• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2001

This study was to investigate the reason of family restaurant cook part employee's turnover. One hundred and forty seven family restaurant employees in Seoul area were surveyed to obtain the information from Oct. 1 to 10 in 2000. There were sixty males and eighty seven females. The group of twenty years old to twenty nine years old(95,2%) was the largest one by age, and the group of junior college graduated(71.4%) was the largest one by learning. On order, manager was 4.1%, captain was 13.6%, and employee was 82.3%. Except 15.6% employee, almost family restaurant cook part employees' service of duty was under 2 years. The highest scored turnover factor was work system(3.59), and then human relation(3.18), another way(3.11), unbelievable management(3.04). The rest factors effected on turnover not too much. The mean of female's turnover factor score(3.06) is higher then male(3.00), the group of over fifty years 0Id(3.32) had the highest mean score in aged group, on learning, the group of Master degree's mean score(4.24) is highest. The manager's mean score(3.23) was highest in order, and the employees who's service duty was over five years(3.35) had the highest mean score in service duty group.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-18
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• 1988

The general objective of this research is to study behavioral pattern of health care utilization and to measure the level of utilization of the traditional medicine. The specific objective is to study utilization pattern and content of folk medicine which is the indegenous medical technology recognized part of traditional medicine. This research was under taken to generate valid information that will provide basis data for formulating general direction for health education activities and for designing service package for general population. A social survey method was employed to obtain required information for the research activities, The survey field team consisted of 20 surveyors who all participated is an intensive 2 day training course. A total of 3091 households were visited and interviewed by the field team during the period 7 September to 6 October 1987. The major findings obtained from the information collected by the field survey are as follows ; 1) General characteristics of the study households 2562 households out of 3091 households visited were selected for final data process, 80.2 of the selected households were nuclear families ; 17.4%, extended families ; others 2.4%. Only 4.3 percent of the study population in the urban households indicated "no schooling" whereas 14.2% of the rural household members falls within this category. Study population in the urban areas are more protected against diseases by the national medical insurance system than those in rural areas. In their self appraisal of living standard, those who responded with low group are 39.6% and 50.3% respectively by urban and rural households. 2) Morbidity status Period prevalence rate for all diseases during the preceding 15 days before the date of the household interview v as 243,0 per 1,000 study population. For cases with the illness duration of within 15 days, the initial points of medical entry were diversied ; 56.9%, drug stores ; 30.9%, clinics and hospitals ; 4.6% folk medicine ; 1.7% clinics of Korean oriental medicine. Among the chronic case; with illness duration of over 90 days, 34.6% of these people utilized clinics and hospitals of modern medicine ; 31.6%, drug stores ; 18.6% clinics of Korean oriental medicine ; 6.8% folk medical techniques. Noticeable is the almost ten fold increase from the mere 0.9% in the utilization of Korean oriental medicine, whereas in the utilization of folk medicine, it is short of two-fold increase. 3) Folk medicine and its utilization Households that use folk medicine for relief and care of signs and symptoms commonly encountered in daily life, number 1969 households, which accounts for 76.9% of all the study households. This rather high level use of folk medicine is not different from rural to urban areas. The order of frequency of utilizing folk medicine among the study people are : the highest 14.3% for the relief of indigestion ; 8.6% for burns ; 5.1% for common cold ; 4.7% for hiccough ; and 4.2% for hordeolum. A present various procedures of folk medicine is being used to relieve all kinds of symptoms. 192 symptoms are identified at present. The most frequently used procedures of folk medicine appear to be based either on principles of the Korean oriental medicine or of scientific knowledge. Based on these survey findings, proposals for utilizing folk medicine are as follows First, this survey's findings will be feed back to both on the job training and on the spot guidance of community health practitioners, public health nurses and other peripheral work force in the health field, who are in daily contacts with community. This feed back will assure that the health personnel carry out their health education and information activities that are based on the utilization pattern of folk medicine as found in the survey result. Second, studies will be soon implemented that are designed to measure the efficiency and potency of these procedures and to improve these procedures of folk medicine were most frequently used by the community. Third, studies will continue to systematize medicinal plants and skills of Korean oriental medicine that are easily available at minimal cost in daily life for the prevention of diseases and management of emergency cases.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.19
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• pp.224-242
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• 2003

