• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.332-347
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• 1998

This study was performed for the purpose of analyzing the relationship of menopausal symptoms of midlife women between urban area and rural area. A total of 129 midlife women who have lived in seoul, Kyeung ki and Kangwon were selected conveniently and data were collected by structured questionnaire from May to June, 1998. The instruments were the menopausal symptoms scale developed by Neugarten, Ci Sung-Ai & Kim Hy-Eun. Data analysis was done by Chi-square test, ANOVA, t-test. The results of this study were summarized as follows ; 1. The mean score for the menopausal symptoms of midlife women was 2.12. Serious menopausal symptoms which could be found in this study were "joint pain and numbness of arm and leg"(2.63), "fatigue and powerlessness"(2.58), "nervousness"(2.44). Over 97.8% of women complained menopausal symptoms. 2. In the relationship between social demographic variables and menopausal symptoms of midlife women were significant difference in urban area and rural area(t=-4.569, P=.000), marriage status(F=4.809, P=.010), education(F=7.359, P=.000), married son and daughter(F=7.359, P=.000), mensturational status(F=5.993, P=.003), and satisfaction to husband(F=9.093, P=.000). 3. In the relationship of menopausal symptoms of midlife women between two groups were statistically significant differences(t=-4.569, P=.000). The mean score of menopausal symptoms of rural women(2.34) were higher than those of urban women(1.85). This study shows the possible implication for nursing intervention of midlife women's health to prevent and relieve menopausal symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.180-189
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• 2002

Purpose : This study focused on affirming of the effects of Dan-jun breathing exercise experienced by women in midlife. Method: The data were collected via direct interview from 20 participants, who participated in a Dan-Jun exercise program during three months. Collected data were analyzed by content analysis. Result : 1. As for the health problems of women in midlife before the Dan-jun exercise program, 93 items were extracted in the content analysis These items were categorized into 59 attributes and 15 higher attributes. 1) Of the 59 attributes of health problems, shoulder pain (30%) was the most dominant. 2) The 15 higher attributes consisted for the physical domain of, weakness, pain, joint stiffness, sexual problem, sleep disorder, gastro-intestinal disorder. menstrual irregularity. circulatory disorder, respiratory disorder. constipation, urinary incontinence, and for the psychological domain, anger, emptiness, depression, and anxiety. 2. As for the effects experienced by women in midlife after the Dan-jun exercise program, 169 items were extracted in the content analysis. These items were categorized into 85 attributes and 14 higher attributes. 1) Of 85 attributes, lightening of physical condition (55%) was the most dominant. 2) The higher attributes consisted in physical domain of, recovery of vigor, pain relief, menstrual regularity and improvements in flexibility. sexual problem, sleep disorder, gastro-intestinal disorder, circulatory disorder constipation, respiratory disorder and urinary incontinence, and for the psychological domain, relaxation, cultured mind and self-confidence. Conclusions : Dan-jun breathing exercise program for three months showed positive effects on physical and psychological health in women in midlife. In this context, it can be also considered as a significant nursing intervention for maintenance and promotion of the health of these women.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.429-438
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was descriptive survey research to examine the factors affecting menopause, depression and menopausal symptoms, and the relations among these factors in South Korean midlife women. Methods: The subjects were 319 midlife women in Daegu City. Measures were Zung's Self-Report Depression Scale (1979) to check depression, and the Midlife Women's Symptom Index developed by Im (2006) to check menopausal symptoms. Data were collected from June 1 to July 31, 2010. Collected data were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, and Pearson's correlation coefficient through SPSS/WIN 18.0. Results: There was a statistically significant correlation between depression and menopausal symptoms (r=.692, p<.001). The factors affecting depression were age (r=.194, p<.001), income (r=-.307, p<.001), exercise (r=-.602, p<.001), and menopausal status (r=.224, p<.001). The factors affecting menopausal symptoms were exercise (r=-.158, p<.037), menstrual pain (r=-.171, p = .004) and menopausal status (r=.222, p<.001). Conclusion: Intervention programs for decreasing menopausal symptoms in midlife women should be focused on relieving menopausal pain and encouraging excise from youth. Further studies will be needed to examine the relations among other factors including living style, area and menopausal symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.459-469
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• 2002

