• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.189-200
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• 2017

The work breakdown structure and the precedence relations by work activity are very important because they are the basic data for estimating the construction duration in the construction work. However, there is no standard to accurately estimate the construction duration since the size of the school facilities construction is smaller than the general construction work. Therefore, some schools are unable to open in March or September and the delay of the construction duration can cause damage to the students. To solve this problem, this study developed a work breakdown structure of school facilities construction work and analyzed the precedence relations by work activities. The work breakdown structure of the school facilities construction is composed of three steps. The operations corresponding to level 1 and level 2 are as follows. (1) 2 preparatory work categories; preparation period and temporary construction. (2) 17 architectural work categories; temporary construction, foundation & pile work, reinforced concrete work, steel roof work, brick work, plaster work, tile work, stone work, waterproof construction, wood work, interior construction, floor work, metal work, roof work, windows construction, glazing work and paint construction. (3) 7 mechanic and fire work categories; outside trunk line work, plumbing work, air-conditioning equipment work, machine room work, city gas plumbing work, sanitation facilities and inspection & test working. (4) 4 civil work categories; wastewater work, drainage work, pavement work and other work. (5) 1 landscaping work categories; planting work. The work breakdown structure was derived from interviews with experts based on the milestones and detailed statements of existing school facilities. The analysis of precedence relations by school facilities work activity utilized PDM(Precedence Diagramming Method)which does not need a dummy and the relations were applied using FS(Finish to Start), FF(Finish to Finish), SS(Start to Start), SF(Start to Finish). The analysis of this study shows that if one work activity is delayed, the entire construction duration may be delayed because the majority of the works are FS relations. Therefore, it is necessary to use the Lag at the appropriate time to estimate the standard construction duration of the school facility construction. Lag is a term used only in the PDM method and it is used to define the relationship between the predecessor and the successor in creating the network milestone. And it means the delay time applied to the two work activities. The results of this study can reasonably estimate the standard construction duration of school facilities and it will contribute to the quality of the school facilities construction.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.25-45
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between the reading circle management with college students and the participation program in the reading camp. The results show that the participation program in reading camp helps the activation on reading circle. The college students'activity on reading camp increases reading activity because students can work with the graduates and get the graduates'reading activity experience. Also, the activity on reading camp encourages reading circle members to work so that they continue their activity after graduation. Students on reading circle usually work hard during semester but during closing of college, they seldom work. The participation program in reading camp, however, can bridge over the gap during the vacation.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.305-310
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• 2017

The purpose of the study is to test structural relationship of subjective health, ability to work, participation on economic activity, and life satisfaction among the elderly. Recently, societies have tried to lessen a social burden and alleviate negative perceptions of the elderly through some perspectives such as productive aging and active aging. In these perspectives pay attention to health and social participation to improve quality of life. Subjects were 3,392 elderly people over the age of 65 from 10th Korea Welfare Panel Study. The main results of the study are as follows. First, subjective health, ability to work, and participation on economic activity had a direct effect on life satisfaction among the elderly. Second, subjective health had a statistically significant effect on ability to work and participation on economic activity. Finally, avility to work had a positive effect on participation on economic activity. Based on the results of the analysis, this study suggested that health and work related factors should be considered as the important factors to improve the life satisfaction among the elderly.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was designed to explore the levels of physical activity and fatigue among nurses and to identify the relationship between these variables. Methods: Participants were 89 nurses working at an intensive care unit and an operating room in a children's hospital. Data were collected using self-reported questionnaires including the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and Brief Fatigue Inventory. Results: Most of the nurses' physical activity was work related, and there was a significant difference according to the working unit. Nurses with higher work stress and lower job satisfaction showed higher levels of fatigue than their counterparts did. Work-related physical activity and the interference of fatigue with relationships were related positively, whereas transport and leisure time physical activity were negatively related to usual fatigue and the interference of fatigue with life enjoyment. Conclusion: The levels of physical activity and fatigue of nurses were higher than those observed among other populations. The appropriate level of physical activity for these nurses needs to be investigated carefully. Also, in the intervention for nurses' fatigue, their level of work-related and leisure-time physical activity should be considered separately, and their work environment and psychological satisfaction level should be included.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

This research aimed to identify characteristics of housing repairs for the weak class in rural area. Data are analyzed by the status according to year focusing on voluntary activity of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture that is performing more than 10 years. The results are followings. First, approximately 63.3% of residents living in benefit houses are 70s and 80s in their age. They are weak in financial and physical and they have more than two weak points. Second, housing repairs were performed total 1,990 cases among 797 houses and average 2.5 cases per one house. Repair work in house interior is at the highest, the next is repair work in kitchen, repair work related to restroom, repair work for housing structure improvement, and repair work for insulation in order. Third, repair work required difficult work process and high cost is tend to decrease recently. However, work changing of wallpaper and papered floor and performing in outside is tend to increase because it has simple work process and low cost. Finally, barrier free needs to be more actively reflected for the weak class in rural area.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.135-145
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• 2020

Recently, the disaster rate of the construction industry has increased with high-rise, and complexity of the building, unlike the decrease in the disaster rate in other industries. Although risk assessment is performed to reduce the occurrence of disasters, it is difficult to estimate the risks accurately due to activity in which no disaster has occurred, and inconsistencies in the level of details of work. In this study, in order to evaluate the risk of the major activity for the apartment construction work, the activity was identified by referring to the risk assessment model of construction industry type by the KOSHA. The construction work types and activities were consistently organized in level of work into nine work types and 82 activities were through experts consultation. Analyzing the disaster types that occurred during work through KOSHA disaster cases, calculating the probability of disaster occurrence according to the type of disaster, and combining the probability of disaster with the severity of disaster to estimate the risk assessment method was presented. Using the daily report of the construction site of the apartment, the results of a case study confirmed the validity of the risk calculation method presented in this study.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.9-15
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• 2023