The author believes that the main task of study in international trade usage and practice is the management of transactional risks involved in international sale of goods. They are foreign exchange risks, transportation risks, credit risk, risk of miscommunication, etc. In most cases, these risks are more serious and enormous than those involved in domestic sales. Historically, the merchant adventurers organized the voyage abroad, secured trade finance, and went around the ocean with their own or consigned cargo until around the $mid-19^{th}$ century. They did business faceto-face at the trade fair or the open port where they maintained the local offices, so-called "Trading House"(商館). Thererfore, the transactional risks might have been one-sided either with the seller or the buyer. The bottomry seemed a typical arrangement for risk sharing among the interested parties to the adventure. In this way, such organizational arrangements coped with or bore the transactional risks. With the advent of ocean liner services and wireless communication across the national border in the $19^{th}$ century, the business of merchant adventurers developed toward the clear division of labor; sales by mercantile agents, and ocean transportation by the steam ship companies. The international banking helped the process to be accelerated. Then, bills of lading backed up by the statute made it possible to conduct documentary sales with a foreign partner in different country. Thus, FOB terms including ocean freight and CIF terms emerged gradually as standard trade terms in which transactional risks were allocated through negotiation between the seller and the buyer located in different countries. Both of them did not have to go abroad with their cargo. Instead, documentation in compliance with the terms of the contract(plus an L/C in some cases) must by 'strictly' fulfilled. In other words, the set of contractual documents must be tendered in advance of the arrival of the goods at port of discharge. Trust or reliance is placed on such contractual paper documents. However, the container transport services introduced as international intermodal transport since the late 1960s frequently caused the earlier arrival of the goods at the destination before the presentation of the set of paper documents, which may take 5 to 10% of the amount of transaction. In addition, the size of the container vessel required the speedy transport documentation before sailing from the port of loading. In these circumstances, computerized processing of transport related documents became essential for inexpensive transaction cost and uninterrupted distribution of the goods. Such computerization does not stop at the phase of transportation but extends to cover the whole process of international trade, transforming the documentary sales into less-paper trade and further into paperless trade, i.e., EDI or E-Commerce. Now we face the other side of the coin, which is data security and paperless transfer of legal rights and obligations. Unfortunately, these issues are not effectively covered by a set of contracts only. Obviously, EDI or E-Commerce is based on the common business process and harmonized system of various data codes as well as the standard message formats. This essential feature of E-Commerce needs effective coordination of different divisions of business and tight control over credit arrangements in addition to the standard contract of sales. In a few word, information does not alway invite "trust". Credit flows from people, or close organizational tie-ups. It is our common understanding that, without well-orchestrated organizational arrangements made by leading companies, E-Commerce does not work well for paperless trade. With such arrangements well in place, participating E-business members do not need to seriously care for credit risk. Finally, it is also clear that E-International Commerce must be linked up with a set of government EDIs such as NACCS, Port EDI, JETRAS, etc, in Japan. Therefore, there is still a long way before us to go for E-Commerce in practice, not on the top of information manager's desk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2020

