senses of the YFZ and UFZ are right-lateral strike slip and reverse, respectively. These senses correspond well with the focal mechanism of recent occurring earthquakes along these two fault zones. If we evaluate the intensity of the activity of the YFZ from the average slip rate, which is 0.1~0.04 m/ka, it is comparable with the faults of higher C class in Japan. The slip rate of UFZ, which is 0.2~0.06 m/ka, is comparable with the faults of lower B to higher C class. Based on the relationship between maximum displacement and magnitude, the maximum earthquake magnitude is evaluated to be 6.8 and 7.0 in the YFZ and UFZ, respectively. An intensive studies are needed to clarify the problems such as segmentation of faults, return period, and geological evidences related to historical earthquakes.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 2013

The primary goal of this study was to ascertain the primary factors to the affect for the carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and other risks can possibly influence the carotid artery IMT. All patients data (total specimens: 289, male: 197, female: 92) including the carotid artery ultrasonography examination. The all data were analyzed by the use of SPSS software, version 21.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL USA), with the descriptive statistics method. The Results of this study was found to be highly increased in the males than the females. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in all of the participants was 30.5 percentages. The carotid artery IMT in the subjects with metabolic syndrome was significantly high in both genders, compared to the rest, who were without metabolic syndrome. The Pearson's correlation coefficient of metabolic syndrome and CIMT was 0.378(p<0.01). In conclusions, the present study also supports the association between the carotid artery IMT and the metabolic syndromes with cardiovascular risk factors. Usage of B-mode ultrasonography to measure the carotid artery IMT was found to be highly effective in the current analysis.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2003

The researcher worked with a total of 158 high school girls visiting the scaling practice room at the department of dental hygiene in Jinju Health college from November 11, 2002 to December 4, 2002, having their teeth scaled, observing their teeth and interviewing them with the aid of questionnaires. The findings can be summarized as follows. 1. The survey on the understanding of dental health and the attitudes of the subjects shows the following results : "I have never learned how to brush teeth" (65.8%: 104 girls); "I brush my teeth twice a day" (57.0%: 90 girls) : "I brush my teeth for 2 minutes"(44.3%: 70 girls): "I brush my teeth vertically and horizontally" (53.2%: 84 girls): "( brush my teeth, gum and tongue" (462%: 73 girls): "I use one brush for two months" (40.5%: 64 girls); "I don't have any floss" (582%: 92 girls): "I have never had my teeth scaled" (84.2%: 133girls) : "Smoking is bad for the teeth" (77.8%: 123 girls): "Drinking is bad for the teeth" (48.7%: 77 girls): "I have ever visited dental clinics" (92.4%: 146 girls). 2. The study on part of the teeth most exposed to caries shows the following results : Mandibular right first molar(79.8%: 126 girls): Mandibular left first molar(77.5%: 124 girls), Mandibular left second molar(70.2%: 111 girls). Mandibular right second molar(65.7%: 104 girls). Maxillary left first molar(59.5%: 94 girls): Maxillary left second molar(59.5%: 94 girls): Maxillary right first molar(58.2%: 92 girls). Maxillary right second molar(50.7%: 80 girls) 3. The statistics on the subjects' caries show the following results: DMF rate: 943%: DMFT rate: 25.61%: DMFT index: 7.17 teeth : DT rate: 4651%: FT rate: 52.25%: MT rate: 124% 4. The survey on dental caries statistics, dental health, dental health behavior, and the subjects' attitudes shows the following results: The worse the subjects' dental health was(r=-327, p<.001), the more they visited dental clinics(r=.195, p<.05), the higher DMT rate, DMFT index were; The more the subjects visited dental clinics(r =.359, p<.001), the higher DT rate was; The worse the subjects teeth went(r=-.197, p<.05), the higher MT rate was. It is necessary that systematic and substantial dental health education for high school students should be carried out in regard to plaque control, fluoride application, diet control, pit & fissure sealant as a part of developing national health policies designed for the dental health of the teenagers.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.197-201
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of donor cell treatments on the production of transgenic cloned piglets. Ear fibroblast cell obtained from NIH MHC Inbred minipig was used as control. The GalT knock-out/CD45 knock-in (GalT/CD46) transgenic cell lines were established and used as donor cells. The reconstructed GalT/CD46 embryos were surgically transferred into oviduct of naturally cycling surrogate sows (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) on the second day of standing estrus. Unlike control (1.2 kV/cm, 75.4%), the fusion rate of the GalT/CDl6 donor cells was significantly higher in 1.5 kV/cm, (84.5%) than that of 1.25 kV/cm, (20.2%) (p<0.01). When the number of the transferred embryos were more than 129, the pregnancy and delivery rates were increased to 13/20 (65%) and 5/20 (25%) compared to less then 100 group [1/6 (16.7%) and 0/6 (0%)], respectively. To analyze the effect of donor cell culture condition on pregnancy and delivery rates, the GalT/CD46 donor cells were cultured with DMEM or serum reduced medium. In serum reduced medium group, the pregnancy and delivery rates were improved to 8/12 (66.7%) and 5/12 (41.7%) compared to DMEM group [3/7 (42.9%) and 0/7 (0%)], respectively. In conclusion, it can be postulated that an appropriate fusion condition and culture system is essential factors to increase the efficiency of the production of transgenic cloned piglets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 1998

