• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2013

The traditional Hanji-making was confronted with lots of industrial disadvantages and economic problems, due to the original hand-made process. Recently, the studies on the automation of overall Hanji manufacturing process is carried out by applying the commercial chemical pulping method in order to expand industrial application or efficiency of non-wood fibrous materials. However, the application of commercial pulping methods to the bast tissues of paper mulberry leads to the chemical and mechanical deterioration of cellulosic fibers. In this study, the optimal cooking method using the bast parts of paper mulberry produced by an auto-scraping device was applied to minimize the damage of fiber strength for the paper yarn manufacture. The pre-steaming treatment and alkaline pulping systems were evaluated in removal efficiency of lignin and pectin materials within the bast tissue of paper mulberry. With the application of pre-steaming treatment and 2 stage pulping system using potassium carbonate and then sodium hydroxide, kappa values were decreased two times more in lignin removal than the single stage of pulping method. It was also identified from SEM images and ATR-FTIR spectra that the pectin components within cellular structure of bast tissue were easily removed and the debarked bast parts by a auto-scraping device were easily defiberized by 2-stage pulping sequence using potassium carbonate/sodium hydroxide pulping system.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2011

Hanji has known for its high qualities for more than thousand years. Hanji is stronger, and has better durability, air permeability, flexibility, thermal insulation, soundproofs and UV absorbability. Therefore, developing industrial interior finishing materials using Hanji is replaced with the PVC (Poly-Vinyl Chloride) materials instead, it will be a new environment-friendly material and positively represents Korean brand marketing. The industrial inter-construction material is discomposed by heat or light because of material characteristics. As a result, it emits a lot of noxious substances. Hanji is essentially a neutral paper since it does not rely on any acidic chemicals of artificial bleaching methods. Hanji is also known as the living paper because of its close relation to nature. Therefore, I would like to suggest that Hanji made from alternative material as a chicken fiber. It will be a non-polluting interior finishing materials by making use of Hanji to a taste of Korean culture in the green industry around the world. Rather than PVC used commonly in construction material, kitchen and office furniture, interior materials in the subway, trains, or other vessels, credit cards, and ID cards, I created an interior construction material by using patented Hanji. This will be increased the value of usefulness in the environment-friendly green industry instead of PVC.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.6
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• pp.145-160
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• 1982

Wearing a clothes in human living is very rightful and reasonable things. And it's also the necessaries of living. So now, I want look around about origin of clothes from the prehistorical age, how they start and why they need to wear a clothes. As human culture is unknown origin, human clothes origin is also unknown origin, too. So many different people made unlike story about that, and it is very difficult to say correct birth of clothes. It must be reflection by a time, by a place, by a mankind, until this days, the history of human progress is $2,000,000{\sim}3,000,000$ years. And from after the "Old Adam" man understand what is shame and disgrace, so that made them cover of their private parts, also it is a motive of human clothes. Since after pass a long time, the earth has many changes as it were weather, and for take care of human body from cold, people start make clothes and it's a second object of wearing a clothes. And third object of wearing clothes is after opportunity of development human culture, people desire for an aesthetic sence and for full-fill that feeling they start make a beautiful clothes with accessories and it is motive and a purpose of a human start wear a clothes. So I can say, for origin birth of clothes is 1. Protect of human body. 1) be adapted for different weather and different circumstance. 2) take care self from outside injurg. 2. Decorate for aesthetic sence. 1) Theory of Amulets. 2) Theory of symbolism. 3) Theory of Sex attraction. 4) Aesthetic Theory. 5) Theory of chastity. 6) Multi-theory And material for clothes they made from natural wilds like leaves, fur, skin of wood. skin of fishes and feather etc. But after develop of human knowledge people invent fiber, and use a knitted goods and woven stuff also first of all. They start use those kind that they just cover of their private parts as a belt and astring with leaves and a beast skins. But until this days it's taken big development with human knowledge and most important influence of develop was weather. So modern clothes for present days, must care with. physicology, preservation of health, living activity, dressing, morals, and etiquette etc.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.98-103
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• 2015