The characteristics of ship traffic routes and the long term fluctuation in marine traf ic volume of the incoming and outgoing routes of the Yeosu Gwangyang Port were analyzed using vessel traffic data from the past 22 years and a real-time vessel traffic volume survey performed for 72 hours per year, for three years, between 2015 and 2017. As of 2017, the number of vessels passing through Yeosu Gwangyang Port was about 66,000 and the total tonnage of these ships was about 804,564 thousand tons, which is a 400 % increase from the 189,906 thousand tons shipped in 1996. Specifically, the dangerous cargo volume was 140,000 thousand tons, which is a 250 % increase compared to 1996. According to the real-time vessel traffic volume survey, the average daily number of vessels was 357, and traf ic route utilization rates were 28.1 % in the Nakpo sea area, 43.8 % in the specified sea area, and the coastal area traf ic route, Dolsan coastal area, and Kumhodo sea area showed the same rate of 6.8 %. Many routes meet in the Nakpo sea area and, parallel and cross passing were frequent. Many small work vessels entered the specific sea area from the neighboring coastal area traffic route and frequently intersected the path of larger vessels. The anchorage waiting rate for cargo ships was about 24 %, and the nightly passing rate for dangerous cargo ships such as chemical vessels and tankers was about 20 %. Although the vessel traffic volume of Yeosu Gwangyang Port increases every year, the vessel traffic routes remain the same. Therefore, the risk of accidents is constantly increasing. The route conditions must be improved by dredging and expanding the available routes to reduce the high risk of ship accidents due to overlapping routes, by removing reefs, and by reinforcing navigational aids. In addition, the entry and exit time for dangerous cargo ships at high-risk ports must be strictly regulated. Advancements in the VTS system can help to actively manage the traffic of small vessels using the coastal area traffic route.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.3-37
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• 2012

In perspective of biodiversity conservation and protected areas (PAs), the aims of the study are to review the mid-long term national plans, which deal with national territory and environment in Korea, and to find out the way to improve this issue. Key issues were drawn by referring "Biodiversity 2011-2020 Strategic Targets" and "Protected Area Decision" in CBD CoP-10 and 7 National comprehensive or basic Plans were reviewed. Quoting Biodiversity 2011-2020 Strategic Target 5, "By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced", most of national plans included various methods such as "No Net Loss of Green", "No Net Loss of Wetlands", and so on. Regarding the target 11, "By 2020, at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water, and 10% of coastal and marine areas, ecologically representative and well connected systems of PAs and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascapes", 15% by 2015 was set up as a target of total PAs in Korea and 13% by 2015 or 2020 was set up as a target of coastal and marine PAs. CBD CoP-10 Decision X/31 (Protected Areas) invites parties to develop a national long-term action plan for the implementation of PoWPA and describes 10 issues that need greater attention. National action plan for the implementation of PoWPA doesn't be mentioned at any national plans even PoWPA. Regarding the 10 issues, most of issues were well reflected within various national plans, however there is still a need to improve the details and corelation between plans. Particularly, in terms of management effectiveness evaluation (MEE), there was no national plan to directly deal with MEE even though CBD invites parties to work towards assessing 60% of the total PAs by 2015. Based on the review results, below 4 items were suggested; (1)"The Comprehensive Plan of the National Territory" needs more attention on the Biodiversity Conservation and PAs, (2)Consider to establish "National PA System Plan" embedded into "the Comprehensive Plan of National Environment", (3)Establish a "National Action Plan for the implementation of PoWPA", (4)Improve the National Plans through linking with Biodiversity 2011-2020 Strategic Targets and relevant PA key issues.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.392-402
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the self-directed learning contents of Earth science area in the basic course of the 7th grade. For this purpose, we applied the 'Cyber Home Study Content Quality Control Tool' presented in 'Elementary Secondary Education e-Learning Quality Management Guidelines (Ver.2.0)' of Korea Education & Research Information Service (2008). The results of contents analysis are as follow: First, it was presented that the study guide introduced the contents which should be studied for one class, properly. And it was not analyzed that the diagnosis assesment was not completed in the initiative study; Second, it was possible to study choosing the contents fitting the learner's level of learning in the main study, it was comprised of about 15 minutes. Third, it was performed without feedback for incorrect answers in the learning assessment, just the number of wrong questions. And the learning arrangement present the important contents learned in that class, summarizing and arranging again. The results of content evaluation are as follows: First, a big difference was not showed against the needs analysis, instructional design, interaction in each class. And the evaluation of the ethics was not included a word or sentence not suitable. The evaluation of copyright, it was analyzed that Work within the content display in compliance with international copyright Second, the evaluation of instructional design presented mainly the description of a simple picture based, the visible resources like flash card were poor. And in the evaluation of Supporting System, it was presented that the contents were installed so that it was freely available for learners. But it was analyzed that there was no memo-function learners were able to jot down something during the studying contents. And in the evaluation for evaluation, the clear valuation basis about the described content was not presented. So there were slightly differences for each class. Third, in the evaluation and analysis for learning content, it was presented that there were some big differences for each class because it was not composed of the latest information, not corrected and complementary.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.37-57
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• 2018

