• The Magazine of the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.103-108
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• 1987

The heat transfer processes taking place in the side wall of a thermocline enclosure have been analyzed for idealized conditions based on the assumption that, at any instant time, side wall heat transfer processses are independent of the thermocline bulk motion. However, the axial tempera-ture distribution in the thermocline core provides the means for specifying the liquid medium-side boundary condition to the enclosure side wall. A picture is drawn which reflects the side wan response to thermocline bulk motion within the frame work of a quasi-steady analytic approach. For valves of the parameters typical of systems of engineering interest, the analysis shows that a significant amount of heat transfer short - circuiting can take place along the side wall enclosure. This phenomenon is favored by high values of $H_l$ and low values of P and $H_g$ respec-tively. The location of the point of zero normal heat flux on the side wan can be expected to mark, approximately, the region of confluence of two sidewall boundary flows respectively driven by the buoyant effects.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.3 s.61
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• pp.63-74
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• 2005

Modern society is diversified society and is under complicated situation as the boundary of each area has been disappeared. To understand and accept such complicated situation as widely as possible, it is required to understand interaction. of receiver with intertextual environmental arts as the structure of open text. This study examined interaction of environmental arts in terms of intertextual feature based on experience of receiver on combined element of different space and time, combination of genres. This is the concept of meaning personal experience or situation as receiver participates the process of completing art works, and set the fantasy, post-place and speciality of location and temporal-spatial expression method, as characteristics of intertextuality. Features of such experience elements are used as methodology of analyzing characteristics of each work. Feature of fantasy uses strategy of inducing spatial experience of receiver with dematerialization for post-place and expands the place where events occur with intervention of contingency and event situation. It suggests the spatial-temporal expression method as the features focusing on process and reflecting changes in spatial-temporal continuum and speciality of place emphasizing context of place. In conclusion, environmental arts needs to be deep rooted on complicated existence aspect of receiver beyond metaphysical dimension depending on presence and to accomplish conversion of awareness of supplying bisection of life from that place. By doing so, environmental arts can live textual life as it gets together with all other texts in terms of text dimension and creativity can be reborn as practical creativity in intertextuality rather than uniqueness. Such combination with other areas and acceptance of various aspects of receivers who see and experience this will result to creation of open works which can be create newly over and over again in multi-dimensional aspects.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.255-264
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• 2022

With the development of information and communication technology, smart devices, and COVID-19 pandemic, organizations and individuals using Smart Work are increasing. Constant connectivity has become commonplace while using smart devices such as smart phone and tablet PC, and based on this, workers can communicate and exchange data and information anytime, anywhere, resulting in increased job autonomy in determining method, time, and place to work. However, existing Smart Work research has the following limitations: the concept of job autonomy developed in the industrialization era of the 1970s is still used, job autonomy is verified in unidimensionality, and the paradoxical 'tied autonomy' in the context of Smart Work is not demonstrated. In order to overcome these limitations, this study examined the literature that demonstrated job autonomy in a Smart Work situation. Through literature research, this study suggested how previous studies have dealt with job autonomy in Smart Work context, how to develop the type of autonomy according to the Smart Work situation, and directions for future empirical research.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.21 no.4 s.62
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

This research is based on self-filling survey which 220 dental hygienists who work in seoul participated on July 2006 through August 2006. This survey was analyzed the experience item and occurred time of the symptoms and the time of acute and vanish of the symptoms that dental office's working environment effects on physical subjective symptom. We suggest a plan to minimizing physical subjective symptom for health manage of dental hygienist. We found out the fact that dental hygienists were unsatisfied with hospital air condition and this polluted air condition cause them physical subjective symptom in work place. As follows analyzed results ventilation time is below the 3-times a day, this may be have some trouble in indoor air quality. The experience the symptoms level is higher then non-experience level in "Fatigue and sleepiness", "Dorsalgia, omarthralgia, cervicodynia", "Hypersensitivity", "Dry eye, itch, smarting", "Headaches" and a subjective symptom is occurred at after 11:00(am) more then 60%, 50% of the dental hygienist. This experience the symptom' pain is vanished after the work and reduced when go out the office and building, respectively. The ratio of the experience the symptoms and starting time the symptoms is anywhere from 12 noon to 4 pm (73.2%) in a day. The time of acute pain the symptoms is anywhere from 12 noon to 4 pm (78.7%) refer to the individual characteristics and work environment.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2015

