• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.121-157
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• 2024

This study explored the essence of psychological burnout experiences due to emotional contagion using a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. In-depth interviews were conducted on 9 participants who work in fields that are subject to emotional contagion. Data analysis was conducted by using van Manen's methodology, insisting that the pure description of an experience can be enriched by adding interpretation. The emotional contagion experiences were identified through this process and the findings were categorized into 3 core themes, 8 essential themes, and 35 subthemes. The first core theme is "emotions in constant exchange". This theme included two essential themes: 'various channels of emotional contagion' and 'subjective states that change depending on the transmitted emotions'. The second core theme, "filtering the experience of emotional contagion" included the essential themes of 'the characteristics susceptible to the emotions of others', 'attitudes of spreading negative emotions' and 'situations that makes one feel overwhelmed by emotions'. The final core theme, "from burnout by emotional contagion to communication" was categorized into the following essential themes: 'burnout-inducing entangled interactions', 'moving toward communication and connection' and 'recovery after psychological burnout'. Finally, the implications and suggestions for future research were discussed by summarizing the core contents of each themes.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.21-43
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• 2008

The task network which is formed of different individuals can be recognized as a social network. Therefore, the way to communicate with people inside or outside the network has considerable influence on their outcome. Moreover, the position on which a member stands in a network shows the different effects of the information systems supporting communication with others. In this paper, it is to be studied how personal CMC (computer-mediated communication) tools affect the mission that those who work for a network perform through diverse task networks. Especially, we focused on synchronicity of CMC. On this score, the perspective of Media Synchronicity Theory was taken that had been suggested by criticizing Media Richness Theory. It is the objective, from this perspective, to find which characteristics of networks make the value of IT supporting synchronicity high. In the research trends of social networks, there have been two traditional perspectives to explain the effect of network: embeddedness and diversity ones. These differ from the aspect which type of social network can provide much more economic benefits. As similar studies have been reported by various researchers, these are also divided into the bonding and bridging views which are based on internal and external tie, respectively, Size, density, and centrality were measured as the characteristics of personal task networks. Size means the level of relationship between members. It is the total number of other colleagues who work with a specific member for a certain project. It means, the larger the size of task network, the more the number of coworkers who interact each other through the job. Density is the ratio of the number of relationships arranged actually to the total number of available ones. In an ego-centered network, it is defined as the ratio of the number of relationship made really to the total number of possible ones between members who are actually involved each other. The higher the level of density, the larger the number of projects on which the members collaborate. Centrality means that his/her position is on the exact center of whole network. There are several methods to measure it. In this research, betweenness centrality was adopted among them. It is measured by the position on which one member stands between others in a network. The determinant to raise its level is the shortest geodesic that represents the shortest distance between members. Centrality also indicates the level of role as a broker among others. To verify the hypotheses, we interviewed and surveyed a group of employees of a nationwide financial organization in which a groupware system is used. They were questioned about two CMC applications: MSN with a higher level of synchronicity and email with a lower one. As a result, the larger the size of his/her own task network, the smaller its density and the higher the level of his/her centrality, the higher the level of the effect using the task network with CMC tools. Above all, this positive effect is verified to be much more produced while using CMC applications with higher-level synchronicity. Among the a variety of situations under which the use of CMC gives more benefits, this research is considered as one of rare cases regarding the characteristics of task network as moderators by focusing ITs for the operation of his/her own task network. It is another contribution of this research to prove empirically that the values of information system depend on the social, or comparative, characteristic of time. Though the same amount of time is shared, the social characteristics of users change its value. In addition, it is significant to examine empirically that the ITs with higher-level synchronicity have the positive effect on productivity. Many businesses are worried about the negative effect of synchronous ITs, for their employees are likely to use them for personal social activities. However. this research can help to dismiss the concern against CMC tools.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2018

