• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.269-274
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• 2014

Series of field experiments were conducted to evaluate the long term effect of gypsum and crop residue on crop yield and soil health in rice-wheat crop rotation system in salt affected soil. A saline-sodic field having $EC_e$ (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract) 4.77 ($dSm^{-1}$); pH ($H_2O$) 8.96; SAR 43.78 ($mmol\;L^{-1}$) and gypsum requirement (G.R.) 2.86 (Mg $acre^{-1}$) was selected on Soil Salinity Research Institute Farm. Five treatments consisting of ($T_1$) control, ($T_2$) gypsum at 100% G.R., ($T_3$) gypsum at 25% G.R. + wheat straw at $3Mg\;ha^{-1}$, ($T_4$) gypsum at 25% G.R. + rice straw at $3Mg\;ha^{-1}$, ($T_5$) gypsum at 25% G.R.+ rice and wheat straw at $3Mg\;ha^{-1}$ were replicated four times under completely randomized block design. The data indicated that grain and straw yield of rice and wheat was significantly (P<0.05) increased by all the amendments used either single or in combination. $T_2$ (gypsum at 100% G.R.) significantly (P<0.05) increased grain and straw yield of rice and wheat crops followed by $T_3$ (gypsum at 25% G.R. + wheat straw at $3Mg\;ha^{-1}$) when compared with control. Soil properties were also improved by used amendments, pronounced decreased in $EC_e$, $pH_s$ and SAR were recorded in $T_2$ followed by $T_3$. The efficiency of the treatments could be arranged in following order gypsum at 100% G.R.> gypsum at 25% G.R. + wheat straw at $3Mg\;ha^{-1}$ > gypsum at 25% G.R. + rice and wheat straw at $3Mg\;ha^{-1}$ > gypsum at 25% G.R. + rice straw at $3Mg\;ha^{-1}$ > control.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.362-362
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• 2010

Today, vast attention has been paid to periodic arrays of nanostructures due to their potential for applications such as memory with huge storage density. Such application requires large-scale fabrication of well ordered nano-sized structures. One of the most widely used methods for the ordered nanostructures is lithography. This top-down process, however, has the limit to reduce size. Here the promising alternative is the self-organization of ordered nano-sized structures such as large scale 2d carbon-induced reconstructions on W(110). In the present study, we report on the first well-resolved atomic resolution STM studies of the well-known R($15{\times}3$) and R($15{\times}12$) carbon induced reconstruction of the W(110). From the atomic image of R($15{\times}3$) for different values of tunneling gap resistance, we can tell there are no missing atoms in unit cells of R($15{\times}3$) and some atomic displacements are substantial from the clean W(110), even though not all the imaged position of atoms correspond to tungsten, but may include those of carbon. We are considering two cases; First case is related to lattice deformation, or top layer of W(110) is deformed in the process of relief of strain caused by random inserting of carbon atoms possibly in the interstitial position. In the second case, R($15{\times}3$) unit cell results from a coincidence lattice between clean W(110) substrate and tungsten carbide overlayer which has rectangular atomic arrangement and giving R($15{\times}3$) coincidence lattice. beta-W2C showing rectangular unit cell should be a candidate. Further, we report on new reconstructions. Unlike the well-known R($15{\times}12$) consisting of two parts, two inner structures between two "Backbone" structures. The new reconstruction, which we found for the first time, contains more parts between the "Backbone"s. Sometimes we can observe the reconstruction consists of only inner parts without "Backbone" parts. Thus, the observed reconstruction can be built by constructing of two types of "Lego"-like block. Moreover, the rectangle shape of "Backbone" transform to parallelogram-like shape over time, the so-called wavy-R($15{\times}12$). Adsorption of hydrogen can be the reason for this transformation.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.289-300
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• 2013

In this study, two types of wetland plants, Eichhornia crassipes (a floating plant) and Ceratophyllum demersum (a submerged plant) were introduced to wetland mesocosms to understand how the water properties of wetlands such as pH, dissolved oxygen content, water temperature, oxidation reduction potential, and nutrient concentrations are affected by different types of wetland plant. The floating plant lives on the water surface and can block light penetration; it exhibited the lowest water temperature and temperature difference between lower and upper layers. After the addition of contaminants, the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration decreased abruptly but recovered continuously in all mesocosms; especially the submerged plants, which photosynthesize in water, showed the largest increases in DO and diel periodicity DO, as well as in pH value. The oxidation-reduction potential in both water and sediment were affected by the presence of wetland plants and plant type and the results suggest that various aspects of wetland biogeochemistry are affected by the presence and type of wetland plants. The total nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in water decreased in the following order: Water only < Water + Soil < Floating Plants < Submerged Plants. Although both floating and submerged plants can control algal concentrations, the effect was more prominent for floating plants.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.455-464
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• 2010

