• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2022

Background: For proper monitoring of the eye lens dose, an appropriate calibration factor of a dosimeter and information about the mean energies of X-rays are indispensable. The scattered X-ray energy spectra should be well characterized in medical practices where eye lenses of medical staffs might be high. Materials and Methods: Scattered X-ray energy spectra were experimentally derived for three different types of X-ray diagnostic and therapeutic equipment, i.e., the computed tomography (CT) scan, the angiography and the fluoroscopy. A commercially available CdZnTe (CZT) spectrometer with a lead collimator was employed for the measurement of scattered X-rays, which was performed in the usual manner. Results and Discussion: From the obtained energy spectra, the mean energies of the scattered X-rays lied between 40 and 60 keV. This also agreed with that obtained by the conventional half value layer method. Conclusion: The scattered X-rays to which medical workers may be exposed in the region around the eyes were characterized by means of spectrometry. The obtained mean energies of the scattered X-rays were found to match the flat region of the dosimeter response.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 1991

다양한 의료용 선형가속기의 출현으로 인한 방사선 치료분야의 폭넓은 활용에 따라 정확한 선량측정이 중요한 문제중의 하나가 되어왔다. 따라서 정확한 선량계산이나 새로운 선량계산 모델을 위해서 X-선의 조사면에 따른 에너지 분포에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 의료용 선형가속기에서 발생된 X-선의 에너지 분포특성 및 기하학적 구조의 영향 요인 연구에 몬테-칼로 방법의 적용성을 자료분석에 의한 모의시험 계산값과 선량분포계산, 불에서 HVL 및 측정된 자료와 비교하여 알아 보았다. 기대한 것 처럼 X-선 빔의 축반경에 따른 평균에너지 변화로 부터 빔의 발생특성과 treatment head부분의 기하학적 구조 영향에 기인한 에너지 분포가 중심선 속으로 부터 멀어져 감에 따라 적어짐을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2013

Most of high energy cosmic rays (CRs) are thought to be produced by diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) at supernova remnants (SNRs) within the Galaxy. Fortunately, nonthermal emissions from CR protons and electrons can provide direct observational evidence for such a model and place strong constraints on the complex nonlinear plasma processes in DSA theory. In this study we calculate the energy spectra of CR protons and electrons in Type Ia SNRs, using time-dependent DSA simulations that incorporate phenomenological models for some wave-particle interactions. We demonstrate that the time-dependent evolution of the self-amplified magnetic fields, Alfv$\acute{e}$nic drift, and escape of the highest energy particles affect the energy spectra of accelerated protons and electrons, and so resulting nonthermal radiation spectrum. Especially, the spectral cutoffs in X-ray and ${\gamma}$-ray emission spectra are regulated by the evolution of the highest energy particles, which are injected at the early phase of SNRs. Thus detailed understandings of nonlinear wave-particle interactions and time-dependent DSA simulations of SNRs are crucial in testing the SNR hypothesis for the origin of Galactic cosmic rays.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2018

Background: Gamma-ray detectors having a thin window of a material with low atomic number can increase the true coincidence summing effects for radionuclides emitting X-rays or gamma-rays. This effect can make efficiency calibration or spectrum analysis more complicated. In this study, a Cu shield was tested as an X-ray filter to neglect the true coincidence summing effect by X-rays and gamma-rays in gamma-ray spectrometry, in order to simplify gamma-ray energy spectrum analysis. Materials and Methods: A Cu shield was designed and applied to an n-type high-purity germanium detector having an $X-{\gamma}$ summing effect during efficiency calibration. This was tested using a commercial, certified mixed gamma-ray source. The feasibility of a Cu shield was evaluated by comparing efficiency calibration results with and without the shield. Results and Discussion: In this study, the thickness of a Cu shield needed to avoid true coincidence summing effects due to $X-{\gamma}$ was tested and determined to be 1 mm, considering the detection efficiency desired for higher energy. As a result, the accuracy of the detection efficiency calibration was improved by more than 13% by reducing $X-{\gamma}$ summing. Conclusion: The $X-{\gamma}$ summing effect should be considered, along with ${\gamma}-{\gamma}$ summing, when a detection efficiency calibration is implemented and appropriate shielding material can be useful for simplifying analysis of the gamma-ray energy spectra.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.795-798
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• 2016

Transmission X-ray tubes based on carbon nanotube have attracted significant attention recently. In most of these tubes, tungsten is used as the target material. In this article, the well-known simulator Geant4 was used to obtain some of the tungsten target parameters. The optimal thickness for maximum production of usable X-rays when the target is exposed to electron beams of different energies was obtained. The linear variation of optimal thickness of the target for different electron energies was also obtained. The data obtained in this study can be used to design X-ray tubes. A beryllium window was considered for the X-ray tube. The X-ray energy spectra at the moment of production and after passing through the target and window for different electron energies in the 30-110 keV range were also obtained. The results obtained show that with a specific thickness, the target material itself can act as filter, which enables generation of X-rays with a limited energy.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.289-295
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• 2018