The reduction of the energy consumption in papermaking process become more important issue because of the regulation of green house gas (GHG) emission. Since more than half of energy for papermaking process is consumed during drying process, the increase of the drying efficiency would be very important solution for saving energy and reduction of GHG emission. The improvement of drying efficiency could be very difficult for the liner board mill because the liner board are usually made of recycled paper, OCC (old corrugated container). The short fiber and fines originated the OCC lead to compact sheet structure and delay the water flow out during wet pressing process and drying process. The application of lignocellulose spacer could provide more loose wet sheet structure and result in the higher drainage rate and the improved drying efficiency. In this study, the effects of the application of lignocellulose spacer to the liner board mill were evaluated based on the mill trial. In order to overcome the common disadvantage of the spacer, the loss of strength properties, the spacer was pretreated with amphoteric polyelectrolyte during mill trial. The results showed the application of pretreated spacer improved the drying efficiency by reducing steam consumption. And the loss in the strength properties by the spacer could be supplemented by the pretreatment.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.34-41
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• 2001

A research was performed to evaluate a use of shredder residue to currently dispose of at landfills. Laboratory analyses were conducted to determine especially the fuel characteristics of shredder residue. For this aim, shredder residue was classified by the particle size as well as by the type of material and the content of Cl, S, ash, and calorific value were determined. Due to the chlorinated plastic content of shredder residue, mean concentration of Cl was found to exceed 4wt% except one sample while that of S was ranged from 0.25 to 0.39 wt%. As far as calorific value was concemed, plastic was observed to be more than 10,000 kcal/kg while wood/paper and fiber accounted for approximately 4,000 kcal/kg. Shredder residue was found to contain varying trace amounts of metal elements, including Fe of 6∼8.5 wt%. Hg and Cr(VI) were not detected, however, while Cd was contained as small as 0.0004-0.0009 wt%.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.60-63
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• 2016

The study is a pioneering effort to determine the mineral, nutritional, and phytochemical composition and phenolic content and to determine the free radical scavenging activity of Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr, a native bamboo species (locally known as "bolo") in the Philippines. Proximate analysis showed that air-dried G. levis leaves contain 15.8% ash, 22.6% crude protein, 1.2% crude fat, 29.3% crude fiber, and 19.7% total sugar. Phytochemical tests indicated the presence of diterpenes, triterpenes, saponins, phenols, tannins, and flavonoids in both the ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts, while phytosterols were only detected in the ethanolic extract. Folin-Ciocalteu assay determined the total phenolic content in gallic acid equivalents (GAE) to be $85.86{\pm}3.71$ and $32.32{\pm}1.01mg\;GAE/100g$ dried sample for the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. The total phenolic content in quercetin equivalents (QE) was $74.44{\pm}3.11$ and $29.43{\pm}0.85mg\;QE/100g$ dried sample for the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. The radical scavenging activity of the different solvent fractions containing varying concentrations of the extract was determined using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The ethyl acetate and 1-butanol fractions were found to have the highest radical scavenging activity. Mineral analysis via Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS) of the ash of G. levis leaves showed that Si is the major component, followed by K and Mg. These results point to the potential of G. levis leaves as a source of minerals and bioactive compounds with medicinal value.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.27-34
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• 2014

In-situ $CaCO_3$ formation onto recycled wood pulp was studied to improve optical properties and ash attachment to the fiber furnish in papermaking. We controlled initial reaction temperature of in-situ $CaCO_3$ formation method from $30^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$. It was found that the attachment of newly formed $CaCO_3$ to recycled fibers, old newspaper (ONP) in this case, was stronger than that of ground calcium carbonate (GCC, mean dia. $2.4{\mu}m$) addition case, but was not much different among those formed at different temperature. Morphologies of newly formed $CaCO_3$ were changed according to the reaction temperature. More aragonite shape was seen at higher temperature. In-situ $CaCO_3$ formation increased brightness and lowered ERIC value of ONP sheet greatly at the same level of ash contents when compared to GCC addition method, but gave equivalent ERIC and brightness when compared to those of the precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) addition method. However, tensile strength of the handsheets of the in-situ $CaCO_3$ formation method were much greater than those of the PCC addition method.

