• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.56-85
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• 2010

UNESCO World Heritage Programme was introduced following the adoption of Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1972 in order to protect cultural and natural heritage with superb value for all mankind. Despite its short history of less than 40 years, it has been evaluated as one of the most successful of the cultural area projects of UNESCO with 890 world heritage registered worldwide. For systematic protection management of World Heritage, UNESCO, through systemization of registration, emphasis on the importance of preservation management plan, institutionalization of monitoring, and operation of World Heritage Fund, has utilized World Heritage Programme not just as a means of listing excellent cultural properties, but as a preservation planning tool, and accordingly, such policies have had a significant influence on the cultural heritage protection legislations of numerous nations. Korea has ratified World Heritage Convention in 1988, and with the registration of the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty in 2009, it has 9 World Heritage Sites. Twenty years have passed since Korea joined the World Heritage Programme. While World Heritage registration contributed to publicity of the uniqueness and excellence of Korean cultural properties and improvement of Korea's national culture status, it is now time to devise various legislative/systematic improvement means to reconsider the World Heritage registration strategy and establish a systematic preservation management system. While up until now, the Cultural Properties Protection Law has been amended to arrange for basic rules regarding registration and protection of World Heritage Sites, and some local governments have founded bodies exclusive for World Heritage Site management, a more fundamental and macroscopic plan for World Heritage policy improvement must be sought. Projects and programs in each area for reinforcement of World Heritage policy capacity such as: 1) Enactment of a special law for World Heritage Site preservation management; 2) enactment of ordinances for protection of World Heritage Sites per each local government; 3) reinforcement of policies and management functionality of Cultural Heritage Administration and local governments; 4) dramatic increase in the finances of World Heritage Site protection; 5) requirement to establish plan for World Heritage Site preservation protection; 6) increased support for utilization of World Heritage Sites; 7) substantiation and diversification of World Heritage registration; 8) sharing of information and experiences of World Heritage Sites management among local governments; 9) installation of World Heritage Sites integral archive; 10) revitalization of citizen cooperation and resident participation; 11) training specialized resources for World Heritage Sites protection; 12) revitalization of sustainable World Heritage Sites tourism, must be selected and promoted systematically. Regarding how World Heritage Programme should be domestically accepted and developed, the methods for systemization, scientific approach, and specialization of World Heritage policies were suggested per type. In the future, in-depth and specialized researches and studies should follow.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.17-28
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• 2011

This study was conducted to analyze the status of the traditional medicines registered by the Chinese state as intangible cultural heritages, and of Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion registered by UNESCO as world intangible cultural heritages in 2010, in connection with the need to have Traditional Korean Medicine skills similarly registered as world intangible cultural heritage items. Since UNESCO's adoption of the Convention on the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritages in 2003, the Chinese government has pushed ahead with efforts to explore and protect intangible cultural heritage items and have them registered as world intangible cultural heritages. Thus, Benchaogangmu (本草綱目) and Huangdineijing (黃帝內經) were listed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register while Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion were registered as world intangible cultural heritage properties. For Traditional Korean Medicine skills to be listed as world intangible cultural heritage properties, steps should be taken first to include the skills in the list of domestic intangible cultural heritage items and to make further explorations in the sector. Such efforts are also important in terms of the need to establish the legitimacy of Traditional Korean Medicines.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.154-165
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• 2015

Common issues in research and policy on cultural heritage can be extracted among Eurasian countries although countries in the region show different colors of policies and studies. Among them one thing peculiar to Central Asian countries is that in general they do not have well delineated laws and regulations on the protection of cultural heritage. It may be because they had no enough time and experience to legislate and implement relevant laws and regulations ever since they got independence. Research on cultural heritage in Central Asian countries is often made in cooperation with foreign institutions. As shown in archaeological excavation projects in Central Asian countries, cooperative projects exceed noncooperative ones in terms of size and longevity. UNESCO, through its projects on the Serial and Transboundary World Heritage Nomination of the Silk Roads in Central Asia, also supports countries in Central Asia and others along the Silk Road in order to facilitate inclusion of their cultural heritages in the Tentative List of the World Heritage. With regard to activities on the protection of cultural heritage, while respective countries in Central Asia have made good efforts, they could not produce effective outcomes due to short of budget and specialized manpower. They have rich resources of cultural and documentary heritage but their registered heritages on the UNESCO's World Heritage List and Memory of the World are under-represented because of short of technology and experience among other things. A new trend in cultural heritage studies that combined cultural heritage with tourism has merged in recent years. While some critics have raised some negative questions, this new fashion became popular and will continue with the support of governments of Silk Road countries. In conclusion, Korean institutions are further encouraged to organize cooperative networks for research and policy with respective Eurasian countries.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.36
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• pp.86-96
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• 2015