The purposes of this study are to analyze the problems of the elderly using kitchens by ergonomic work evaluation methods, and to make suggestions for planning and remodeling of the kitchens for the elderly. The work evaluation methods which used in this study were direct-observing methods, which contained the process of 2 or 3 times each visiting to four different houses where elderly people live. For direct-observing methods, analyzing with movement observations and observation methods with photos and videos were used. Characteristics of subject elderly people and problems of their kitchens were analyzed by static measurements, interviews, pictures, and videos. The data, which are recorded movements of the preparing meal of the elderly were analyzed by playing it back repeatedly. As results, physical characteristics of the elderly was the most important consideration; a participant with the arthritical knee was limping at the kitchen entrance due to the difference of the floor level, and a user with a bent back was working on the floor or place an elbow on the worktable to support her body. Those results made a conclusion about the common problems of the kitchens, and suggested the check list which has to be considered when designing the elderly using kitchen.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.141-152
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• 2008

This study reviews a family-friendly system of companies from the viewpoint of family resource management. The concept of a family-friendly system in the workplace means that the strategy 'supports the family' or 'is sensitive to the family life' and recognizes a need for balance between work and family. The suggestions proposed in this study were as follows: First, the direction of a family-friendly system must reflect the needs of the family members positively and recognize diversity. Second, it must consider efficient methods relating to the matter of the gender because a corporate culture enabling men to use childcare leave has not grown, even in family companies. Third, the directions to check the present developing process of our society and to develop the suitable way to each company must be shown. This study has proposed that the subjects must solve immediately in the future with understanding the contents and looking around the status of the enforcement at the inside and outside of the country for a family-friendly system to handle the balance between work and family in the workplace. The problems were the context of the introductions and the results of balancing between work and family no matter whether the introduction of the system by company or not.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.16-30
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• 2008

Rapid change of surroundings has been influencing the work environment for cooks, making it more convenient; however, there are still many difficulties to improve. Especially, cooks are exposed to lots of occupational diseases due to tension and pressure as well as noise, high temperature and humidity in their work place. This study examines cooks' operational exhaustion caused by cooking operation and cooking circumstances. The analyzed result shows the job fatigue related to the general features of the cooks(such as charged cooking part, types of engaged business, class of position, cooking career, and working hours). For example, pains on the neck, back, arms and wrist are mostly affected by the charged cooking parts. Effects related to the types of engaged business, backaches usually occurred in Catering, pains in shoulder from serving at hotels and eye-tiredness from meal serving. As for working hours, most of backaches occurred from over 13-hour-work, and pains in shoulder and eye-tiredness under 8-hour-work. Pains in legs, tiredness, and the change of weight do not have any relations withthe general features of the cooks statistically(p>0.05).

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.121-128
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• 2021

