• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.47-56
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• 2018

Research was initiated to investigate germination characteristics and germination pattern of 14 herbaceous plant entries used on the road slope during 30 days. An alternative germination condition for 14 herbaceous plant entries required by International Seed Testing Association(ISTA) was applied in the experiment, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$. Significant differences were observed in the first germination rate(0.3%~40.7%)and in the final germination rate(7.7%~93.3%). Days to the first germination(2~8days), days to the 30% germination(2~6days) and days to the peak germination(6~18days) were different among 14 herbaceous plant entries in the study. From this result, we could find out higher final germination rate of 14 herbaceous plant entries in the following order; First, forage crops and cool-season turfgrasses; Second, herbeceous flowers; Third, wild plants. We could also divide germination rate among 14 herbaceous plant entries as 6 groups(I;very high, II;high, III;medium high, IV;medium low, V;low, VI;very low) based on the final germination rate and divide germination speed as 5 groups(A;very fast, B;fast, C;normal, D;slow, E;very slow)based on days to the peak germination. Considering germination characteristics and pattern of 14 herbaceous plant entries Medicago sativa, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea and Cosmos sulphureus were regard as dominating species while Lespedeza cuneata, Silene armeria, Lotus corniculatus var.japonicus, Coreopsis tinctoria and Centaurea cyanus as competitive species following dominating species. However, Chrysanthemum burbankii, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Chrysanthemum boreale., Artemisia princeps var. orientalis and Arundinella hirta were not almost expected to emerge.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 1991

Many people have a growing interest on the health result from economic improvement, various environimental pollution and stress, and unrest on the adult diseases etc.In these result, demand for the herb medicine continues to expand. Farmers of theour country have a hardship in the farm management owing to of opening and liberaliza-tion, and make strenuous efforts on the devclopment of substitute crops to overcomethese differties. Government nowadays recommends the cultivation of the economiccrops like a flowers, medicinal herbs mushroom and clean vegetables. Medicinal herbsare specially profitable among these crops because herbs are possible to culture inwaste land, disused field and slope land, and owing to need less labor and competitionthan those of other crops. The most important problem is the facts that the compli-cation of currency structure of herb medicine inflicts mucll loss to cultivators. Therefore, this study was investigated the state of herb cultivation and the facts to be imploved in currency structure of the harvested herb medicine.1 . The cultivating area and output have been gradually increased and much produc-ted in Kyoungbuk, Kangwon, Choongbuk, Cheonbuk and Cheonnam province in or-der of cultivating area 2. Collection amount of wild herb medicine is decreasig bythe reason of the varous difficulties on the collection. 3. Cultivators of medicinal herbscan make agricultural management more resonable in information exchange on theherb cultivation, purchase of seed, fertilizer, chemicals and other materials, and sell-ing of harvested herb medicine by organization of cultivator fraternity. 4 Cultivatorshave to exclude intermediary margin by the development of direct transaction andcontract cultivation with medicinal herb store, drug manufacturer, chinese meicinehospital and trading firm etc. And also, by the performing exportation with foreign consumer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.111-122
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• 1995

12 populatiDns of Ch indicum L. and it's variation antogenous in Tforea were selected throughout the country and their morphological characteristics were studied in this paper. The results are as follows. 1) The mean of the plant height is 97.3cm. Ch. indicunl is 76.5cm and Ch. boreale is 116. 6cm in height. The number of nodes is 58 on the average. The color of the stem is generally black-red in the case of Ch. indicum and is green for Ch. boreale. 2) The leaves of Ch. inficum are smaller In size and thicker than chose of Ch. boreale, and it has a stipule. This fact enables us to distinguish one species from the other, however, the Gyukpo-population of Ch. indicum has a large leaf, and Byunsan-population of Ch. boreale has a stipule so that the above fact is not an exact criterion on which to base one classification. 3) The size of the capitulum is 24.9mm for Ch. indicum and 15.6mm in the case of Ch. boreaje so that the difference between species is admitted. It was confirmed hat the size of the capitulum has positive correlation to that of the pedicel and has egative correlation to the number of flowers, so that of inflorescence, Ch. indicumhas corymb, and Ch. boreale has crowed corymb or umbel-type.The number of ligulates is 19 on the average, which no the difference being founnd between species and populations.4) The cluster analysis of morphological characteristics showed that Ch. indicum wasdivided into two groups, which was shown thought to be due to the difference of speciesbetween Ch. indicum and Ch. boreale. However, it could not be shown that their morphological characteristics explain a geographical relationship between populations