From the Asia Cooperation Program on Conservation Science(ACPCS) of National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage(NRICH), I gained conservation and management experience and knowledges which are highly applicable at the Vat Phou World Heritage site. Firstly, Check list, Mapping, Tape Test and Digital Image Analysis are simple and useful methods which can be introduced to the site directly. If we can get chance to learn more about GIS program, GIS based Database Management System would also be very liable to put into practical use since the site office has been already using the program for general purpose. Lastly, there are more other methods which can diversify the studies on cultural heritage conservation in Laos; Rebound Hardness Test, Ultrasonic Test, Infrared Thermography, XRF Analysis and Hyperspectral Image Analysis etc. To realize those research however, new equipments are needed along with proper education so more cooperation between Korea and Lao would be essential.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.321-329
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• 2017

Baekje Historic Areas were inscribed on the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List unanimously at the 2015 World Heritage Committee held in Bonn, Germany. There are three ramparts in Beakje Historic Areas; Gongsansung fortress in Gong-ju, Busosangsung fortress and the outer city wall in Buyeo. The purpose of this study is to research the use plan and the condition of the conservation and management for enhancing values of the World Cultural Heritage. This paper analyses basic survey, repair, documentation, conservation, management, and the cases of the utilizing these fortresses through literatures and a field studies. This study, based on the management and use of Baekje fortresses, could give implications for the conservation, management, and use of other fortresses.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.22-37
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• 2016

This research sought to examine the strategies of cultural heritage proving the negative history to be registered as world heritage, among the World Heritages registered in UNESCO. Therefore, to comprehend "negative history"and the heritages with "instructive value," the new term of "Remembrance Heritage"was suggested, and such cases of world heritage were analyzed. Especially by analyzing the criteria of being registered by focusing on the cases of similar World Heritages with similar historical background or form as Korean DMZ, the criteria of OUV that may be applied when Korean DMZ is promoted to be registered as World Heritage. The research results may be summarized as the following. First of all, Remembrance Heritage is a place in which events of universal significance have occurred, rather than the historical, artistic, landscape, and scholastic value of the heritage itself, and was evaluated as architecture, landscape, or place in which the events or historical steps could be verified through architectural, landscape, archaeological or technical means. Secondly, Remembrance Heritage was often applied to be registered with the criterion (vi), and criterion (iii) or criterion (iv). Thirdly, in case of the Korean DMZ, application of criterion (iv) as heritage proving the age of cold war and criterion (vi) as symbolic value of peace may be possible.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.611-628
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• 2017

As a plan for establishing Korea's cultural identity and its competitive edge in the world market and for enhancing Korea's cultural status, creative and unique high value-added cultural products need to be developed utilizing our inherent cultural assets. Accordingly, this study focused on the development of the design of fashion cultural products that utilize the convergence of Hangeul our peculiar font style and Korea's cultural heritage, which is registered as part of UNESCO's World Heritage. A design method was devised that converges archetypal images of cultural property with the unique Hangeul font in a way that targets Korea's symbolic architectures. The symbolic architecture includes Korea's world-heritage pagoda architecture, such as Seokgatap pagoda and Dabotap pagoda at Bulguksa temple. It also included the architecture of royal palace, such as Injeongjeon hall at Changdeokgung palace. Finally, it also included the architecture of the fortress wall, such as Paldalmun gate in Hwaseong fortress. Thus, by developing cultural assets made from a convergence between architecture and the Hangeul font as a consumer-product image that has universality, the possibility of cultural products was pursued by applying color planning after an analysis that involved extracting the compositional colors of the flags of the world. This research and approach will lead to opportunities for further progress for Korea's cultural products in the global market as a results of additional recognition for their value, excellence, and universal appeal.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.6-20
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• 2023