Objectives : Firefighters frequently experience traumatic events, high-tension situations and shift work. Therefore, the prevalence of insomnia of firefighters is higher than one of general population. Not only does the quality of sleep affect the satisfaction of personal life, but it also influences their performance for the public's safety. We investigated which factors affect the quality of sleep of firefighters. Methods : After personally delivering 120 questionnaires to 3 fire stations, the survey was conducted when the consents were signed. It inquired about alcohol use, smoking, shift work, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and experience of traumatic events. We then divided the firefighting officers in two groups according to the quality of sleep and compared the variables examined to conduct the logistic regression analyses according to the results. Results : The poor sleeper group reported a higher level of current alcohol consumption, depression, anxiety and experience of traumatic events. Logistic regression analyses showed that the current alcohol intake (Crude odds ratio=3.707, 95% confidence interval=1.288-10.672, p=0.015 ; Adjusted odds ratio=3.288, 95% confidence interval=1.011-10.694, p=0.048) has a significant effect on sleep quality. Conclusions : Current alcohol consumption, depression, anxiety and experience of traumatic events were respectively associated with sleep quality of firefighters. When all significant factors considered, the current alcohol use was the only statistically significant. To improve the quality of sleep for firefighters, it will be necessary to evaluate alcohol intake, educate the poor sleep quality caused by alcohol, and provide specific interventions to reduce consumption.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.12
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• pp.65-96
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• 2007

Today, the modern art is extremely diverse. It is denying its own boundary through chaos, extreme, abjection. In fact the diversity of the modern art can be best described as questioning and challenging to the essence of the reality, rather than the artistic pursuit of the beauties. The pursuit of the reality has been a long lasting discourse since the ancient. Through the history, the reality (referent) and representation (image) has been complementing and disposing each other in a relationship of a meaningful construction until the modern times. The limit of modernistic self-reference and the emergence of the figure leads to the emergence of Post-modernism in a trend of experimenting new visual arts. The return to the figure is clearly distinguished from existing representation's system and it brought new meanings to approaches and interpretations of the reality. In the case of Pop arts of 1960's and the following the modern sculptures, which is covered by this thesis, I put an emphasis on the diversification of those via changed strategies on the reality. In a situation where the reality is dictated by signified, the modern arts can no longer stay on a classic concept of representation, rather it pursuits new system and diverse strategies. I provide three types of strategic characters of the reality and the diversification of reality: the transition of the reality. These three types can be used as a frame work, which is supporting new aspects of the modern arts in reflecting on existing system. Therefore, the reason of categorizing is to distinguish modernistic arts and post modernistic arts, and to propose new post-modernistic discourses. Adapting J.F, Lyotard's view, absence is used to trace down the diversification of the reality thorough the sublime on the deconstruction of the mega discourses and the relationship of representation. Based on H. Faster's theory of the appropriation, the appropriation is used to exemplify the strategies of visual arts are in variations and being delayed. Lastly, in the transition, J. Baudrilliard's simulacre is used in terms of the concept of post modernistic representation. Based on the core of his theories, the deconstruction of existing concepts and simulation as the post modernistic representation, and the world of hyperreality based on simulacre are explained. These allows us to deny that representation is the expression of reality through mimesis. My aim is to work on the definition of the arts and representation in the modern era, and go further from there in order to clarify meaning and extension of the modern sculptures. Now two artists are reviewed based on their own art works: George Seagal; Jeff Koons. They are selected among numerous artists from the Post Modern era. Epic contents and emphasis on daily life of Seagal's works show good examples to artists from Pop Arts and following time period and may have served as a start point for Postmodernism. Indeed, he tried to show a newly defined relationship between art works and daily life experience. On the other hand, J.Koons used the strategies of fabrication and appropriation, which shows characteristics of the postmodernism. Through his four individual exhibitions, he shows the diversification of the reality based on art works as fetishistic merchandises, and newly defined concept of Ready-made since M Duchamp. Lastly, the diversification of the reality is analyzed again in context of my art works. I focused on the return to the figure among a variety of trends of late 20 th century modern sculpture. It showed the post modernistic point of view on the reality. Post modernistic diversified strategies are adopted as a method of distinguishing each art works via the diversification of the reality. This is the result of contemporary social and cultural situations.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-51
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• 2001

