• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.93-100
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• 1988

In clinical practice, creatinine clearance(Ccr) remains the most commonly used laboratory assessment of glomerular function despite methodological and technical problems of urine collection. Schwartz et al. in 1976, reported that an accurate estimate of glomerular filtration rate(GFR) could be obtained from the simple determinations of plasma creatinine(Pcr) and body length(L) : GFR($m{\ell}/min/1.73m^2$=k L(cm)/Pcr(mg/$100m{\ell}$), (k=constant). The subject of this study were ill children admitted to our pediatric department from July, 1985 to June, 1987 and they were divided into three groups; group I, from 1 to 5 years old, group II, from 6 to 10 years old, group III. from 11 to 15 years old. The results were as following ; 1) Measured creatinine clearance($Ccr_M$, $m{\ell}/min/1.73m^2$) were $109.73{\pm}9.97$ in group I, $108.26{\pm}9.02$ in group II, $96.20{\pm}4.72$ in group III and $105.48{\pm}5.23$ in all age group. 2) Measured k($k_M$) obtained from $Ccr_M=k$ Ht/Pcr were $0.49{\pm}0.03$ in group I, $0.48{\pm}0.02$ in group II, $0.43{\pm}0.02$ in group III, and $0.47{\pm}0.02$ in all age group.(Ht ; height) 3) Linear equations and correlation coefficients between Ht/Pcr(x) and Ccr(y) were y=0.822x-65.63(r=0.99) in group I, y=0.61x-23.46(r=0.72) in group II, y=0.18x+54.44(r=0.54) in group III and y=0.58x-22.13(r=0.81) in all age group. 4) $Ccr_E$ was again estiamted from linear equations between Ht/Pcr and $Ccr_M$ and $k_E$ was calculated with Ht/Pcr and $Ccr_E$ were $0.48{\pm}0.01$ in group I, $0.49{\pm}0.01$in group II, $0.43{\pm}0.01$ in group III and $0.47{\pm}0.00$ in all age group. 5) Consistant values of $k_E$ and $k_M$ were highly significant as 95~97.5% in group I and II, 90~95% in group III and 97.5~99% in all age group. In summary, we could estimate GFR with height, plasma creatinine and measured k($k_M$) according to the age in easy and rapid way.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 1998

This paper is a continuation of [1]. Let ${\sigma}(X,x_0,G)$ be the fundamental group of a transformation group (X,G). Let $R({\varphi},{\psi})$ be the generalized Reidemeister number for an endomorphism $({\varphi},{\psi}:(X,G){\rightarrow}(X,G)$. The main results in this paper concern the conditions for $R({\varphi},{\psi})={\mid}Coker(1-({\varphi},{\psi})_{\bar{\sigma}}){\mid}$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.463-484
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• 2017

We construct a weak Hopf algebra $wX_q(A_1)$ corresponding to non-standard quantum group $X_q(A_1)$. The PBW basis of $wX_q(A_1)$ is described and all the highest weight modules of $wX_q(A_1)$ are classified. Finally we give the Clebsch-Gordan decomposition of the tensor product of two highest weight modules of $wX_q(A_1)$.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.179-193
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• 2003

The braid-permutation group is a group of welded braids which is the extension of Artin's braid groups by the symmetric groups. It is also described as a subgroup of the automorphism group of a free group. We also show that the plus-construction of the classifying space of the infinite braid-permutation group has the following two types of splittings BBP(equation omitted) B∑(equation omitted) $\times$ X, BBP(equation omitted) B $^{＋}$$\times$ Y＝S$^1$$\times$Y, where X, Y are some spaces.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.347-355
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• 2001

Let ($X, \omega$) be a closed symplectic 4-manifold. Let a finite cyclic group G act semifreely, holomorphically on X as isometries with fixed point set $\Sigma$(may be empty) which is a 2-dimension submanifold. Then there is a smooth structure on the quotient X'=X/G such that the projection $\pi$:X$\rightarrow$X' is a Lipschitz map. Let L$\rightarrow$X be the Spin$^c$ -structure on X pulled back from a Spin$^c$-structure L'$\rightarrow$X' and b_2^$+(X')>1. If the Seiberg-Witten invariant SW(L')$\neq$0 of L' is non-zero and $L=E\bigotimesK^-1\bigotimesE$ then there is a G-invariant pseudo-holomorphic curve u:$C\rightarrowX$,/TEX> such that the image u(C) represents the fundamental class of the Poincare dual $c_1$(E). This is an equivariant version of the Taubes' Theorem.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1989

In 1980 and 1983, it was proved that P $D^{2}$-groups are surface groups ([2], [3]). Since then, topologists have been positively studying about P $D^{n}$ -groups (or $D^{n}$ -groups). For example, let a topological space X have a right .pi.-action, where .pi. is a multiplicative group. If each x.memX has an open neighborhood U such that for each u.mem..pi., u.neq.1, U.cap. $U_{u}$ =.phi., this right .pi.-action is said to be proper. In this case, if X/.pi. is compact then (1) .pi.$_{1}$(X/.pi).iden..pi.(X:connected, .pi.$_{1}$: fundamental group) ([4]), (2) if X is a differentiable orientable manifold with demension n and .rho.X (the boundary of X)=.phi. then $H^{k}$ (X;Z).iden. $H_{n-k}$(X;Z), ([6]), where Z is the set of all integers.s.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 2014