The outbreak of COVID-19 has significantly impacted various facets of individuals' lives, including perceptions, leisure activities, work-family balance, and overall life satisfaction. This study aims to explore the intricate relationships among changes in perceptions due to COVID-19, leisure activity satisfaction, work-family conflict, and life satisfaction of married working women. Employing path analysis, we examined a dataset of 1,973 married working women drawn from the 8th Korean Women and Families Panel Survey. The findings indicate that while changes in perception associated with COVID-19 did not directly affect leisure activity satisfaction and life satisfaction, they did significantly decrease work-family conflict, indirectly leading to heightened life satisfaction. Additionally, leisure activity satisfaction emerged as a mitigating factor for work-family conflict, contributing to enhanced life satisfaction. These results emphasize the importance of understanding the interplay between external factors, individual perceptions, and well-being, offering insights for devising tailored strategies. The study holds significance in guiding policies and interventions to enhance the quality of life for married working women in the context of evolving pandemic challenges.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.769-776
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• 2003

This study has analyzed the association of physical activity and television watching time with obesity in 30-50 aged women from middle income town in Busan city area. Data were obtained using a questionnaire, including information about physical activity, TV watching time and health habit; social data regarding educational level and monthly income; family history of chronic condition. Height and weight were measured. Outcome variable was obesity, defined as a body mass index 25 kg/m$^2$ or greater. Odds ratios (OR) for obesity were estimated by multivariate logistic regression, and interpreted as a relative risk of obesity. The prevalence of obesity was 11.8%. The mean BMI of obese women was 26.9 kg/m$^2$. The OR of obesity was higher in subject of 40s than 30s. Subjects who had higher educational level presented lower OR than those of elementary or middle school education. Family income was not associated with obesity. Women having a family history of chronic condition had higher risk of obesity than those who did not have it. The OR was lower in active people at work (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.26 - 0.98) than in inactive ones, and the ORs associated with regular exercise or activity at leisure time were not statistically different. However, subjects watching TV $\geq$ 3.5 hr/day showed higher OR (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.16 - 4.74), compared with those watching TV $\geq$ 1.5 hr/day. Association of the joint classification of physical activity variables with obesity was estimated. The highest relative risk of 5.99 was in women in physically inactive at work and high category of TV watching ($\geq$ 3.5 hr/day). Even in women in active at work, the watching TV $\geq$ 3.5 hr/day made them have the high OR (OR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.03 - 5.77). And at each time level of TV watching, the increasing activity level at work was associated with lower OR for obesity. These findings suggest that both TV watching time and physical activity at work were related to obesity in adult female, each with independent effects on obesity. TV watching time seems to be a significant factor that could partly evaluate the energy expenditure.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.576-583
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the daily steps, physical activities and activity coefficient of policemen (average age: 31.5 ${\pm}$ 5.1 years) who do shift work. Body weight, height and daily steps were measured and one-day activity diary was collected by interviewing with policemen. Average height, body weight, BMI, body fat (%) and muscles (%) of subjects were 173.1 ${\pm}$ 5.2 cm, 73.7 ${\pm}$ 9.7 kg, 24,6 $kg/m^{2}$, 15.5 ${\pm}$ 1.9% and 37.3 ${\pm}$ 5.8%, respectively. The average daily numbers of steps were found to be 9,812 steps/day on day shift duty and 10,888 steps/day on night shift duty and 6,551 steps/day on holiday duty. Hourly step rates on day shift, night shift and holiday came to 1946 steps/hr, 2,130 steps/hr and 1,318 steps/hr, respectively. Activity coefficient (1.75) in night shift of the subjects was the highest and activity coefficient (1.52) in day shift was significantly higher than that (1.31) in holiday (p < 0.05). The rate of expending time for very light activity in holiday (91.5%) was significantly higher than that (70.0%) in night shift. The muscle mass (kg, %) had significantly positive relationship with daily steps in day shift (r = 0.592, r = 0.632) and night shift (r = 0.550, r = 0.503). Triceps skinfold thickness was negatively correlated with daily steps in day shift (r = -0.366, p < 0.05). There were remarkable differences in physical activities and sleeping hours depending on shift works of policemen. In the case of night shift work, sleeping hours was the lowest and activity coefficient was the highest among day shift, night shift and holiday. These results suggest that energy requirements of policemen should be differentiated according to shift work duty.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.527-530
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• 2019

The increasing prevalence of inactivity and obesity, along with aging, has implications on work capacity of labor force. This study reports the relationships between activity level and BMI by age with objectively measured physical workload. Data were examined from a sample of 19 481 Finnish employees using an estimate of minute-to-minute oxygen consumption based on R-R interval recordings. The mean estimated %VO₂max during the working day was 12.1 (±3.6) and 15.1 (±4.5)% for men and women, respectively. Based on a linear model, the mean %VO₂max increased by 1.5%-unit per 10-year increase in age, by 2.1%-unit per 5 kg/㎡ increase in BMI, and decreased by 1.6%-unit if improving physical activity class by two (p < 0.001 for all). Overweight and obesity, together with inactivity, notably increases workload throughout the career, even though at young adulthood, the daily workload is almost the same for each person regardless of the BMI, activity level, or gender. This study highlights the importance of regular physical activity and normal weight in protecting the worker from excessive physical (cardiovascular) workload during the whole working career.