• Mycobiology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

Pleurotus species are commercially essential mushrooms and widely cultivated throughout the world. The production of Pleurotus mushrooms alone accounts for around 25% of that total cultivated mushrooms globally. In America and Europe, Pleurotus species are considered specialty mushrooms, whereas, in Korea, their cultivation is economically profitable, and it is one of the highly consumed species. Pleurotus species are predominantly found in tropical forests and often grow on fallen branches, dead and decaying tree stumps, and wet logs. Biographical studies have shown that the Pleurotus genus is among the more conspicuous fungi that induce wood decay in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide due to its formidable lignin-modifying enzymes, including laccase and versatile peroxidases. Pleurotus species can be grown easily due to their fast colonization nature on diversified agro-substrates and their biological efficiency 100%. Pleurotus mushrooms are rich in proteins, dietary fiber, essential amino acids, carbohydrates, water-soluble vitamins, and minerals. These mushrooms are abundant in functional bioactive molecules, though to influence health. Pleurotus mushrooms are finding unique applications as flavoring, aroma, and excellent preservation quality. Apart from its unique applications, Pleurotus mushrooms have a unique status delicacy with high nutritional and medicinal values. The present review provides an insight into the cultivation of Pleurotus spp. using different agro-waste as growth substances paying attention to their effects on the growth and chemical composition.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.3-30
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• 1979

Larch ($\underline{Larix}$ $\underline{leptolepis}$ GORDON), one of the major afforestation species in Korea in view of its growing stock and rate of growth, is not favored as a raw material for pulp due to its low yield of pulp and difficulties with bleaching arising from the high content of extractives in wood, and the high heartwood ratio and the active phenolics, respectively. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of firstly pulping with various additives of cellulose protector for the yield of pulp, and secondly bleaching with oxygen for chlotination-alkali extraction of five stage-sequence to reduce chlorine compounds in bleaching effluents. The kraft cooking liquor for five age groups of larchwood was 18 percent active alkali with 25 percent sulfidity and 5 : 1 liquor-to-wood ratio, and each soda liquor for sap-and heart-wood of the 15-year-old larchwood was 18 percent alkali having one of the following cellulose protectors as the additive; magnesium sulfate ($MgSO_4$, 2.5%), zinc sulfate ($ZnSO_4$, 2.5%), aluminium sulfate ($Al_2(SO_4)_3$, 2.5%), potasium iodide (KI, 2.5%), hydroquinone (HQ, 2.5%), anthraquinone (AQ, 0.1%) and ethylene diamine (EDA, 2.5%). Then each anthraquinone-soda liquor for the determination of suitable cooking condition was the active alkali level of 15, 17 and 19 percent with 1.0, 0.5 and 0.1 percent anthraquinone, respectively. The cooking procedure for the pulps was scheduled to heat to 170$^{\circ}C$ in 90 minutes and to cook 90 minutes at the maximum temperature. The anthraquinone-soda pulps from both heartwood and sapwood of 15-year-old larchwood prepared with 0.5 percent anthraquinone and 18 percent active alkali were bleached in a four-stage sequency of OCED. (O: oxygen bleaching, D: chlorine dioxide bleaching and E: alkali extraction). In the first stage oxygen in atmospheric pressure was applied to a 30 percent consistency of pulp with 0.1 percent magnesium oxide (MgO) and 3, 6, and 9 percent sodium hydroxide on oven dry base, and the bleached results were compared pulps bleached under the conventional CEDED (C: chlorination). The results in the study were summarized as follows: 1. The screened yield of larch kraft pulp did not differ from particular ages to age group, but heartwood ratio, basic density, fiber length and water-extractives contents of wood and the tear factor of the pulp increased with increasing the tree age. The total yield of the pulp decreased. 2. The yield of soda pulp with various chemicals for cellulose protection of the 15-year-old larchwood increased slightly more than that of pure soda pulp and was slightly lower than that of kraft pulp. The influence of cellulose protectors was similar to the yield of pulps from both sapwood and heartwood. The effective protectors among seven additives were KI, $MgSO_4$ and AQ, for which the yields of screened pulp was as high as that of kraft pulp. Considering the additive level of protector, the AQ was the most effective in improving the yield and the quality of pulp. 3. When the amount of AQ increased in soda cooking, the yield and the quality of the pulp increased but rejects in total yield increased with decreasing the amount of active alkali from 19 to 15 percent. The best proportion of the AQ seemed to be 0.5 percent at 17 percent active alkali in anthraquinone-soda pulping. 4. On the bleaching of the AQ-soda pulp at 30 percent consistency with oxygen of atomospheric pressure in the first stage of the ODED sequence, the more caustic soda added, the brighter bleached pulp was obtained, but more lignin-selective bleaching reagent in proportion to the oxygen was necessary to maintain the increased yield with the addition of anthraquinone. 5. In conclusion, the suitable pulping condition for larchwood to improve the yield and quality of the chemical pulp to the level for kraft pulp from conventional process seemed to be. A) the selection of young larchwood to prevent decreasing in yield and quality due to the accumulation extractives in old wood, B) the application of 0.5 percent anthraquinone to the conventional soda cooking of 18 percent active alkali, and followed, C) the bleaching of oxygen in atmospheric pressure on high consistency (30%) with 0.1 percent magnesium oxide in the first stage of the ODED sequence to reduce the content of chlorine compounds in effluent.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.10-39
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• 1988