With the spread of smart phones, interest in mobile media is on the increase as useful media recently. Mobile media is assessed as having differentiated advantages from existing media in that not only can they provide consumers with desired information anytime and anywhere but also real-time interaction is possible in them. So far, studies on mobile advertising were mostly researches analyzing satisfaction with, and acceptance of, mobile advertising based on survey, researches focusing on the factors affecting acceptance of mobile advertising messages and researches verifying the effect of mobile advertising on brand recall, advertising attitude and brand attitude through experiments. Most of the domestic mobile advertising studies related to advertisement effect and advertisement attitude have been conducted through experiments and surveys. The advertising effectiveness measure of the mobile ad used the attitude of the advertisement, purchase intention, etc. To date, there have been few studies on the effects of mobile advertising on actual advertising data to prove the characteristics of the advertising platform and to prove the relationship between the factors influencing the advertising effect and the factors. In order to explore advertising effect of mobile advertising platform currently commercialized, this study defined advertising characteristics and media characteristics from the perspective of advertiser, advertising platform and publisher and analyzed the influence of each characteristic on advertising effect. As the advertisement characteristics, we classified advertisement format classified by bar type and floating type, and advertisement material classified by image and text. We defined advertisement characteristics of advertisement platform as Hedonic and Utilitarian media characteristics. As a dependent variable, we use CTR, which is the ratio of response (click) to ad exposure. The theoretical background and the analysis of the mobile advertising business, the hypothesis that the advertisement effect is different according to the advertisement specification, the advertisement material, In the ad standard, bar ads are classified as static framing, Floating ads can be categorized as dynamic framing, and the hypothetical definition of floating advertisements, which are high-profile dynamic framing ads, is highly responsive. In advertising, images with high salience are defined to have higher ad response than text. In the media characteristics classified as practical / hedonic type, it is defined that the hedonic type media has a more relaxed tendency than the practical media, and there is a high possibility of receiving various information because there is no clear target. In addition, image material and hedonic media are defined to be highly effective in the interaction between advertisement specification and advertisement material, advertisement specifications and media characteristics, and advertisement material and media characteristics. As the result of regression analysis on each characteristic, material standard, which is a characteristic of mobile advertisement, and media characteristics separated into 'Hedonic' and 'Utilitarian' had significant influence on advertisement effect and mutual interaction effect was also confirmed. In the mobile advertising standard, the advertising effect of the floating advertisement is higher than that of the bar advertisement, Floating ads were more effective than text ads for image ads. In addition, it was confirmed that the advertising effect is higher in the practical media than the hedonic media. The research was carried out with the big data collected from the mobile advertising platform, and it was possible to grasp the advertising effect of the measure index standard which is used in the practical work which could not be grasped in the previous research. In other words, the study was conducted using the CTR, which is a measure of the effectiveness of the advertisement used in the online advertisement and the mobile advertisement, which are not dependent on the attitude of the ad, the attitude of the brand, and the purchase intention. This study suggests that CTR is used as a dependent variable of advertising effect based on actual data of mobile ad platform accumulated over a long period of time. The results of this study is expected to contribute to establishment of optimum advertisement strategy such as creation of advertising materials and planning of media which suit advertised products at the time of mobile advertisement.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.24-36
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• 2019