대부분의 진단용 방사선 장치는 엑스선을 사용하며, 엑스선은 다양한 에너지를 갖는 스펙트럼을 갖는다. 진단 영상에서 엑스선의 정량적 및 정성적 분석은 선량을 줄이면서 영상 화질을 유지하는데 필수적이다. 본 연구의 목적은 진단 영상에 사용되는 엑스선 스펙트럼을 몬테칼로 시뮬레이션으로 측정하는 것이다. 다양한 엑스선 에너지 스펙트럼이 몬테칼로 시뮬레이션으로 측정되었다. 이 스펙트럼들은 다항식을 보간 한 양극 텅스텐 모델에 의해 계산된 결과와 비교하였다. 엑스선 관전압은 50, 60, 80, 100, 110 kV 였다. 검출기로는 카드뮴 텔루라이드와 비정질 셀레늄 물질을 사용하였다. 엑스선 에너지 스펙트럼의 시뮬레이션 결과는 참조 결과와 일치하였고, NRMSD 값은 최소 1.1%에서 최대 5.7%를 보였다. 시뮬레이션 결과에 의하면 진단 영상을 획득할 때 적절한 관전압의 선택을 가능하게 할 것이다. 또한, 영상 획득 전 환자에 전달되는 선량을 예측하는데 기여할 것이다.

• 천문학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 1994

We present the calculation of X -ray spectra produced through Compton scattering of soft X-rays by hot electrons in the spherical shell geometry, using fully relativistic Monte Carlo simulation. With this model, we show that the power-law component, which has been observed in the low luminosity state of low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), is explained physically. From a spectral. analysis, we find that spectral hardness is mainly due to the relative contribution of scattered component. In addition, we see that Wi en spectral features appear when the plasma is optically thick, especially in the high energy range, $E{\gtrsim}100keV$. We suggest that after a number of scattering the escape probability approaches an asymptotic form depending on the geometry of the scattering medium rather than on the initial photon spectrum.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 kV X-선에 대하여 원통형전리함의 선질인자를 몬테칼로 계산과 측정으로 결정하였다. 대상 X-선은 KFDA에 설치되어 있으며 에너지스펙트럼과 선질이 명시된 $60\~300kV$ 범위의 X-선(ISO-4037)이었으며, 전리함은 PTW N23333과 N30001이었다. 이론적 계산과 몬테칼로 계산으로 구한 공기커마와 공동의 흡수선량으로부터 IAEA프로토콜의 $R_{\mu}$와 $R_{Q,Q_{0}}$인자를 결정하였다. 두 전리함의 반응 범위는 $80\~250kV$ 영역에서 모두 $\pm3\~4\%$를 보였으나, N30001 전리함의 경우에 $110\~300kV$ 영역에서 $\pm1.7\%$로서 평탄한 특성을 보였다. 본 연구로부터 kV X-선에 대한 선량평가에 대하여 고찰할 수 있었으며, 프로토콜의 적용을 위하여 에너지의존성의 평가가 중요함을 알 수 있었다.

• 천문학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.125-128
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• 2005

In this paper, we argue that the gigahertz peaked spectrum (GPS) quasars are special blazars, blazars in dense and dusty gas enviornment. The ROSAT detection rate of GPS quasars is similar to that of flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), suggesting that the relativistic jets in GPS quasars are oriented at small angle to the line of sight. Due to strong inverse Compton scattering off infrared photons from dense and dusty nuclear interstellar media in GPS quasars, most of them may have significant soft gamma-ray and X-ray emission, which is consistent with ASCA X-ray observations. Because Compton cooling in GPS quasars is stronger than that in FSRQs, synchrotron emission in GPS quasars may less dominate over thermal emission of the accretion disk and hot dust, hence most GPS quasars show low optical polarization and small variability, consistent with observations. We suggest that it is the significant radio emission of electron/positron pairs produced by the interaction of gamma-rays with the dense gas and dust grains in GPS quasars that makes GPS quasars show steep radio spectra, low radio polarization, and relatively faint VLBI/VLBA cores. Whether GPS quasars are special blazars can be tested by gamma-ray observations with GLAST in the near future, with the detection rate of GPS quasars being similar to that of FSRQs.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.55-62
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• 1999

방사선치료에 이용되는 X-선의 특성을 고찰하기 위하여, 몬테칼로 방법을 이용하여 텅스텐 표적에 입사한 6, 10, 15 MeV 의 전자선에 의해 발생되는 X-선의 에너지분포와 평균에너지를 계산하였다. 빔의 반경의 함수로서 계산된 광자의 평균에너지는 6, 10, 15 MV에 대하여 각각, 1.4-1.6, 2.1-2.5, 2.8-3.3 MeV 범위로서 반경에 크게 의존하지 않고 거의 일정하였다. 표적과의 수직거리 100 cm에서 구해진 6, 10, 15 MV X-선의 에너지분포를 이용하여, 몬테칼로 계산으로 깊이선량율을 계산하였다. 이 중 10 MV에 대한 것을 측정값과 비교하였다. 계산된 10 MV X-선의 깊이선량율은 표면영역을 제외하고 깊이의 증가에 따라 측정값보다 낮게 나타났다. 그 이유는 실제 X-선의 에너지분포에는 편평화여과기에 의한 빔경화효과가 포함되어 있는 반면, 본 연구에서 수행한 몬테칼로 계산결과에는 이 효과가 포함되어 있지 않기 때문으로 생각된다.