This study investigated the temperatures and relative humidities in the semi-greenhouse type solar dryer with a black rock-bed heat storage and without heat storage and outdoor temperature and relative humidity at 9 a.m. and 2 p.m.. A comparison was made of the drying rates, final moisture contents, moisture content distributions, casehardening stresses, drying defects, volumetric shrinkage of dried lumber for solar- and air-drying from the green condition of mixtures of Douglas-fir, lauan, taun, oak and sycamore 25mm- and 50 mm-thick lumber during the same period for four seasons, and heat efficiencies for solar dryer with and without the heat storage for saving of heat energy and the cost of lumber drying using the solar energy. The results from this study were summarized as follows: I. The mean weekly temperatures in the solar dryers were 3 to $6^{\circ}C$ at 9 a.m. and 9 to $13^{\circ}C$ at 2 p.m. higher than mean outdoor temperature during all the drying period. 2. The mean weekly relative humidities in the solar dryers were about 1 to 19% at 9 a.m. higher than the outdoor relative humidity. and the difference between indoor and outdoor relative humidity in the morning was greater than in the afternoon. 3. The temperatures and relative humidities in the solar dryer with and without the heat storage were nearly same. 4. The overall solar insolation during the spring months was highest and then was greater in the order of summer, atumm, and winter month. S. The initial rate of solar drying was more rapid than that of air drying. As moisture content decreased, solar drying rate became more rapid than that of air drying. The rates of solar drying with and without heat storage were nearly same. The drying rate of Douglas-fir was fastest and then faster in the order of sycamore, lauan, taun and oak. and the faster drying rate of species, the smaller differences of drying rates between thicknesses of lumber. The drying rates were fastest in the summer and slowest in the winter. The rates of solar drying during the spring were more slowly in the early stage and faster in the later stage than those during the autumn. 6. The final moisture contents were above 15% for 25mm-thick air dried and about 10% for solar dried lumber, but the mean final MCs for 50mm-thick lumber were much higher than those of thin lumber. The differences of final MC between upper and lower course of pile for solar drying were greater than those of pile for air drying. The differences of moisture content between the shell and the core of air dried lumbers were greater than those of solar dried lumber, smallest in the drying during summer and greatest in the drying during winter among seasons. 7. Casehardening stresses of 25mm- and 50mm-thick dried lumber were slight, casehardening stress of solar dried lumber was severer than that of air dried lumber and was similar between solar dried lumber with and without heat storage, Casehardening stresses of lumber dried during spring were slightest and then slighter in the order of summer, autumn, and winter. Casehardening stresses of Douglas -fir, sycamore and lauan were slight, comparing with those of taun and oak. 8. Maximum initial checks of 25mm-thick lumber occurred above and below fiber saturation point and those of 50mm-thick lumber occurred in the higher moisture content than thin lumber. As the moisture content decreased, most of checks were closed and didn't show distinct difference of the degree of checks among drying methods. The degree of checks were very slight in case of Douglas-fir and lauan, and severe in case of taun and oak. The degree of checks for 50mm-thick lumber were severer than those for 25mm-thick lumber. 9. The degree of warpage showed severe in case of oak and sycamore lumber, but no warping was found in case of Douglas-fir, lauan and taun. 10. The volumetric shrinkages of taun and oak were large and medium in case of Douglas-fir, lauan and sycamore. 11. Heat efficiencies of solar dryer with heat storage were 6.9% during spring, 7.7% during summer, 12.1% during autumn and 4.1% during winter season. Heat efficiency of solar dryer with heat storage was slightly greater than that of without heat storage. As moisture content of lumber decreased, heat efficiency decreased.