Purpose : To evaluate the effect of cervical strengthening exercise on balance ability in healthy adults. Method : The subjects consisted of forty healthy people. The subjects were divided into two group. The control group(n=14) received no exercise and/or stimulation. The cervical strengthening exercise group(n=14) performed therapeutic intervention using cervical exercise for strengthening of cervical spine muscle. The exercise group were accomplished during 6 weeks(2~3set, 5times/week). All tests were completed before and after experiment. The static balance ability was measured by normal standing when subjects open and close their eyes on GOOD BALANCE SYSTEM, respectively. For each case, the experimental data were obtained in 3 items: mean X speed, mean Y speed and velocity moment. Result : The results of this study were as follows; 1. In the exercise group, the statistically significant difference were shown on X speed and Y speed in the case of normal standing when subjects open and close their eyes and X speed, Y speed and velocity moment in the case of normal standing when subjects close their eyes(p<0.05). 2. In control group, the statistically significant difference were not shown on all posture(p>0.05). 3. There were a statistically significant difference in the X speed and Y speed in the case of normal standing when subjects open their eyes between control group and the exercise group(p<0.05). There were a statistically significant difference in the X speed, Y speed and velocity moment in the case of normal standing when subjects close their eyes between control group and exercise group(p<0.05). Conclusion : The above results revealed that therapeutic intervention for muscle strengthening of cervical there were positive changes to balance ability.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.6-13
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• 2019

[Purpose] In this study, we examined the in vitro antioxidant activities and laxative effects of taurine-xylose (T-X), a synthetic taurine-carbohydrate derivative, in a rat model of constipation induced by loperamide. [Methods] The animals were divided into four treatment groups: normal untreated rats (NOR group), loperamide-treated control rats (CON group), loperamide and taurine-xylose (15 mg/kg)-treated rats (T-X group), and loperamide and commercial Dulcolax S (5.5 mg/kg)-treated rats (DS group). [Results] In the present study, T-X exhibited potent reducing power and free radical scavenging activities for DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt) radicals. The laxative effects of T-X were dependent on food, body weight, fecal properties, gastrointestinal transit (GIT) ratio, and serum metabolic parameters. In the T-X group, the number, wet weight, and water content of fecal pellets were noticeably increased compared to those in the loperamide-induced group. T-X treatment significantly increased the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, including those of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), relative to those in loperamide-induced constipated rats. Furthermore, the GIT ratio and loperamide-induced metabolic parameters in serum, including gastrin (GAS), motilin (MTL), and somatostatin (SS) levels, were significantly improved by T-X treatment. [Conclusion] These results suggest that taurine-xylose exerts antioxidant activities and laxative effects on loperamide-induced constipation by promoting gastrointestinal motility.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.310-316
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• 2023

This study aims to predict uncertain future scenarios that may unfold in South Korea in the near future, utilizing the theory of extreme events(X-events). A group of 32 experts, consisting of government emergency planning officers, was selected as the focus group to achieve this objective. Using the Focus Group Interview (FGI) technique, opinions were gathered from this focus group regarding potential X-events that may occur within the advanced science and technology domains over the next 10 years. The analysis of these opinions revealed that government emergency planning officers regarded the "Obsolescence of current technology and systems," particularly in the context of cyber network paralysis as the most plausible X-event within science and technology. They also put forth challenging and intricate opinions, including the emergence of new weapon systems and ethical concerns associated with artificial intelligence (AI). Given that X-events are more likely to emerge in unanticipated areas rather than those that are widely predicted, the results obtained from this study carry significant importance. However, it's important to note that this study is grounded in a limited group of experts, highlighting the necessity for subsequent research involving a more extensive group of experts. This research seeks to stimulate studies on extreme events at a national level and contribute to the preparation for future X-event predictions and strategies for addressing them.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 1971

In an attempt to better understand the effects of whole body X-irradiation on the levels of non-protein sulfhydryl (NP-SH), non-protein disulfide (NP-SS) and oxygen consumption rate $(QO_2)$ of the mouse duodenum, and to clarify the possible radioprotective action of reduced glutathione (GSH), a whole body X-irradiation of 1,000r was given to albino mouse either singularly or immediately after injecting GSH intraperitoneally to mouse 1 mg per gm of body weight. NP-SH was measured by Ellman's method, NP-SS was measured by the electrolytic reduction method described by Dohan and Woodward, and $(QO_2)$ by the Warburg's standard manometric method. The experiment was performed at 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours post-irradiation, and the comparison was made with the control. The results thus obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Comparing with the intrinsic NP-SH level of $3.31{\pm}0.27{\mu}\;mol/gm$ wet weight in the duodenum of the normal mouse, either whale body X-irradiation or injection of GSH alone produced no significant change in NP-SH from the normal. However, when GSH was injected prior to X-irradiation, markedly elevated NP-SH levels were observed throughout the entire experiment with the highest value of $4.70{\pm}0.10$ at 6 experimental hours. 2) The normal value of NP-SS in the mouse duodenum was $1.57{\pm}0.17{\mu}\;mol/gm$ wet weight, while in the group where injection of GSH and X-irradiation were combined, NP-SS increased to $2.36{\pm}0.33$ at 12 hours and $2.15{\pm}0.53$ at 24 hours, showing the intermediate value between the GSH injection group and X·irradiation group. 3) The normal value of $(QO_2)$ was $4.16{\pm}0.73{\mu}l\;O_2/hr./gm$ D.W., and no noticeable change was observed comparing with the GSH injection group. However, in the group where X·irradiation alone was given, $(QO_2)$ of the duodenum increased significantly throughout the entire experiment with the highest value of $6.35{\pm}1.07$ at 6 experimental hours. When GSH was injected before X-irradiation was given, the levels of $(QO_2)$ were in the middle of the GSH injection group and X-irradiation group. 4) The above results suggest that GSH may be effective as a radioprotector in terms of NP-SH, NP-SS and $(QO_2)$ of the mouse duodenum.