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.141-150
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• 1998

This study was conducted to find out the possibility of seeding of Zoysia japonica and woody plants for the revegetation of rock-exposed-cutslopes by Natural Topsoil Restoration Methods (NTRM). The 5cm thick layer of artificial soil was attached at rock-exposed cutslopes for the growth of Zoysia japonica and native woody plants by NTRM. The main results were summarized as follows. 1. Artificial soil attached at rock-exposed-slopes by NTRM was not eroded until recovered by Zoysia japonica and native woody plants. It shows extremely low soil erodibility. 2. One year later after seeding, woody plants show 100% ground coverage. But, in early stage, they grew more quickly at northwest slopes than at southeast slopes. 3. In seeding of Zoysia japonica, it grew more quickly at southeast slopes than at northwest slopes. Also, it grew better at lower part of the slopes than at middle part of the slopes. 4. After one year from seeding, the height of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigo/era pseudo-tinctoria were longer than any other plants. The next were Albizzia julibrissin, Lespedeza cuneata and wild flowers. The tree height of Rhus chinensis shows 28cm length, so it has enough possibility to be used for roadside revegetation works. 5. Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigo/era pseudo-tinctoria show different importance values according to slope aspect. But, they show tendency to outweigh the other plants at all slope-aspects. 6. Most of the plants seeded by NTRM were germinated well and they covered rock-exposed-slopes so quickly and effectively. Thus it leads to conclusion that the revegetation methods used in this experiment was a very effective methods to recover rock-exposed-slopes by seeding of zoysia japonica and native woody plants.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2021

The essential oils from the aerial parts (leaves and flowers) of Spiraea hypericifolia L. (Rosaceae), collected in Northern Kazakhstan, were obtained by distillation in two dispersion media (distilled water and 15% NaCl solution). The chemical composition of the essential oils was evaluated by GC-MS for the first time. The yield of the essential oil was 0.04% (in fresh growth conditions) and 0.02% (in dry growth conditions) respectively regardless of which dispersion media (H2O or 15% NaCl solution) was used at the isolation of essential oil. The main compounds were aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes) (40.6-53.2%), aldehydes (8.4-17.4%), diterpenoids (9.1-16.7%) and ketones (6.2-8.7%). Content of monoterpenoids was depended on dispersion media (2.2-3.6% where H2O was dispersion media and 8.4-8.5% where 15% NaCl solution was dispersion media). n-Heneicosane (17.4-34.1%) and n-tricosane (14.3-19.5%) were the main constituents of the essential oil of S. hypericifolia. There were many insects from different classes in S. hypericifolia at flowering. Important components such as α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (0.8-2.8%), benzyl cyanide (0.7-1.1%), β-damascenone (1.2-2.9%), (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (1.8-2.7%), β-ionone (0.5-1.8%) and others were detected in small amounts.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.226-234
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• 2022

The study aims are to examine the characteristics of artificial and natural hybrids between Viola albida var. albida (= albida, from below) and V. albida var. chaerophylloides (= chaerophylloides, from below), and to confirm if hybrids could be fertile and make populations in their native habitats. The 1st filial (= F₁, from below) leaf shape produced by artificial crossing between albida and chaerophylloides was the same as that of V. albida var. takahashii (= takahashii, from below), and F₁ bore also both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers. F₁ seed number was 9.6 per cleistogamous pods, which was remarkably less than the average of 38.2 for albida and chaerophylloides, but the germination rate was all similar. The leaf type of self-crossed 2nd offsprings (= F₂, from below) showed all leaf types found in the Viola albida complex, but the ratio of chaerophylloides leaf type was relatively low. Individuals whose F₂ leaf type was restored to albida produced an average of 31.4 seeds per capsule, meaning that fertility was restored. On the other hand, individuals of F₂ takahashii leaf type come to fruition a low average of 10.4 seeds per capsule, which is similar to that of takahashii. The results of crossbreeding experiment, where is their native habitats, were similar to that of laboratory. Both albida and chaerophylloids in Mt. Bulmyeong distribute extensively, but takahashii make a small population only in places where albida and chaerophylloides grow together. Summarizing the above results is suggesting that the speciation of takahashii was done by hybrid between albida and chaerophylloides, and these have been maintained with relatively small population by cleistogamous capsules.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.51-51
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• 2022

