• 대한음성학회지:말소리
• /
• 제44호
• /
• pp.33-46
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effect of word length on auditory word recognition. Word length can be defined by several sublexical units, such as letters, phonemes, syllables, etc. To find out which sublexical units are influential in auditory word recognition, the auditory lexical decision task was used. In Experiment 1, we examined the partial correlation between the speed of reaction time and the number of sublexical units, and in Experiment 2, we executed ANOVA to find out which sublexical length variable was an influential unit. Through these two experiment, we concluded syllable length was the most important variable on auditory word recognition.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• 제22권8호
• /
• pp.399-403
• /
• 2022

Natural texts are analyzed to obtain their intended meaning to be classified depending on the problem under study. One way to represent words is by generating vectors of real values to encode the meaning; this is called word embedding. Similarities between word representations are measured to identify text class. Word embeddings can be created using word2vec technique. However, recently fastText was implemented to provide better results when it is used with classifiers. In this paper, we will study the performance of well-known classifiers when using both techniques for word embedding with Arabic dataset. We applied them to real data collected from Wikipedia, and we found that both word2vec and fastText had similar accuracy with all used classifiers.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제12권6호
• /
• pp.41-47
• /
• 2012

한국어 단어의 의미 중의성 해소 방법들은 주로 소규모의 의미 태그 부착 말뭉치나 사전 정보 등을 이용하여 엔트로피 정보, 조건부 확률, 상호정보 등을 각각 계산하고 이를 중의성 해소에 이용하는 방법 등으로 다양하게 제안되었다. 본 논문에서는 대규모로 구축된 의미 태그 부착 말뭉치를 이용하여 한국어 단어 벡터를 추출하고 이 벡터들 사이의 유사도를 계산하여 단어 의미 중의성을 해소하는 단어 공간 모델 방법을 제안한다. 세종 형태의미분석 말뭉치를 사용하여 학습하고 임의의 200문장(583 단어 종류)에 대해 평가한 결과, 정확도가 94%로 기존의 방법에 비해 매우 우수했다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.859-867
• /
• 2010

본 논문에서는 일반적인 비트기반의 비선형 결합함수를 고속화하기 위하여 워드기반 스트림 암호에서 적용될 워드기반 비선형 결합함수 구조를 제안하였다. 특히, 워드기반 병렬구조를 갖는 PS-WFSR을 제안하였고, 이를 활용하여 비트 기반 비선형 결합함수를 고속화시킨 4가지 형태의 워드기반 병렬형 비선형 결합함수를 다음과 같이 제안하였다. m-병렬 워드기반 비메모리 비선형 결합함수, m-병렬 워드기반 메모리 비선형 결합함수, m-병렬 워드기반 비선형 필터함수, m-병렬 워드기반 클럭조절형 함수를 제안하였고, 마지막으로 m-병렬 워드기반 DRAGON의 병렬 구조를 통하여 그 성능을 분석하였다.

• 대한통합의학회지
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.291-305
• /
• 2020

Purpose : The duration of speech segments reflects children's speech motor development. The purpose of this study was to determine whether segmental sound and word duration varies by age among preschool children. Methods : A total of 60 children aged 4~5 years participated in this study. Participants took the picture-naming test to produce single-word speech data. The duration of the consonant at the initial position of the word and the final position of the word, the voice onset time of plosive, the duration of the vowel following the initial consonant, and the duration of the word were measured. Results : As age increased, the duration of the initial consonant, the duration of the word, and the voice onset time decreased significantly. The main effects of age, manner of articulation, and place of articulation on the duration of the initial consonant were significant. The duration of consonants in the nasal sound and plosives and the duration of bilabial and alveolar sound differed significantly between groups. The main effects of age and vocal type on voice onset time were significant. The main effect of age on the duration of the consonant in the final position of word and on the duration of the vowel were not statistically significant. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that the duration of segmental sound and the word were associated with speech development between 4 and 5 years old. Accordingly, duration of the segmental sound and the word may serve as an acoustic cue as they reflect speech development and speech motor control maturity.

• 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.226-231
• /
• 2017

단어 표현은 기계학습을 사용하는 자연어 처리 분야에서 중요하다. 단어 표현은 단어를 텍스트가 아닌 컴퓨터가 분별할 수 있는 심볼로 표현하는 방법이다. 기존 단어 임베딩은 대량의 말뭉치를 이용하여 문장에서 학습할 단어의 주변 단어를 이용하여 학습한다. 하지만 말뭉치 기반의 단어 임베딩은 단어의 등장 빈도수나 학습할 단어의 수를 늘리기 위해서는 많은 양의 말뭉치를 필요로 한다. 본 논문에서는 말뭉치 기반이 아닌 단어의 뜻풀이와 단어의 의미 관계(상위어, 반의어)를 이용하며 기존 Word2Vec의 Skip-Gram을 변형한 자질거울모델을 사용하여 단어를 벡터로 표현하는 방법을 제시한다. 기존 Word2Vec에 비해 적은 데이터로 많은 단어들을 벡터로 표현 가능하였으며 의미적으로 유사한 단어들이 비슷한 벡터를 형성하는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 그리고 반의어 관계에 있는 두 단어의 벡터가 구분되는 것을 확인할 수 있다.

