• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.607-620
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to define the new expressive techniques for multicolored clamp resist (hyuphill) dyeing, based on empirical verification on relics that are estimated to be dyed by the exchange of more than two wood blocks: a previously undiscovered technique. Clamp resist dyeing (assumed to be made by exchanging wood blocks) have uneven resist printing lines or cloudy gradation. These are reproduced as follows: first, they have uneven contour lines, particularly with the color blue. It is possible to exchange wood blocks separately on patterns with uneven resist printing lines, and it has been verified that the exchange of wood blocks makes these irregular resist printing lines. It has also been verified that exchanging the wood blocks according to the gradation (to emphasize the cubic effect on the patterns) yields clamp resist dyeing with no resist printing lines but with cloudy gradations that have accented borders. This study provides basic information that enables methods of multicolored clamp resist dyeing through wood block exchange to be deduced (something that has not been attempted for a long time). Thus, the revival of the modern Korean dyeing culture based on the conservation and perseverance of the traditional dyeing techniques can be achieved.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2017

This study reviews the structure of wooden printing blocks in Japan, focusing on the blocks as three-dimensional objects. Inspection is more effective three-dimensionally than two-dimensionally, and for the first time in wooden printing block research, the study uses a 3D CT scanner and a high-resolution 3D digitizer. The 3D CT scanner examines cross sections of the blocks and identifies their grain and contents, including insects surviving within them. The 3D digitizer enables observation of objects up to 0.02 mm; this allows detailed collection of block surface information, which is difficult to identify with a conventional microscope.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2007

The biodeterioration behaviors of square post to support the wooden printing blocks Shelves in the Janggeongpanjeon were investigated according to the positions and parts of square post, and environmental conditions. It was found that a high differences of deterioration in the progressing levels of wood decay, according to the positions and parts of square post, and environmental conditions. The decay levels were very high and still progressing in the contacted areas with stone foundation which are about up to 50 cm above it. In the decay type, white rot fungi was mainly affected in the inside of building which mainly made of softwood. The decay in the square posts to support the wooden printing block shelves inside of building was worse in the rear side, compared to front side. The insects was not found in most of square posts excluding the post which was neighboring at the infected round column by insect.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.5 no.1 s.5
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• pp.69-86
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• 1996

More than eighty thousands of wooden printing blocks of the Tripitaka Koreans are accommodated in the Changkyeonggak which consists of two open structured wooden buildings, Peoppojeon and Sudarajang. These blocks are virtually in pristine state even after three quarters of a millennium. The excellent preservation could be attributed to the careful preparation and meticulous finish of the blocks. But the meteorological environment or microclimate should be one of the key factors for the preservation. To keep the blocks intact as it is or at least do not accelerate the deterioration, we should study the blocks and its microclimatic environment supplied by the Changgyeonggak and the topology of the site. As a Part of this effort we designed a computerized meteorological data acquisition system, which can handle up to 4,096 sensors. A partial but operative installation of 16 temperature/humidity sensors was set up in the Peoppojeon. We hope to have a chance to install a full fledged system in the near future for the compilation of the fuller environmental data base.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 1998

The structure, dimensions, condition and other characteristics of the Koryo Buddhist Canon (the Koreana Tripitaka) Printing Wood Blocks stored at the Haein-sa Monastery were surveyed to obtain basic data needed for the conservation of the Wood Blocks. The dimensions of the Wood Blocks Were measured and we could figured out the blueprint designed at the time of the carving the Wood Blocks. The dimensions of the wooden board were as follows: width, 8'chi'('cun' in Chinese, 24 cm);thickness, 1 'chi' (3 cm); length, 2'cha' ('chi' in Chinese) and 3 'chi' (68 cm) or 2 'cha' and 6 'chi' (78 cm). The dimensions of the end pieces were as follows: width, 1 'chi' and 5 'fun' (4.5 cm; thickness, 1 'chi' and 4 'fun' (4 cm); length, 8 'chi' and 2-4 'fun' (24.6-25.2 cm). There were 6 types of metal strips and the length of the nails employed was 1 'chl' (3 cm). Investigation on the differences in the length of the wood Blocks and the shapes of the metal strips will be of interest. Since we surveyed only small portion of the Wood Blocks. the result may be different if entire Wood Blocks were examined. The data acquisition of the entire Wood Blocks will be the basis to the conservation of the Wood Blocks.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.447-470
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine how the cultural aspects of the publication of literary collections have been changed from its time throughout the entire Joseon Dynasty. At the royal court in the early Joseon Dynasty, the need for publication of the literary collections has consistently arisen to preserve writings of the noted sages, and the Joseon government was also taking the lead and promoting the publication of the literary collections. From the 16th to the early 18th century, the publication was intensively made at the local governments led by local governors. From the 17th to the early to middle of the 18th century, the finances of local governments were limited with the changed taxation system, and there had been a dramatic decrease in the number of literary publication projects. On the other hand, with the sudden increase of the number of Seowons during the reign of King Sukjong, the focus of the literary publication was moved to Seowon from the 18th to the 19th century. After the enforcement of the Seowon Abolition Decree, the collections were still published at Seowons, however from the end of 19th century, the publication of literary collections had been explosively made by aristocrats who did not belong to the institution of Seowon or could not receive Seowon's support, which spreaded over the entire Yangban culture.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.27-48
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• 2005

