• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.435-451
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• 2021

Shear lag effect was a significant mechanical behavior of steel-concrete composite beams, and the effective flange width was needed to consider this effect. However, the effective flange width is mostly determined by static load test. The cyclic vehicle loading cases, which is more practical, was not well considered. This paper focuses on the study of shear lag effect of the concrete slab in the negative moment region under fatigue cyclic load. Two specimens of two-span steel-concrete composite beams were tested under fatigue load and static load respectively to compare the differences in the negative moment region. The reinforcement strain in the negative moment region was measured and the stress was also analyzed under different loads. Based on the OpenSees framework, finite element analysis model of steel-concrete composite beam is established, which is used to simulate transverse reinforcement stress distribution as well as the variation trends under fatigue cycles. With the established model, effects of fatigue stress amplitude, flange width to span ratio, concrete slab thickness and shear connector stiffness on the shear lag effect of concrete slab in negative moment area are analyzed, and the effective flange width ratio of concrete slab under different working conditions is calculated. The simulated results of effective flange width are compared with calculated results of the commonly used specifications, and it is found that the methods in the specifications can better estimate the shear lag effect in concrete slab under static load, but the effective flange width in the negative moment zone under fatigue load has a large deviation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.217-226
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• 1990

The purposes of this study were to clarify the effect of tooth size and arch size upon the crowding. 175 upper casts were measured and following conclusions were made. 1. Tooth size, intermolar width, 2nd premolar width of crowded group were not significantly different from those of noncrowded groups. 2. Intercanine width, arch length of noncrowded group were significantly larger than crowded group. 3. Multiple regression equations were derived by using tooth size, arch perimeter, arch length, intermolar width.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.37-47
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• 1987

This experiment was conducted to obtain basic information on breeding of flue-cured tabacco varieties . Nine cultivars and partial diallel set of 36 Fl hybrids were grown at Daegu Experiment Station, Korea Ginseng & Tobacco Research Institute in 1983. Partial dominance with high additive gene effect was observed for yield, leaves per plant , days to flower, leaf weight, nicotine and reducing sugar content. partial dominance with additive and dominant gene effect was observed for stalk height , leaf width midrib weight Overdominance with high dominant gene effect was observed for leaf length and midrib width. The directions of dominance were positive for yield, stalk height, leaf weight, leaf length, leaf width, midrib weight, midrib width and reducing sugar content, and the negative was days to flower. The estimates of effective genes were 1 for leaves per plant, 2 for stalk height, days to flower and leaf shape. 3 to 6 for leaf length, leaf width, leaf weight and midrib weight.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.31-39
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• 2011

Concrete-filled steel tube(CFT) columns have become popular for building construction due to not only composite effect of steel tube and infilled concrete, but also more economical. The purpose of this paper is to propose the applicable boundary formula of width-to-thickness ratio for rectangular steel tube as using CFT column. A parametric study was performed taking width-to-thickness ratio of rectangular steel tube and compressive strength of concrete as the main parameter. The strength of concrete are selected to 30, 60, 90MPa. The non-linear analysis was adopted in order to take into account the effect of concrete strength. Finally, from the test and analysis results, the effect of increasing strength according to concrete strength and width-to-thickness of steel tube and plastic behavior of specimens were verified distinctly.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.415-430
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• 2021

The effective flange width was usually introduced into elementary beam theory to consider the shear lag effect in steel-concrete composite beams. Previous studies have primarily focused on the effective width under positive moments and elastic loading, whereas it is still not clear for negative moment cases in the normal service stages. To account for this problem, this paper proposed simplified formulas for the effective flange width and reinforcement stress of composite beams under negative moments in service stages. First, a 10-degree-of-freedom (DOF) fiber beam element considering the shear lag effect and interfacial slip effect was proposed, and a computational procedure was developed in the OpenSees software. The accuracy and applicability of the proposed model were verified through comparisons with experimental results. Second, a method was proposed for determining the effective width of composite beams under negative moments based on reinforcement stress. Employing the proposed model, the simplified formulas were proposed via numerical fitting for cases under uniform loading and centralized loading at the mid-span. Finally, based on the proposed formulas, a simplified calculation method for the reinforcement stress in service stages was established. Comparisons were made between the proposed formulas and design code. The results showed that the design code method greatly underestimated the contribution of concrete under negative moments, leading to notable overestimations in the reinforcement stress and crack width.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.749-752
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• 2014