This study is aimed at examining the ethical values of EMT students. The results below are based on the revised questionnaires, which can be applicable to EMT from the original questionnaires developed by Lee(1990), with a sample of 124 students consisting of 63 first and 61 second year students, conducted November 2-8, 2001. Data were analyzed using SPSS in terms of means, standard deviations, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results are as follows: 1. In the area of Human life, all subjects showed utilitarian disposition. All respondents perceived the item "When patients recognizing there is no hope for survival ask for euthanasia, it is ethically right to accommodate their opinions." as the most utilitarian item, whereas they perceived the item "When an hopeless patient is on cardiac arrest, it is ethically right to do CPR as the most deontoogical item. 2. In the area of patient relationship, all students of two groups took on deontoogical characteristics, but there were no statistically significant differences between two groups. All students perceived an item "EMT have to keep it secret if patients disclose their suicide intentions and ask for absolute secrecy" the most utilitarian item, whereas they perceived an item "Even though patients act and speak in a very rude manner, EMT people should do their best to provide care for patients." as the most deontoogical item. 3. In the area of task relationship, first year students perceived an item "Given time limitations, it is ethically right to give priority to the patients who can be rehabilitated over the patients who can't be fully recovered." as the most utilitarian item, whereas second year students perceived an item "Under no circumstances should any placebo be administered to patients." as the most utilitarian item. All students perceived an item "When EMT students see an unconscious person lying in the street, they have to give him/her emergency treatment." as the most deontoogical item. 4. In the area of coworker relationship, all students of two groups took on deontoogical disposition, but there were no significant differences between two groups. All students of two groups perceived an item "Suppose you are regarded as the person who would be promoted. However, you think that your coworker is more competent than you. In that case you should tell your supervisor about your coworker." as the most utilitarian item. First year students perceived an item, whereas second year students perceived an item "When you observe coworkers' misconduct at work, it is ethically right to ignore their misdeeds." as the most deontoogical item. 5. This study demonstrated that for the first year students, there is a correlational relationship between areas of human life and task relationship, and between areas of task relationship and coworker relationship, whereas for the second year students, there is a correlational relationship between areas of human life and task relationship. 6. In areas of human life and task relationship, there are significant differences according to attitudes toward EMT and attendance at ethics training sessions. In the area of coworker relationship, there are significant differences according to religion, attendance at ethics training sessions, and a code of ethics. Recommendations for future research, 1. Sample items to measure ethical values and the instrument tailored to the needs of EMT should be developed. 2. A longitudinal study to track ethical value changes according to the amount of work experience is needed. 3. A code of ethics and/or ethics training, which could apply in actual situations, should be implemented.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.354-365
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• 1993

The purpose of this investigation is to point out the physical fixation and stability of banking slopes of forest roads by invasion of trees. We investigated the situations of sediment discharge and coverage of invaded trees at banking slopes of forest roads. The coverage of invaded trees were calculated from crown injection based on the stable slope and was compared with length of slope, slope gradient, and passage years after construction of forest road. 1. We investigated on the sediment discharge and the invasion of trees at banking slopes, which were actually observed 8 forest roads of Kyonggi-Do and Kangwon-Do. 2. There was no physical stability of the banking slope due to the surface erosion and slope failure, but the tree invasions were active at the stable plots. 3. The length of slope was constructed to 4.0m to 61.0m and recent forest road was mainly constructed to the slopes longer than 30m. There was strong regional effect between the length of slope and the coverage of invaded trees and the above two factors were inversely proportional to each other. 4. There was no significant relationship between the slope gradient and the coverage of invaded trees and the slope constructed within the angle of repose showed the relatively high coverage of invaded trees. 5. There was no significant relationship between the passage years and the coverage of invaded trees in the same investigative region after the construction of forest road. But there was a gradually increasing relationship of tree invasion between above two factors. However, there was some limitation to expect the invasion of the tree species. 6. In the light of the above results, we suggest that the construction of forest road may need foundation work and vegetation work simultaneously for the physical stability to make the environment of tree plantation and that the reasonable increase of construction cost of forest road may be prior to the other factors.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.1154-1169
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• 2013