The variations of the uniaxial compressive strength, the strains and the elastic constants with respect to the angle of anisotropy are analyzed in order to investigate the characteristics of a transversely isotropic rock experimentally. Total 35 specimens of 7 different angles from a large block of rhyolite presenting the flow structure obviously are used in tests. This study is composed of two reports; the elastic constants are mainly analyzed for the every individual angle in the report No. 1 and they will be discussed synthetically in the report No. 2. From the specimens of 0 and 90 degree, 4 independent elastic constants which can directly be obtained without the help of any other suggested equations, may be referred to the true values. Data variation in the strain measurements differs on the angle is analyzed. That of small angle specimens tends higher than that of large angle specimens. The relation of apparent Young’s modulus and angle is found to be M- or U-shaped. For small angle specimens, Saint-Venant approximation cannot be applied successfully on account of showing the non-monotonous increase, and E1 is analyzed out of the true value range. In the specimen of $\phi$ = 75, the deviation of strain measurement and strength are smallest and 4 all constants are analyzed in the true value range. Therefore, specimen of the angle of around 75 may become preferable if only one specimen should be used in test of a transversely isotropic rock.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.220-232
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• 2003

Objective : The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of HwangRyunHaeDok-Tang and combinations of constituent herbs on the arterial contraction. Methods : In order to investigate the effects Scutellariae Radix. Coptidis Rhizoma, Phellodendri Cortex and Gardeniae Fructus, in which one of them, two of them, and all of them, were used to exam. Results : The results were summarized as follows; 1. HwangRyunHaeDok-Tang significantly inhibited the contraction of artery induced by Norepinephrine(NE). However the atonic effect was slightly blunted when the vascular endothelial cell was removed. No significant change in the atonic effect of HwangRyunHaeDok-Tang was found when $_L-NNA$ was used as a preliminary treatment. These results indicate that the vascular atonic effect by HwangRyunHaeDok-Tang is slightly dependent on the endothelial cell, and that the HwangRyunHaeDok-Tang works directly to the vascular smooth muscle in creating the vascular atonic effect. 2. The pretreatment of HwangRyunHaeDok-Tang extract significantly inhibited the contractile response to additive application of $Ca^{2+}$ in the strips which were contracted by NE in $Ca^{2+}$-free solution. 3. HwangRyunHaeDok-Tang extract increased the contraction of arterial smooth muscle induced by KCl. Therefore, it can be concluded that HwangRyunHaeDok-Tang may block the NE-receptor or receptor-operated $Ca^{2+}$ channel. 4. It was determined that Scutellariae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma and Phellodendri Cortex among the ingredients of HwangRyunHaeDok-Tang have a vascular atonic effect. In addition, those ingredients plays a role in strengthening the atonic effect by working with other herbal medicines. Gardeniae Fructus causes the blood vessel to contract. but it does not influence the atonic effects of other herbal medicines. However Gardeniae Fructus tends to inhibit the vascular atonic effect of Phellodendri Cortex. Conclusion : Based on the above results, it can be said that HwangRyunHaeDok-Tang can be applied to cure hypertension considering those three herbs have significant effects of relaxation.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.265-272
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• 2017

Aryl hydrocarbons such as 3-nitrobenzanthrone (NBA), 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP), acetylaminofluorene (AAF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), and 1-nitropyrene (NP) form bulky DNA adducts when absorbed by mammalian cells. These chemicals are metabolically activated to reactive forms in mammalian cells and preferentially get attached covalently to the $N^2$ or C8 positions of guanine or the $N^6$ position of adenine. The proportion of $N^2$ and C8 guanine adducts in DNA differs among chemicals. Although these adducts block DNA replication, cells have a mechanism allowing to continue replication by bypassing these adducts: translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). TLS is performed by translesion DNA polymerases-Pol ${\eta}$, ${\kappa}$, ${\iota}$, and ${\zeta}$ and Rev1-in an error-free or error-prone manner. Regarding the NBA adducts, namely, 2-(2'-deoxyguanosin-$N^2$-yl)-3-aminobenzanthrone (dG-$N^2$-ABA) and N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-3-aminobenzanthrone (dG-C8-ABA), dG-$N^2$-ABA is produced more often than dG-C8-ABA, whereas dG-C8-ABA blocks DNA replication more strongly than dG-$N^2$-ABA. dG-$N^2$-ABA allows for a less error-prone bypass than dG-C8-ABA does. Pol ${\eta}$ and ${\kappa}$ are stronger contributors to TLS over dG-C8-ABA, and Pol ${\kappa}$ bypasses dG-C8-ABA in an error-prone manner. TLS efficiency and error-proneness are affected by the sequences surrounding the adduct, as demonstrated in our previous study on an ABP adduct, N-(2'-deoxyguanosine-8-yl)-4-aminobiphenyl (dG-C8-ABP). Elucidation of the general mechanisms determining efficiency, error-proneness, and the polymerases involved in TLS over various adducts is the next step in the research on TLS. These TLS studies will clarify the mechanisms underlying aryl hydrocarbon mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in more detail.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.136-142
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• 2015

The Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (KSPID) has participated in the task force team consisting of government authorities as well as civil medical experts and facilities to block the spread of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 2015. KSPID posted the "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Pop-up" in the homepage of The Korean Pediatric Society and The Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. KSPID also released the "Guidelines for testing for MERS in children and adolescents" and the "Instructions for the Operation of National Safe Hospital" for children and adolescents in a timely manner. Such actions were aimed to prevent unnecessary anxieties, studies and isolation of pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms and signs caused by other common microbial etiologies as being suspected for MERS patients. This strategy relieved the doctors and parents from unnecessary fear and prevented the loss of unnecessary health care costs, and has proven to be a well-judged guideline and management protocol as evaluated after the final end of MERS outbreak. KSPID and its members should support the presence of pediatric infectious disease (PID) specialists in every medium size hospitals in Korea by developing the need for consultation fees for PID consultation in the hospital based practice and promoting the potential for cost savings related to prevention of health care associated infections and optimal prescription of antimicrobial agents. KSPID and its members need to approach and develop a communication plan to political decision makers to demonstrate and convince them of the importance of a PID specialist service.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2010

Purpose : Previous studies have suggested that Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-2 (CCL-2; also known as MCP-1) and CCL-5 (also known as RANTES) are possibly associated with the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and non-inflammatory renal diseases. The present study was conducted to investigate association of polymorphisms of CCL-2 and CCL-5 genes with childhood IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Methods : The authors analyzed six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CCL-2 and CCL-5 in 196 pediatric IgAN patients and in 285 healthy controls. We compared variations in SNPs between two several sets of IgAN subgroups, allocated by presence of proteinuria (>4 mg/$m^2$/hour), podocyte foot process effacement, and pathologically advanced disease markers, such as interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, or global sclerosis. Results : Genotypic data of IgAN patients and controls showed no significant SNP frequency difference in both of of CCL-2 and CCL-5. Even though two linkage disequilibrium blocks were formed, there was no significance in the haplotype analysis. In the patient subgroup analysis, no SNP of CCL-2 and CCL-5 was found to be associated with the presence of proteinuria, podocyte foot process effacement, and pathologically advanced disease markers. Conclusion : Our data indicate that no association exists between CCL-2 and CCL-5 SNPs and childhood IgAN susceptibility, and presence of proteinuria, podocyte foot process effacement, and pathologic progression of IgAN.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.141-149
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• 2018

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of multi-enzyme on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.1% multi-enzyme (Multi; mixture of ${\beta}-mannanase$, xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Measurements were growth performance, morphology of ileum, apparent ileal digestibility and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and energy of weaned pigs. There were no significant differences on growth performance during overall experimental period. No differences were found for the morphology of ileum and nutrient digestibility between CON and Multi groups. Therefore, the results in the current study indicated that multi-enzyme supplementation in diets had no effects on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.151-161
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• 2018

This study was designed to investigate the effects of multi-enzyme on diarrhea and immune responses of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.1% multienzyme (Multi; mixture of ${\beta}-mannanase$, xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Frequency of diarrhea, levels of packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC), immunoglobulins, cortisol, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), transforming growth $factor-{\beta}$ ($TGF-{\beta}$), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Multi group tended to decrease (p<0.1) diarrhea frequency than CON group during 2 wk after weaning. Lower values of PCV on d 3 (p<0.05) and d 7 (p<0.1) were found in Multi group compared with CON group. There were no significant differences on WBC number and immunoglobulin (Ig) M and A between Multi and CON groups. However, Multi group tended to increase (p<0.1) Ig G on d 7 than CON group. Moreover, Multi group showed modulated immune responses, indicated by decreased levels of cortisol (p<0.05) on d 7 and 14, $TNF-{\alpha}$ on d 3 (p<0.05) and d 7 (p<0.10), $TGF-{\beta}$ on d 2 (p<0.05) and d 7 (p<0.10), and CRP (p<0.10) on d 3 and 7 after weaning compared with CON group. Consequently, inclusion of multi-enzyme in diets for weaned pigs improved gut health and modulated immune responses of weaned pigs.