This study was to examine the effects of the Dan-Jun Breathing Exercise Program on pulmonary function and psychological health promotion of women in midlife. Method: Experimental group(20) was matched to control group(20) according to age, education, religion and marital status. The Dan-Jun Breathing Exercise Program was carried out for 80 minutes a day, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. FVC and FEV1.0/FVC(%) were measured by using the Health Management System developed by the Korean Physical Science Institution. The scores of depression, anxiety and hostility were measured by the Korean Manual of Symptoms-Checklist -90 revision. Result: 1) FVC of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, FEV1.0/FVC(%) was not higher than that of the control group. 2) The scores for depression, anxiety and hostility in the experimental group were lower than those of the control group. 3) FVC of 6 weeks and 12 weeks experiment in the experimental group was higher than that of pre-experimental group. Conclusion: The Dan-Jun Breathing Exercise Program promotes the Pulmonary function and psychological health of women in midlife.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.78-87
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• 2013

Purpose: This study has investigated experience of middle aged women who attended a self help group to overcome midlife crisis. Methods: To analyze types of experience that middle aged women attending the self help group went through to overcome midlife crisis, Q-methodology has been used. The 32 selected Q-samples from each of 27 subjects were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 9-point scale. The collected data were analyzed using a QUANL PC program. The 38 selected Q-samples from each of 27 subjects were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 9-point scale. The collected data were analyzed using a QUANL PC program. Results: The types of experience were classified into four categories; Type I (attempt to change), Type II (devoted to my role), Type III (tolerance and acceptance) and Type IV (role as a senior citizen). Conclusion: This study is significant in that it has attempted to analyze the approach and usefulness of a self-help group program. It is suggestive that a local society support group may be necessary to help people with midlife crisis and further studies for nursing intervention and strategic development are required.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.29-51
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to examine how midlife working women's psychological well-being is associated with their reward/cost of family role and work role according to their kinds of job. For empirical research, 627 married working women living in Seoul, aged between 40-55 answered the structured questionnaire. The subjects consisted of 301 professional working women and 326 non-professional working women. The data were analysed by the frequencies, mean, oneway ANOVA, and multiple regression. The major findings were as follows 1) Two sub areas of midlife working women's psychological well-being-self esteem and life satisfaction-were higher than an average level. 2) The more midlife working women performed family role and work role, they perceived reward more than cost. 3) For the professional working women, the more they perceived the reward of family role and work role, the higher their psychological well-being was. The more they perceived the cost of family role and work role, the lower their psychological well-being was. These consequencies applied to not only general reward/cost of family role and work role but also interrole reward/cost between family role and work role. For the non-professional working women, general and interrole reward of family role and work role had the positive effects on psychological well-being. Their general cost of spouse role, general and interrole cost of mother role, general cost of work role had the negative erects on psychological well-being. However interrole cost between spouse role and work role did not have a significant effect on psychological well-being. Finally, the result of multiple regression analysis showed that general reward of work role had the largest positive effect on midwife working women's self-esteem. General reward/cost of spouse role had the largest effect on their life satisfaction.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.268-281
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• 1997

This study was done for the purpose of analysing the relationship between menopausal syndrome and depression in the pre and post menopausal women's group. Data were collected by a questionnaire from November, 1995 to December, 1996. The subject were 244 midlife women(94 subjects were in pre-menopausal period, 150 subject were in post-menopausal period). The instruments used for this study were the menopausal syndrome scale by Neugarton and depression scale by Zung. Data were analyzed with the SPSS/PC using frequency, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The most serious menopausal symptom in the midlife women was 'back pain and joint pain'. 2. The item of 'Hot flush'(t=-2.78, p<0.01), 'sweating'(t=-2.31, p<0.05) and 'nervousness'(t=-2.13, p<0.05) as menopausal syndromes were statistically significant in the two groups ; Post menopausal group were higher then premenopausal group. 3. Postmenopausal group were a little higher then premenopausal group as depression level. It was none statistically significant in the two groups. 4. The relationship between menopausal syndromes and the level of depression was statistically significant in the group of post-menopausal group(r=0.2083, p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 1998