This study investigates the current preservation and management of four records and documentary heritage in Korea that is in the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. The study analyzes their problems and corresponding solutions in digitizing those world records heritages. This study also reviews additional four documentary books in Korea that are in the wish list to add to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. This study is organized as the following: Chapter 2 examines the value and meanings of world records and documentary heritage in Korea. The registry requirements and procedures of UNESCO's Memory of the World Register are examined. The currently registered records of Korea include Hunmin-Chongum, the Annals of the Choson Dynasty, the Diaries of the Royal Secretariat (Seungjeongwon Ilgi), and Buljo- Jikji-Simche-Yojeol (vol. II). These records heritage's worth and significance are carefully analyzed. For example, Hunmin-Chongum("訓民正音") is consisted of unique and systematic letters. Letters were delicately explained with examples in its original manual at the time of letter's creation, which is an unparalleled case in the world documentary history. The Annals of the Choson Dynasty("朝鮮王朝實錄") are the most comprehensive historic documents that contain the longest period of time in history. Their truthfulness and reliability in describing history give credits to the annals. The Royal Secretariat Diary (called Seungjeongwon-Ilgi("承政院日記")) is the most voluminous primary resources in history, superior to the Annals of Choson Dynasty and Twenty Five Histories in China. Jikji("直指") is the oldest existing book published by movable metal print sets in the world. It evidences the beginning of metal printing in the world printing history and is worthy of being as world heritage. The review of the four registered records confirms that they are valuable world documentary heritage that transfers culture of mankind to next generations and should be preserved carefully and safely without deterioration or loss. Chapter 3 investigates the current status of preservation and management of three repositories that store the four registered records in Korea. The repositories include Kyujanggak Archives in Seoul National University, Pusan Records and Information Center of National Records and Archives Service, and Gansong Art Museum. The quality of their preservation and management are excellent in all of three institutions by the following aspects: 1) detailed security measures are close to perfection 2) archiving practices are very careful by using a special stack room in steady temperature and humidity and depositing it in stack or archival box made of paulownia tree and 3) fire prevention, lighting, and fumigation are thoroughly prepared. Chapter 4 summarizes the status quo of digitization projects of records heritage in Korea. The most important issue related to digitization and database construction on Korean records heritage is likely to set up the standardization of digitization processes and facilities. It is urgently necessary to develop comprehensive standard systems for digitization. Two institutions are closely interested in these tasks: 1) the National Records and Archives Service experienced in developing government records management systems; and 2) the Cultural Heritage Administration interested in digitization of Korean old documents. In collaboration of these two institutions, a new standard system will be designed for digitizing records heritage on Korean Studies. Chapter 5 deals with additional Korean records heritage in the wish list for UNESCO's Memory of the World Register, including: 1) Wooden Printing Blocks(經板) of Koryo-Taejangkyong(高麗大藏經) in Haein Temple(海印寺); 2) Dongui-Bogam("東醫寶鑑") 3) Samguk-Yusa("三國遺事") and 4) Mugujeonggwangdaedaranigyeong. Their world value and importance are examined as followings. Wooden Printing Blocks of Koryo-Taejangkyong in Haein Temple is the worldly oldest wooden printing block of cannon of Buddhism that still exist and was created over 750 years ago. It needs a special conservation treatment to disinfect germs residing in surface and inside of wooden plates. Otherwise, it may be damaged seriously. For its effective conservation and preservation, we hope that UNESCO and Government will schedule special care and budget and join the list of Memory of the Word Register. Dongui-Bogam is the most comprehensive and well-written medical book in the Korean history, summarizing all medical books in Korea and China from the Ancient Times through the early 17th century and concentrating on Korean herb medicine and prescriptions. It is proved as the best clinical guidebook in the 17th century for doctors and practitioners to easily use. The book was also published in China and Japan in the 18th century and greatly influenced the development of practical clinic and medical research in Asia at that time. This is why Dongui Bogam is in the wish list to register to the Memory of the World. Samguk-Yusa is evaluated as one of the most comprehensive history books and treasure sources in Korea, which illustrates foundations of Korean people and covers histories and cultures of ancient Korean peninsula and nearby countries. The book contains the oldest fixed form verse, called Hyang-Ka(鄕歌), and became the origin of Korean literature. In particular, the section of Gi-ee(紀異篇) describes the historical processes of dynasty transition from the first dynasty Gochosun(古朝鮮) to Goguryeo(高句麗) and illustrates the identity of Korean people from its historical origin. This book is worthy of adding to the Memory of the World Register. Mugujeonggwangdaedaranigyeong is the oldest book printed by wooden type plates, and it is estimated to print in between 706 and 751. It contains several reasons and evidence to be worthy of adding to the list of the Memory of the World. It is the greatest documentary heritage that represents the first wooden printing book that still exists in the world as well as illustrates the history of wooden printing in Korea.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.33
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• pp.5-17
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• 2012

An Ola leaf manuscript, which consists of words carved on an Ola leaf and is filled up with a mixture of herbal oils made from Vateria acuminata Hyne and charcoal, is one of the native writing media in Sri Lanka. According to historical records, Ola leaf manuscripts had been used from the 1st to the 18th century A.D. From the recent findings that Ola leaf manuscripts have been preserved well for the past 400 years and are in good state of preservation, it is supposed that herbal oils preserve Ola leaves against environmental and biological factors such as fungi and insects. To evaluate the anti-biological susceptibility of the herbal oils, the molds isolated from wooden printing blocks in Janggyeong Panjeon of Haeinsa Temple in South Korea and bacteria and fungi isolated from Ola leaves were cultured. After spreading the microorganisms suspension on an agar plate, a disk paper containing a certain volume of herbal oil was placed on the agar plate. It was found in the experiment that herbal oil exhibits a clear zone, which is optically clear and inhibits the growth of microorganisms, against some molds and bacteria. The study results indicate that the herbal oil from the plant Vateria acuminata Hyne has the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.