This study was attempted to identify emerging consumer trends on dietary and food purchasing behaviors and perception for the convenience foods. Self completed questionnaires were collected from 710 housewives in Seoul and Kyunggi province and analyzed statistically. A questionnaire consisted of 3 parts including demographic backgrounds, dietary and food purchasing behaviors, perception for the convenience foods. Among demographic variables age, occupation and lifestyle were the significant factors affecting consumers' behaviors and perception of dietary lives. Over half of housewives, who are the primary persons responsible for home meal preparation, confessed that they do not enjoy meal planning and preparation any more. An attitude toward in home food preparation was significantly different among age groups, working or non-working women and lifestyles. Most of the respondents go shopping for foods whenever they need to or 2-3 times a week. They also did not plan before going foods shopping and purchase decisions were made in-store. They considered quality of foods more important than price. Consumers were not willing to purchase pre-cut packaged vegetables or pre-cooked foods on the market. However, they showed strong desire and demand for the development of convenience korean foods coupled with high quality.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.5077-5081
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• 2014

To clarify whether gastric cancer patients can benefit from laparoscopy-assisted surgery completed by junior surgeons under supervision of expert surgeons, data of 232 patients with gastric cancer underwent operation performed by inexperienced junior surgeons were reviewed. Of the 232 patients, 137 underwent laparoscopy-assisted resection and in 118 cases this approach was successful. All of these 118 patients were assigned to laparoscopic group in this study, 19 patients who were switched to open resection were excluded. All laparoscopic operations were performed under the supervision of expert laparoscopic surgeons. Some 95 patients receiving open resection were assigned to the open group. All open operations were completed independently by the same surgeons. Short-term outcomes including oncologic outcomes, operative time intra-operative blood loss, time to first flatus, time to first defecation, postoperative hospital stay and perioperative complication were compared between the two groups. The numbers of lymph nodes harvested in the laparoscopic and open groups were $21.1{\pm}9.6$ and $18.2{\pm}9.7$ (p=0.029). There was no significant difference in the length of margins. The mean operative time was $215.9{\pm}32.2$ min in laparoscopic group and $220.1{\pm}34.6min$ in the open group (p=0.866), and the mean blood loss in laparoscopic group was obviously less than that in open group ($200.9{\pm}197.0ml$ vs $291.1{\pm}191.4ml$; p=0.001). Time to first flatus in laparoscopic and open groups was $4.0{\pm}1.0$ days and $4.3{\pm}1.2$ days respectively and the difference was not significant (p=0.135). Similarly no statically significant difference was noted for time to first defecation ($4.7{\pm}1.6$ vs $4.8{\pm}1.6$, p=0.586). Eleven patients in the laparoscopic group and 19 in the open group suffered from peri-operative complications and the difference between the two groups was significant (9.3% vs 20.0%, p=0.026). The conversion rate for laparoscopic surgery was 13.9%. Patients with gastric cancer can benefit from laparoscopy-assisted operations completed by inexperienced junior surgeons under supervision of expert laparoscopic surgeons.