Water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.) is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows wild throughout Korea. As of 2020, 24,819 tons (51.7% of open field, 48.3% of facility) are produced in 1,278 ha (59.9% of open field, 40.1% of facility) nationwide. Water dropwort, which is rich in nutrients such as vitamins and iron, is mainly cultivated by vegetative propagation method using local traditional species, however, seed propagation and breeding of cultivars are insufficient so far. Since securing, propagating and continuous characterization of various genetic resources are required to breed new cultivars, this study was conducted to compare the main characteristics of domestic genetic resources and to improve their utilization. Growth characteristics such as plant height, fresh weight, plant type, and flowering date were investigated for the 89 varieties of genetic resources owned by Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services after vegetative propagation in the individual pots. Also, the morphological image information of leaves and flowers was constructed. Genetic resources were collected nationwide and originated in 30 regions including Hwaseong, Siheung and Jeju. Their plant types could be classified into straight, intermediate and creeping types according to their morphological characteristics, and at this time, the number of intermediate types accounted for the largest proportion. Flowering was carried out under high-temperature and long-day conditions in summer. According to the flowering date, they could be classified into early, middle and late flowering varieties, and at this time, the middle flowering varieties occupied the largest proportion. As a result of the investigation of vegetative growth characteristics, varieties with long plant height, heavy fresh weight and thick stem thickness were identified. Along with this result, it is thought that classification and selection of genetic resources for various purposes will be possible through additional investigations such as analysis of components and antioxidant activity. Moreover, it is judged that such results can be used as basic data for breeding new water dropwort cultivars in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.233-246
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to suggest the possibility of utilizing the wildflower pasture for promoting public interest. Growth characteristics, botanical composition, fauna distribution on wildflower pastures were observed. The experimental design included two treatments: native wildflower pasture(NWP, turf grasses 6 species + native wildflower 11 species) and introduced wildflower pasture(lWP, turf grasses 6 species + introduced wildflower 9 species). The field trials were carried out on the experimental pasture plots at Chungnam National University from 1997 to 2000. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The flowering of wildflower was maintained continuously from May to September, and the colors of wildflowers; varied seasonally during this period. With native flowers, however, Hemerocallis fulva, Belamcanda chinenis and Aster koraiensisi showed problems in lately germination and early establishment. Meanwhile, Introduced wildflower showed not only excellent germination and early establishment compared to native flowers species but also maintained brighter colors. But Coreopsis tinctoria, Achillea mi/lefolium and Rudbeckia bicolor had colonized at a higher height or possessed stronger rhizome. 2. The appropriate species of turf grass which maintained continuous seasonal distribution are thought to be tall fescue, perennial ryegrass. Kentucky bluegrass in NWP and IWP. 3. Botanical composition of wild flower in NWP was arranged in the order of Achillea sibirica > Lotus corniculatus var. Japonicus > Dianthus chinensis > Plantago asiatica > Taraxacum pla~ycarpum > Viola mandshurica > Aster koraiensis > Vicia tetasperma > Lespedeza stipulacea > Hemerocallis fulva, respectively. The highest seasonal distribution of native wildflower, Achillea sibirica was in spring and summer, Lotus corniculatus var. Japonicus was in autumn. Botanical composition of wild flower in IWP was arranged in the order of Achillea millefolium Coreopsis tinctoria > Silene armeria > Coreopsis lanceolata > Rudbeckia bicolor > Sanguisorba oficinalis > Centaurea cyanus > Chrysanthemum leucanthemum > Dianthus petraeus, respectively. The highest seasonal distribution of introduced wildflower, Silene armeria was in spring, Achillea millefolium was in summer, and Coreopsis tinctoria was in autumn.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.48-65
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• 2018