The World Heritage Subcommittee of the Cultural Heritage Administration which examine The World Heritage Subcommittee of the Cultural Heritage Administration which The World Heri The World Heritage Subcommittee of the Cultural Heritage Administration which examined the Placenta Chamber of King Sejong's Princes applied for the world heritage priority list in 2020 recommended expanding it to the royal placenta chambers of Joseon distributed nationwide for successive registration instead of registering the Seongju placenta chamber only. On account of that, the issue of selecting items has become one of the important topics to be discussed in the registration of world heritages. Accordingly, this researcher investigated the subjects of successive registration based on such conditions as excellent universal value, heritage protection and management, authenticity, and completeness among the real estate cultural properties demanded by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. First, 22 placenta chambers, the real estate cultural properties designated as cultural properties and protected and managed by the state and local governments, are subject to it. Second, it seems that placenta chambers that can be restored through research and historical investigation and become designated as cultural properties can additionally be added. Third, items such as the Seosamneung Royal Tombs built by Lee Wang-jik in the Japanese colonial era or Seongjong Placenta Chamber relocated as an example to realize the completeness of Joseon's Royal Placenta Chambers can be included as well. Meanwhile, many of the items designated as cultural properties are not in the original location, and they can be divided into those that were relocated for the intentions of the Japanese Empire and those that were not. Therefore, the researcher insists that it is necessary to select and add items with which we can understand the historicity in the relocation of placenta chambers during the Japanese colonial era and also to quickly designate those that have not been designated as cultural properties yet. Therefore, regardless of designation as cultural heritage, local governments must promote both restoration and designation and strive to include them in the list of successive registration of world heritages grounded on thorough historical investigation. Moreover, to add them to the list of successive registration of world heritages, the Cultural Heritage Administration and local governments should promote continuous research and genuine restoration of individual placenta chambers.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.264-279
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• 2023

The 50th anniversary of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention was in 2022. In order to reflect on the present and future of the meaning of World Heritage, this paper examines the development and changes of the UNESCO World Heritage system. After promulgating the convention in 1972, the UNESCO World Heritage system prioritized the protection of heritage sites in the world that were at risk due to armed conflicts and natural disasters to bequeath heritage to the next generation. In addition, the UNESCO World Heritage's emphasis on Outstanding Universal Value represents the particular culture of human beings formed during a certain period of time, and acts as a significant source of soft power in public diplomacy. The UNESCO World Heritage might be perceived as a shared heritage that has not only become a channel to understand various national values, but also an effective medium to convey one of UNESCO's main principles, that is, peacebuilding. However, the UNESCO World Heritage is now at the center of conflicts of heritage interpretation between many stakeholders related to invisible wars, such as cultural wars, memory wars, and history wars as the social, political, and cultural contexts concerning World Heritage have dramatically shifted with the passing of time. Paying attention to such changing contexts, this paper seeks to understand the main developments in UNESCO World Heritage's discourse concerning changes to the World Heritage Operation Guidelines and heritage experts' meetings by dividing its 50-year history into five phases. Next, this paper analyzes the main shifts in keywords related to UNESCO World Heritage through UNESDOC, which is a platform on which all UNESCO publications are available. Finally, this paper discusses three main changes of UNESCO World Heritage: 1) changes in focus in World Heritage inscriptions, 2) changes in perception of World Heritage protection, and 3) changes of view on the role of the stakeholders in World Heritage. It suggests new emerging issues regarding heritage interpretation and ethics, climate change, and human rights.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.54-71
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• 2018

This year marks the 40th anniversary of the first inscription of 12 UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1978. Based on an overview of the implementation of the 'Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage', this article examines the current issues of the inscription of cultural heritage over the past 40 years. In particular, this paper focuses on the case study of 'Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Munakata Region' nominated by Japan, which was inscribed on the World Heritage List at the 41st World Heritage Committee in 2017. Also, it demonstrates the recent trend and investigates the issues of imbalances in the evaluation and the decisions among relevant actors in the nomination process of World Heritage. Furthermore, this article attempts to derive feasible implications and lessons, and to generate heritage discourse by examining Japan's management in 'heritage diplomacy' of the World Heritage Convention, which is rapidly changing in the course of its nearly half a century of implementation. In conclusion, the research is expected to provide Korea with strategic guidance marking the 30th anniversary of its entry into the Convention, and to steer the future direction for the inscription and conservation of cultural heritage.