• 한국병원경영학회지
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.25-51
• /
• 2009

This model was empirically developed to test the effect of medical service quality and hospital's reputation on customer satisfaction, repurchase intention, and negative word of mouth as to disease severity. The model was tested in the context of the hospital industry. The findings are as follows. First, medical service provider's functional quality and technical service quality have significant effect on customer satisfaction. Second, hospital's reputation has positive(+) effect on customer satisfaction and significant negative effect on negative word of mouth. Third, customer satisfaction with medical service quality has significantly positive effect on customer's repurchase intention and has negative(-) effect on customer's negative word of mouth. Furthermore, customer's negative word of mouth has negative effect on their repurchase intention. Fourth, as to different disease severity, medical service quality and hospital's reputation have different effect on customer satisfaction, repurchase intention, and negative word of mouth. When patients get slightly ill, functional service quality and technical service quality have direct influence on customer satisfaction which has positive influence on repurchase intention and negative influence on negative word of mouth. Finally, negative word of mouth has negative effect on customer's repurchase intention. However, while hospital's reputation doesn't have effect on customer satisfaction, the reputation has significantly negative effect on negative word of mouth. When patients get seriously ill, only functional service quality has positive effect on customer satisfaction which influences on customer's repurchase intention and negatively influences on negative word of mouth. On the contrary, negative word of mouth doesn't influence on customer's repurchase intention as patients want to treat serious diseases in the large general hospitals even though negative word of mouth is known to them.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제5권3호
• /
• pp.73-81
• /
• 2013

Coda in the word-medial position plays an important role in acquisition of our speech. Accuracy of the coda in the word-medial position is important as a diagnostic indicator since it has a close relationship with degrees of disorder. Coda in the word-medial position only appears in condition of connecting two vowels and the sequence causes diverse phonological processes to happen. The coda in the word-medial position differs in production difficulty by the initial sound in the sequence. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the tendency of producing a coda in the word-medial position with consideration of an optional phonological process in spontaneous speech of three and four year old children. Data was collected from 24 children (four groups by age) without speech and language delay. The results of the study are as follows: 1) Sonorant coda in the word-medial position showed a high production frequency in manner of articulation, and alveolar in place of articulation. When the coda in the word-medial position is connected to an initial sound in the same place of articulation, it revealed a high frequency of production. 2) The coda in word-medial position followed by an initial alveolar stop revealed a high error rate. Error patterns showed regressive assimilation predominantly. 3) The order of difficulty that Children had producing codas in the word-medial position was $/k^{\neg}/$, $/p^{\neg}/$, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ and /l/. Those results suggest that in targeting coda in the word-medial position for evaluation, we should consider optional phonological process as well as the following initial sound. Further studies would be necessary which codas in the word-medial position will be used for therapeutic purpose.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제22권10호
• /
• pp.1405-1411
• /
• 2018

본 논문은 MS-워드 문서 시스템에 대한 접근 제어 시스템을 설계한다. 본 논문에서 설계하는 시스템은 MS-워드 문서 구조를 분석하여 문서 관련 정보를 활용한다. MS-워드문서 정보를 일부 변형하여 변형된 정보에 접근할 수 없는 사용자는 접근을 차단하도록 설계하는 것이다. 이렇게 함으로써 MS-워드문서에 대해서 접근 권한을 가진 사용자 외에는 문서를 읽을 수 없도록 한다. 즉, MS-워드문서에 대한 접근 권한을 통제할 수 있도록 한다. MS-워드문서에 대한 접근 권한을 가진 사용자는 변형된 정보를 원래 정보로 복구할 수 있도록 하여 정상적으로 문서를 읽을 수 있도록 한다. 본 논문에서 설계하는 내용을 실제 구현하고 실험을 수행하였다. 실험에서는 MS-워드문서 정보를 변형하였을 경우 문서 접근이 되는지를 수행하였다. 실험을 수행한 결과 MS-word 접근제어시스템이 정상적으로 잘 동작됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• ETRI Journal
• /
• 제38권4호
• /
• pp.703-713
• /
• 2016

In this paper, we present a segmentation-based method for offline Farsi handwritten word recognition. Although most segmentation-based systems suffer from segmentation errors within the first stages of recognition, using the inherent features of the Farsi writing script, we have segmented the words into sub-words. Instead of using a single complex classifier with many (N) output classes, we have created N simple recurrent neural network classifiers, each having only true/false outputs with the ability to recognize sub-words. Through the extraction of the number of sub-words in each word, and labeling the position of each sub-word (beginning/middle/end), many of the sub-word classifiers can be pruned, and a few remaining sub-word classifiers can be evaluated during the sub-word recognition stage. The candidate sub-words are then joined together and the closest word from the lexicon is chosen. The proposed method was evaluated using the Iranshahr database, which consists of 17,000 samples of Iranian handwritten city names. The results show the high recognition accuracy of the proposed method.