The authors of this paper aim to make a record of the construction process, its symbolic meaning, and the changes in the status of the landscape plants at the Pasanseodang according to the Report on the Pasanseodang written by Park Gyu-hyun in 1874. First, the construction of Samgahun Pavilion, which is located in Myo-ri, Habin-myun, Dalsung-gun, Daegu, took about 90 years and spanned the lifetimes of Park Sungsoo, an 11th-generation descendant of Park Paengnyun (1417~1456) through to Park Kyuhyun, a 14th-generation descendant. It was called the shape of dragon, with its head facing the tail (回龍顧尾形), in feng shui. Second, the village of Pahwoe was founded in 1769, the 45th year of the reign of King Yeongjo, by Park Sungsoo for the purpose of socializing with his friends at his thatched home, and was named after his own courtesy name (Samgahun). Park Kwangseok, the second son of Park Sungsoo, built the sarangchae in 1826 and the anchae in 1869 after his marriage (in 1783). Then, Park Kyuhyun, the grandson of Park Kwangseok, built the pond and planted it with lotus flowers, and built the Hayeopjeong in 1874. The Pasanseodang, as the precursor of the Hayeopjeong, may be related with the name of the hillside region behind Samgahun. Third, a quadrangular-shaped pond with a length of 21m and a width of 15m was also built and planted with lotus flowers. In the center of the pond is a small round island that reflects the world view of the Chosun dynasty, i.e. that the sky is round and the landmass is quadrangular. Meanwhile, the name of the Hayeopjeon reflects the value system of aristocrats who lived a life of leisure and artistic indulgence. They called the eastern room "Yeeyeonhun" (怡燕軒) and the western room "Mongyangjae" (蒙養齋), names which embody their wishes for a good life as a member of the nobility and a bright future for one's descendants. Fourth, in Confucian terms, the authors infer the points of view reflected in the kinds of trees that were planted according to Confucian norms (pine tree, lotus, bamboo), the living philosophy of sustainability (willow), the ideology of seclusion and the search for peace of mind (bamboo), and relief efforts for the poor and a life of practicality (chestnut, oak, wild walnut, lacquer). The authors assert that this way of planting trees was a highly effective design feature of landscape architecture that drew on the locational and symbolic significance of the Seodang. Fifth, the majority of the trees that were initially planted withered and were replaced with different species, except for the locust and lotus, at this point. Nevertheless, a review of the process of construction, symbolic meaning, and original architectural landscape of the Samgahun is of value in demonstrating the extended symbolic meaning of their descendants in terms of the practical loss of the function of the Seodang, the values of Feng Sui (red in the east, white in the west, based on the principles of Feng Sui), the function of repelling evils spirits (kalopanax, trifoliate orange), aesthetic and practical values (sweetbrier, apricot, pear, peach, and oriental oak trees), and the prosperity of the family and the timeless value of honest poverty (silk, crape myrtle, and yew trees).

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.465-474
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• 2011

Agricultural environment of Lam Dong province, which is located in central highland area, is totally different from that of other lower areas in Vietnam. In Lam Dong province, abundant plant resources were naturally grown such as pine trees, taxus, and wild orchids, which can grow in high mountainous area. In Lam Dong, the field proportion of perennial crops was higher than that of annual crops. However, the field proportion and yields of vegetables were highest among the all cultivated crops, estimating 38% (36,552ha) and 72% (993,082MT), respectively. Especially in Da Lat, vegetables, flowers, orchids, and industrial crops were mainly produced because this area is geographically close to Ho Chi Minh city. And also in Da Lat, 64% (8,447ha) and 36% (4,777ha) of farm fields were used for producing annual and perennial crops, respectively, and the yields of fresh vegetables in this area was estimated to 213,478MT which was 21.5% of the whole yields in Lam Dong province. Thus Korea, Taiwan, Japan, France, and Holland have invested to agriculture in Da Lat for producing and exporting flowers, vegetables, and tea. In 2009, flower cultivation area of Da Lat was over 55% in Lam Dong province and average amount of values were 9,781 million USD, which was higher than that of al other crops. Thus following strategies could be suggested for the development of agriculture in Lam Dong province. The first, agricultural cooperation with Da Lat, Lam Dong, should be characterized to horticulture and floriculture, followed by supporting both appropriate R&D techniques and equipments. And then agricultural system should be made in relationship with the local companies. Finally, agricultural cooperation program should be conducted toward the direction for both donor and recipient countries.