The device performance of n-channel MuGFET with different fin width, existence of spacer and channel length has been characterized. Tri-Gate structure(fin number=10) has been used. There are four kinds of Tri-Gate with fin width=55nm with spacer, fin width=70nm with spacer, fin width=55nm without spacer, fin width=70nm without spacer. DIBL, subthreshold swing, Vt roll-off, (above Short Channel Effect)and hot carrier stress degradation have been measured. From the experiment results, short Channel Effect with spacer was decreased, hot carrier degradation with spacer and narrow fin width was decreased. Therefore, layout of LDD structure with spacer and narrow fin width is desirable in short channel effect and hot carrier degradation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.106-116
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the image evaluation of chinese female college students according to coloration of dress shirt and necktie and necktie width. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimulus and response scales. The stimuli were 12 color pictures, in which the hue(red, blue), tone(lt-shirt/dk-tie, dk-shirt/lt-tie), and necktie width(narrow, medium, width) were manipulated. The 7-point scale was used for evaluation of image. The subjects of this research were 120 chinese female college students living in Shandong, China. The investigation was carried out at April-May 2009. The data were analyzed by using SPSS program. Analysis methods were ANOVA and Duncan-test. The results of this study were as follows.; The analyses of image according to coloration of dress shirt and necktie and necktie width revealed that the concerned factors are four characteristic dimensions of ability-elegance, youth-attractiveness, appeal, and warmness. Hue showed an independent effect on ability-elegance, appeal, and warmness. Tone showed an independent effect on appeal and warmness. Necktie width showed an independent effect on appeal. In addition, interaction effects of hue and tone on ability-elegance were found. Interaction effects of hue and necktie width on appeal were found. Interaction effects of tone and necktie width on youth-attractiveness were found.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.522-529
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• 2013

In this paper, simple but very effective techniques to suppress subthreshold hump effect for high-voltage (HV) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology are presented. Two methods are proposed to suppress subthreshold hump effect using a simple layout modification approach. First, the uniform gate oxide method is based on the concept of an H-shaped gate layout design. Second, the gate work function control method is accomplished by local ion implantation. For our experiments, $0.18{\mu}m$ 20 V class HV CMOS technology is applied for HV MOSFETs fabrication. From the measurements, both proposed methods are very effective for elimination of the inverse narrow width effect (INWE) as well as the subthreshold hump.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2006

The purpose of this research is to find out the effect of clothing style and mixtures of stripe pattern direction, width, and coloration of an upper garment. The experimental materials made for this study are a set of stimuli and response scale(The 7-Point semantic). The subjects were 480 female undergraduate students in Seoul, Busan, Gyung-nam. The 80 stimuli which were variously incorporated with clothing styles and stipe patterns were assessed by the students. The following contents summarizes the results of the research. Impression factors of the stimuli consists of the 5 dimensions(Attractiveness, Show, Activity, Clearness, mildness). Amon these, the Attractiveness and Show dimensions proved to be more important. The clothing style and pattern direction indicated main effect in attractiveness and activity dimension. The pattern coloration showed a significant effect in dimensions except attractiveness and clearness. The pattern width had a significant effect only in the activity. Significant interaction effects of each clothing clause were found in the attractiveness, activity and clearness, but Show and mildness had no significant interaction effect. This research, as the 06 S/S, F/W trend, is a meaningful study in that it handled in the form of expression the stripe pattern used unrestrictedly in the casual wear or the formal wear by a fashion keyword.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.117-125
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences of body compensation image on variations in the shoulder height and width of power shoulder raglan sleeve jacket. Nine samples were examined: 3 variations of the shoulder height and 3 variations of the shoulder width. The data was evaluated by 123 fashion design majors. The results were as follows; as a result of analyzing the body compensation image according to changes in the shoulder height and width of power shoulder raglan sleeve jacket, five factors were selected; the shoulder compensation factor, the bust compensation factor, the waist compensation factor, the arm compensation factor and the neck compensation factor. Among these factors, the shoulder compensation factor is the most important factor. Examining the major effect of the body compensation image based on changes in the shoulder height and width of power shoulder raglan sleeve jacket, it had an independent influence on factors about waist, neck, shoulder and arm compensation except a factor about bust compensation, had an influence on interacting effect of factors about shoulder, bust, waist, arm compensation, and it had no influence on interacting effect of a factor about neck compensation. This shows that the shoulder height has larger effect on neck compensation image than the shoulder width in power shoulder raglan sleeve jacket.