Health behavior constitutes the single most important factor in an individual's health maintenance program. Pender's health promotion model emphasizes the positive aspects of health-seeking behavior hut omits some negative ones. Although Pender's work does include the concept of barriers, the main focus is upon health habits rather than upon the interaction between the consumer and the health care system. Therefore, since individuals actually do face many barriers in their health-seeking behavior, the present study deals with negative concepts-the barriers to health and healthy behavior. For this reason the expression health-seeking behavior was chosen over health promotion. In conclusion, the results show that barriers to health-seeking behavior are causal factors that could explain and predict the health-seeking behavior of middle life women. Midlife women shows that they have barriers to health-seeking behavior especially in inconvenience, cost, healthcenter site-related problem, relationship, fear. These findings suggest the need to develop a nursing strategy to improve the empowerment of self-determination in middle-aged women. Consequently, a goal of nursing care for middle-aged women should be to help them pursue health care with a greater degree of self-sufficiency.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2008

Purpose: To determine the degree of cardiovascular disease risk according to socioeconomic factors among midlife women in the community and thereby provide baseline data for the development of health promotion programs. Method: A total of 200 women participated in health screenings and a health survey. The survey was performed in November and December, 2006. The survey instruments included socioeconomic factors, health behavior (smoking and exercise), and family history. Biophysical measurement included BMI and blood pressure. Blood samples were drawn for glucose and total cholesterol tests. Results: The mean age was 52.5 years, 34.0% had received education less than 6 years, 70.0% earned a monthly income of less than \1,500,000, and 61.5% were homemakers. Cardiovascular disease risk was significantly different by age (BMI, systolic BP, and exercise), education (systolic BP), monthly income (T. cholesterol), marital status (smoking), and occupation (exercise). Most women had 2 or 3 cardiovascular disease risks. Older age, lower education, and lower income were significantly associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Conclusion: Efforts should be made to decrease the number and severity of cardiovascular disease risk factors for midlife women in the community by developing health promotion programs targeting to modify their cardiovascular disease risk factors.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.373-384
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop a DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program for health promotion and to examine the effects of a DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program on the physical and emotional health promotion of women in midlife. The design utilized for this study was quasi-experimental with a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. This study was done between February 1 and July 4, 2000 and the subjects of the study were 40 women in midlife living in Seoul. There were 20 members in experimental group who participated in the DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program and 20 members in the control group who were chosen as matched to members of the experimental group according to age, education and religion. The DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program was carried out for 80 minutes a day, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. The percent of body fat, back strength, flexibility (trunk flexion), balance and vital capacity were measured using the Health Management System developed by the Korea Physical Science Institution. Blood tests were done at D infirmary for total cholesterol, and the atherogenic index was calculated using an established formula. The scores of anxiety and depression were measured by a questionnaire with 10 questions on anxiety and 13 questions on depression. It was developed from the Korean Manual of Symptoms-Checklist-90 revision. The collected data were processed using the SPSS PC program and analyzed using $\chi^2$-test and t-test. The result of this study are as follows : 1. The percent of body fat for the experimental group who participated in the DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program was lower than that of the control group. 2. The degree of back strength, flexibility (trunk flexion) and balance of the experimental group that participated in the DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program was higher than that of the control group. 3. The vital capacity of the experimental group that participated in the DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program was higher than that of the control group. 4. The total cholesterol level and atherogenic index of the experimental group that participated in the DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program were lower than those of the control group. 5. The scores for anxiety and depression in the experimental group that participated in the DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program were lower than those of the control group. In conclusion, DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program promotes the physical and emotional health of women in midlife. The DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program can be utilized as a nursing intervention for the promotion of health in women in midlife.