The present work was performed to find behavioral characteristics of elementary school students corresponding to the motivation system on science learning (SL-BIS/BAS; Behavioral Inhibition/Activation System about Science Learning) in the observation situation. Eye-tracking was used for this study, which is one of the neurophysiological methods. The findings of present study were as follows: First, students who have sensitive motivation system to SL-BIS (SL-BIS group) showed meaningfully shorter fixation duration the whole time during an observation task than students who have sensitive motivation system to SL-BAS (SL-BAS group) (p<.05). Total fixation counts of SL-BIS group were significantly larger than SL-BAS group and it indicates that SL-BIS group often generated new fixations. Therefore, fixation duration per count of SL-BAS group was longer than that of SLBIS group. Second, we studied fixations in situations with movement corresponding to the motivation system on science learning. SL-BIS group and SL-BAS group exhibited similar fixation duration in the study task segment with movement, which is one of the stimulus attracting students. However, for the study task segment when the movement was finished, total fixation duration and fixation duration per count of SL-BAS group were meaningfully longer than those of SL-BIS group. Third, comparing fixation targets classified by factors of study task, SL-BIS group showed fixation on the target that is not important for the study task. But SL-BAS group concentrated on the target-related factor of the study task. The present work could be helpful in understanding students' characteristics corresponding to the motivation system on science learning in observation situation and for making a learning & teaching plan that is suitable to the feature of students.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.99-120
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• 2010

Due to the wide spread of customers' frequent access of non face-to-face services, there have been many attempts to improve customer satisfaction using huge amounts of data accumulated throughnon face-to-face channels. Usually, a call center is regarded to be one of the most representative non-faced channels. Therefore, it is important that a call center has enough agents to offer high level customer satisfaction. However, managing too many agents would increase the operational costs of a call center by increasing labor costs. Therefore, predicting and calculating the appropriate size of human resources of a call center is one of the most critical success factors of call center management. For this reason, most call centers are currently establishing a department of WFM(Work Force Management) to estimate the appropriate number of agents and to direct much effort to predict the volume of inbound calls. In real world applications, inbound call prediction is usually performed based on the intuition and experience of a domain expert. In other words, a domain expert usually predicts the volume of calls by calculating the average call of some periods and adjusting the average according tohis/her subjective estimation. However, this kind of approach has radical limitations in that the result of prediction might be strongly affected by the expert's personal experience and competence. It is often the case that a domain expert may predict inbound calls quite differently from anotherif the two experts have mutually different opinions on selecting influential variables and priorities among the variables. Moreover, it is almost impossible to logically clarify the process of expert's subjective prediction. Currently, to overcome the limitations of subjective call prediction, most call centers are adopting a WFMS(Workforce Management System) package in which expert's best practices are systemized. With WFMS, a user can predict the volume of calls by calculating the average call of each day of the week, excluding some eventful days. However, WFMS costs too much capital during the early stage of system establishment. Moreover, it is hard to reflect new information ontothe system when some factors affecting the amount of calls have been changed. In this paper, we attempt to devise a new model for predicting inbound calls that is not only based on theoretical background but also easily applicable to real world applications. Our model was mainly developed by the interactive decision tree technique, one of the most popular techniques in data mining. Therefore, we expect that our model can predict inbound calls automatically based on historical data, and it can utilize expert's domain knowledge during the process of tree construction. To analyze the accuracy of our model, we performed intensive experiments on a real case of one of the largest car insurance companies in Korea. In the case study, the prediction accuracy of the devised two models and traditional WFMS are analyzed with respect to the various error rates allowable. The experiments reveal that our data mining-based two models outperform WFMS in terms of predicting the amount of accident calls and fault calls in most experimental situations examined.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.270-285
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• 2016