In this work, a noble walkway approach suitable for Saudi Arabia (SA) towards its aim to develop a wide range of smart cities is considered scientifically. This work intends to minimize the errors at each level by testing the events that take place in the walkway environment. similarly, the minimum requirements to develop a walkway to the additional features to be considered while designing a walkway are discussed in this paper with sensitive areas such as environmental factors, healthcare issues, patients visiting the walkways, etc. The applications of different monitoring devices such as CCTV's, global positioning systems (GPS), etc. are carefully addressed to help the proposed method for improving the monitoring activities of a variety of events that possibly cause problems to a common man. The ultimate goal of this work to ensure a safe and satisfied journey of pedestrians while they come for a walk with all suitable safety measures. The safety measures included in this work are for pollution, noise, temperature, humidity and traffic jams on the roads. To improve the accuracy and to test the proposed approach some polices are defined and will be tested for the consistency of the proposed system. The obtained accuracy of the proposed system is proved to be far better with an accuracy of 93% improvement in the results.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of cadmium, nickel and chromium in the air of the work-place, blood of and urine of workers and compare the level of those heavy metals by the duration of work, work-place, process of work, smoking and other factors. In this study, 48 male dental laboratory technicans and 72 office workers as the control group were subjected. The concentration of cadmium, nickel and chromium in their blood sand urine, and that of heavy metals in the air of their work-rooms were examined and analyzed from June I 1987 to September 30, 1987. The results were as follows : 1. The concentration of cadmium in the air was the highest in the porcelain part, $0.0087{\pm}0.0016mg/m^3$, that of nickel was the highest in the crown bridge part, $0.4253{\pm}0.0052mg/m^3$, and that of chrnmium was highest in the partial denture part, $0.1063{\pm}0.0024mg/m^3$. 2. cadmium, nickel and chromium concentrations in the blood and urine of dental laboratory techincians were higher that in the office workers'. Especially the concentration of cadmium in the blood($1.92{\pm}1.23{\mu}g$/100ml) of th dental laboratory techician was about two times as high as that in the office workers'($0.90{\pm}0.73{\mu}g$/100ml), and the concentration of nickel in the urine($48.53{\pm}38.83{\mu}g$/e) of the dental laboratory thchnician was about two times as high as that in the office worker's($20.24{\pm}15.35{\mu}g$/e). 3. there was no difference in the concentration of cadmium, nickel and chromium in the blood and urine with a longer duration of work. 4. The concentration of cadmium and chromium in the blood and urine differed significantly depending upon the place of work. The concentration of cadmium was the highest in the blood of dental laboratory technicians working kin the poreclain part marking at $2.53{\pm}1.08{\mu}g$/100ml. The chromium level was the heighest in the blood of partial denture park workers with a concentration of $3.60{\pm}1.02{\mu}g$/100ml. Concerning the level of cadmium in urine, it was the highest in the porcelain part workers with a concentration of $3.41{\pm}3.15{\mu}g$/e. 5. The concentration of cadmium in the urine of metal trimming and polishing group($2.64{\pm}2.41{\mu}g$/e) was higher than that of non-metal trimming and polishing group($1.39{\pm}1.18{\mu}g$/e). 6. The concentration of chromium in the blood of smoking group($2.46{\pm}1.54{\mu}g$/100ml)was higher than that lf non-smoking group($1.54{\pm}1.25{\mu}g$/100ml). 7. The height positive correlation coefficient was shown between the concentration of nickel and chromium in the blood among the all correlations between 3metals(Cd, Ni, Cr) in the blood and those in urine. The correlation coefficient was relatively high(r=0.605,,p<0.01). In general, the higher the concentration of heavy metals in the air of work places the higher the concention lf them in the blood and urine of workers, mere attention should be paid to the working environment of dental laboratory workers, Furthermore, continuous biological monitoring and further research are required for an efficient health management for dental laboratory workers.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.135-151
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the work environments of dental hygienists, to find out about what problems there were with their work environments and ultimately to help improve their work environments. It's basically intended to pave the way for furthering the welfare and interests of dental hygienists. The subjects in this study were dental hygienists who were selected by random sampling from among the members of Korean Dental Hygienists Association. Approximately 20 percent of the members each were selected from every region across the nation, and their work environments were investigated in consideration of the kind of their workplaces, service area, career and field of duties. As for the demographic characteristics of the dental hygienists investigated, there were differences between those who worked in the field of health care and the clinical workers. More of the former were older and married, and the former was ahead of the latter in career and education as well. Regarding working hours and leave of absence by kind of workplace, the number of regular average holidays was different according to their place of employment. Dental hospitals(6.66 days) and dental clinics(6.81 days) gave their employees less days off on the whole, whereas public dental clinics(19.29 days) granted the dental hygienists the longest leave of absence. Also, there was a broad gap in the number of regular average holidays among different regions in the nation. The dental hygienists who worked in Gangweon province enjoyed the longest holidays(10.88 days), while those on Jeju Island took the shortest vacation(4.46 days). Concerning monthly mean pay by place of employment, those who worked in public dental clinics were paid the best, and the dental hospital employees received the smallest pay. Their monthly mean pay significantly varied with the kind of their workplaces. As to connections between service area and pay level in the event of the dental hygienists with a four-year career, those who served in Seoul were paid the best(1,820,800 won), followed by Gyeonggi province(1,795,800 won), Gyeongsang province(1,604,200 won), metropolitan cities(1,424,800), Gangweon province(1,300,000 won) and Jeolla province(1,016,700 won). In regard to the starting pay in the different areas, the starting pay was largest in Seoul(1,501,800 won) and smallest in Jeolla province(904,000 won). Concerning work environments by place of employment, the dental hygienists in public dental clinics, general hospitals and university hospitals were far older than the others, and the career of the former was much larger than that of the latter. As to the number of regular leave of absence, public dental clinics, general hospitals and university hospitals were different from dental hospitals and clinics in that regard as well. Concerning monthly pay, public dental clinics paid their employees the best, and dental hospitals and clinics were ahead in terms of pay raise. But the reason seemed that public dental clinics and general hospitals increased the pay of their employees based on a fixed wage system and according to a fixed rate at the same time. As for relations between career and work environments, the pay of the dental hygienists differed with their career. The amount and rate of pay raise were largest for those whose career was between four years and less than six years, and smallest for those whose career was between seven years and less than nine years. The above-mentioned findings of the study suggested that in order to give dental hygienists better treatment, pay and welfare benefits should urgently be improved, and that it's required to take actions to boost their job satisfaction. Besides, they should be given more chances to receive education or to take training courses in pursuit of self-development, and how to narrow gaps in work environments among different regions or fields should carefully be considered.