This study shows that the role of residents in landscape management is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this study is to suggest elements that can continue the operation of landscape agreements and directions for promoting them. Therefore, 1)the operational elements considering the sustainability of the landscape agreements were proposed by way of literature research, expert interviews, and surveys. 2)The sustainable operation of elements of the landscape agreement were applied and best practices were developed through interviews with participants and literature analysis. 3)The final plan operational elements considering the sustainability of the landscape agreements and the directions for implementation were presented. As for the results, it was first presented that the elements of continuous operation of the landscape agreement, consisted of 3 major categories, 10 subcategories, and 25 details. These include resident awareness, practical applicability, effectiveness of administrative means, securing the budget, maintenance, public relations, expert support, dedicated support organization, sustainability of participation, and resident participation and communication methods. It is a detailed list of items that should be considered in the preparation phase, maintenance phase, and conclusion phase. Second, it suggested the direction for the sustainable operation of the landscape agreements be highly backed by the residents, and after reaching consensus on a landscape agreement, it is necessary that the agreement is based on contents that the residents can execute themselves. In addition, it was found that there is a need for a system to prepare the basis for securing the budget for the continuity of work, preparation of the landscape agreements, and consultation and activity costs during the maintenance phase. In addition, continuous exchanges and capacity building among residents have signed landscape agreements, and step-by-step support from experts in accordance with the level of involvement of residents is necessary. Third, even if a landscape agreement is concluded in connection with public projects, it is understood that the residents have the capacity to participate and can continue to support the administration and experts to enable the continued operation of the landscape agreement.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.185-190
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• 2010

This study was conducted to collect the basic data to provide for the purpose of the development of dental field. This research is to find the relationship between the level of recognized empowerment of hygienists working in dental clinics and the factors influencing on work achievement in the system of dental clinics. The population of the research is some randomely chosen dental clinics located in Seoul City during the period from March 22 to April 30, 2010, and the sample of 256 female dental hygienists working in the field were recruited as the analysis object group. The data on general characteristics and empowerment were collected by a questionnaire survey. The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS WIN 12.0 program. The following shows the results of this study. 1. The empowerment level of the analysis subject group was 3.63. It is significant statistically that the longer working career or higher annual salary, the higher empowerment level (p<0.05). 2. It shows the high level of empowerment in the group of hygienists who are in education counsel (p<0.01), and who have a permanent job (p<0.05) than others. 3. There is a significant correlation among capability, age, career, annual salary (p<0.01). 4. There is a significant correlation among self determination, age(p<0.05), career (p<0.01), annual salary (p<0.05). 5. In regression analysis, career is proved as one of the significant factors that is related to the empowerment in dental hygienists (p<0.05). This finding shows high level of empowerment in dental hygienists who hold high level of career, annual salary, education counsel jobs, or permanent jobs. Therefore, I suggest with the result of the study that the organization of dental clinic needs to improve its capability and efficiency with the efficient manpower management. Particularly, there need to be various kinds of leadership-trainning and education-program development to enhance empowerment in hygienists as professionals through independent self-decision making experiences and role do experiences.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.38
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• pp.7-32
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• 2014

This study is aimed to analyze problems of police budgetary execution and to suggest better ways for establishing effective budget implementation as well as legitimacy of securing budget in the field of police work. For this purpose, this paper analyzed the annual reports on police budgetary execution, from 2009 to 2012, conducted by National Assembly Budget Office. In result, most parts of the police budgetary execution were not satisfied with the audit standard, and especially in terms of management of budgetary execution, it showed 40% in inappropriateness. In addition, excessive and underestimate appropriation in the police budgetary execution, which happened frequently in other offices, was recorded on the second place. 10% of the amount of budget was executed for ordinance violence. Given results analyzed from each division, Transportation Division occupied 40% of the amount of related problems and all of types in the field did not meet the audit standard, thus it is required to manage budgetary execution effectively. In terms of Public Safety Division, the problem was related to budgetary allocation prior to execution, such as overlap in other works, excessive and underestimate appropriation, and inappropriate business plans. Director General for Planning and Coordination did not meet the standard of law system maintenance, Given the light of the result of analyzing programs, traffic safety and securing communication was the most problematic and support for police administration, crime prevention and protecting the disadvantaged, educating professional police officers, and establishment of policing infrastructure were required to be reformed in sequence. In order to resolve these problems, it is demanded to check budgetary execution and the process in business plans on a regular basis. Additionally, in case of using budget in inappropriate parts, tough penality including reduction of budget in related to the local police should be implemented to increase the importance of budgetary execution. Moreover, because of the fact that a part of problem of budgetary execution was originally caused by the budgetary allocation, it is advised to allocate police budget using the budget proposal of National Finance Act and Ministry of Strategy and Finance.