Various opinions and discussions have been actively in progress which are connected with cultural heritage since 'Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs' was announced by UN Sustainable Development Summit 2015 as Post-2015 Development Agenda. Apart from SDGs, conservation of cultural heritage itself stands on the basis of sustainability that originality, characteristic, diversity of cultural heritage should be permanently preserved. From that point of view, it is necessary to understand practical ODA for cultural heritage, far from theoretical approaches and policies. This paper is intended to look into the domestic and overseas situation related to ODA of Asian cultural heritage and the mentioned problems, future plans and challenges. First, the background and concepts about ODA were described and then ODA projects which have been carried out by Japan and China as typical ODA countries for Southeast Asia were introduced. ODA of cultural heritage in Korea has relatively recently started for restoration work for historic sites of Laos and Cambodia and its scale and performance do not come to much yet. Therefore, to develop ODA of cultural heritage, there are suggestions as in the followings. First, it is necessary to have a long-term master plan of ODA projects for sustainability of cultural heritage. Second, based on the view from the long-term perspective, the selection and focus for ODA partner countries should be considered, avoiding short-term projects aiming at a number of countries. Not widespread existing projects by other countries, but the model of Korean ODA for cultural heritage only Korea can conduct should be prepared. The next thing is connection with sustainability, and ultimately the conservation of cultural heritage should result in benefit to the natives by giving an impetus to economy as well as fostering tourism of local areas. To accomplish that connection, educational training and building capacity are suggested as the most suitable alternatives. Cultural heritage of each country reflects its indigenous originality and characteristics, therefore, the restoration work should be conducted by people in each country as the best way. From this point of view, ACPCS held by National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage will take a role of a specialized training program in Korean way. Lastly, establishment of a control tower for ODA in Korea is necessary. JCIC(Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage), which was set up in Japan for sharing information, establishment of cooperation system and prevention of overlapped projects will be an example we can take into consideration.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.193-206
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• 2023

In a workplace, workers exhaust their resources due to workplace adversity or acquire resources through job-related passion. The purpose of this study is to verify the factors that affect the conversion of workers to entrepreneurs and through what paths entrepreneurial intention is generated. To this end, the effects of workplace adversity and job-related passion on entrepreneurial intention were explored with workers in Korea. Also, by empirically analyzing the effects of workplace adversity and job-related passion on entrepreneurial intention through the mediation of job-related creativity, this author attempted to derive the factors and implications associated with the conversion of workers to entrepreneurs. Analyzing 333 workers' data acquired through online surveys with the statistical packages of SPSS and AMOS, this study has gained the following results. First, workplace adversity is found to have positive(+) effects on entrepreneurial intention. This implies that workplace adversity that is negatively regarded is rather a crucial variable that increases entrepreneurial intention. Second, workplace adversity has positive(+) effects on job-related creativity. It means that job-related creativity is an effective factor to overcome workplace adversity. Third, job-related passion is found to have positive(+) effects on entrepreneurial intention. The passion to concentrate on the resources secured is an important factor to elevate entrepreneurial intention. Fourth, job-related passion is verified to have positive(+) effects on job-related creativity. It implies that creative methods can be effective in achieving the goal. Fifth, job-related creativity is found to have positive(+) effects on entrepreneurial intention. Creativity is an intention or action that precedes starting up a business, and it is judged that high job-related creativity reflects high expectation about the possibility of success in starting up a business. Sixth, job-related creativity is found to have mediating effects in correlation between workplace adversity and entrepreneurial intention. Seventh, job-related creativity is found to have mediating effects in correlation between job-related passion and entrepreneurial intention. This means that job-related creativity is an effective factor to alleviate the adversity of workers and increase job-related passion in the process of becoming entrepreneurs. Academically, there were few previous studies related to the adversity of workers in Korea. As this study targets office workers, it can be said that it is a differentiated study extending the range of subjects. Also, practically, it has been learned that negative workplace adversity, too, is an important variable that affect entrepreneurial intention positively. This is practically meaningful in terms of office workers' career management because even in adverse situations that are negative, starting up a business through work experiences may work as an alternative.