• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.210-214
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• 2003

Pesticide residues in some vegetables collected at Noeun wholesale market in Daejeon were surveyed and assessed their risk. In 100 samples, the detection rate of pesticide was 46.0% and the rate exceed MRL was 6.0%. Commodities showing high detection rate were lettuce(85.0%), perilla leaf(80.0%) and cucumber(60.0%). Dicarboximide, organochlorine, and azole fungicides and organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides were detected. Detection frequency of pesticide was in the order of procymidone, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, cypermethrin and EPN. When the estimated intake amount of the pesticides were compared with ADI to assess their risk, bitertanol, triflumizole and iprobenphos in perilla leaf were higher rate than the other vegetables. However the total amounts of intake of pesticides were estimated to less than 0.46% of ADI.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.357-362
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• 2008

In order to survey the residual characteristics of pesticides and assess their safeties in the agricultural products from markets, the agricultural products were purchased from the wholesale and traditional markets in Cheongju and Jeonju and analyzed the pesticide residues in them. No pesticide residues were found in samples from Cheongju, whereas, in case of samples collected from Jeonju, 3 pesticides including chlorothalonil were detected from 5 samples such as eggplant from wholesale market and 3 pesticides including azoxystrobin were found in tomato and grape from traditional market. Pesticide residues were detected from 10.9% of the total samples and detection levels were less than their maximum residue levels. Their estimated daily intakes ranged from 0.00102 to 0.03616% of their acceptable daily intakes, representing residue levels of the pesticides detected were evaluated to be safe.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.99-114
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• 1987

U. S. commercial landings of wild salmon have remained relatively stable for the past 5 years, averaging 300,000 MT. While the same period, U. S. imports of fresh salmon have increased over ten fold from 1.8 to over 19 million pounds. Over 70 percent of the new supplies of fresh salmon come from Norway. Norway exports to the United States were negligible in 1980 and 1981. However, U. S. imported 1,768 M. T. in 1983, 3,896 M. T. in 1984, and 6,272 M. T. in 1985. Over the past 5 years, import price of fresh wild salmon from Canada has declined steadily from ＄2.58 per pound to ＄1.25 per pound in 1985, while those from Norway had remained unchanged, ranging from ＄3.28 to ＄3.45 over the same period. Norway's cultured salmon entered the United States in 1985 at about ＄3.35/1b., roughly triple the price of Canadian fresh wild salmon imports. U. S. apparent consumption of fresh and frozen salmon has sharply increased from 50,000 MT in 1981 to 92,000 MT in 1985, up 86 percent over the five years. Annual per capita consumption has increased steadily from 0.47 pounds in 1981 to 0.85 pounds in 1985. The estimated demand models show that the annual wholesale price of fresh salmon in the U. S. market would be declined by increase in supplies and would be raised by increase in the U. S. GNP. The empirical results in this study show that wholesale price of fresh salmon in 1990 would remain unchanged at the 1985 level, under the following condition: 1) Norwegian production of Atlantic fresh salmon would reach 80,000 MT (176 million pounds by 1990) 2) Imports of Norwegian Atlantic fresh salmon would keep the same percentage (21%) of Norwegian productions in 1990 3) Imports from other countries and U. S. domestic production would increase and maintain the same level of 25% of U. S. total supplies in 1990 4) U. S. GNP would increase by ＄200 billion annually, slightly less than in the past years.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.523-549
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• 2015

This paper investigates an oil refiner's asymmetric behavior in the adjustments of gasoline and diesel prices to changes in his own price and his rivals' prices as well as input costs. An asymmetric error correction model which allows a firm's pricing behavior to the deviation of other firms' prices from their long-run equilibrium level is employed for estimation using weekly data for the period April 2009 to January 2015. Evidence is found that there is a significant degree of asymmetry in the adjustment of wholesale prices to changes in crude oil price. A similar result in regard to the exchange rate is also found by the data. The estimation results for firm's response to changes in other firms' prices indicates that implicit collusion could be more easily exploited in the wholesale petroleum market as results of firms' interaction with each other and anticipation of rivals' pricing behavior. A few refiners show competitive price adjustment in response to the upward deviation of the others' prices from their equilibrium level.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2010

This study was practiced to survey food-borne bacterial aspects of Escherichia coli and Bacilhus cereus etc. from 210 processed seasoned marine products in Garak fishery wholesale market in Seoul, 2009. Distributions of these bacterial isolates were 28 coliforms, 32 Bacillus spp., 71 Staphylococcus spp., 11 Listeria spp, and 10 Enterococcus spp. in 157 dried squids, 23 dried file fishes, and 20 dried pollacks etc. respectively. Results in 16 kinds of antibiotics susceptibility test by disc diffusion method, special multiple drugs resistance patterns were NOR + LVX + CIP + SAM + VA + S + TE + CF, SAM + C + VA, VA + S + TE, and VA + S in 9 E. coli strains, also, AMC + SAM + CF, SAM + CF, and VA + CF in 21 Bacillus cereus strains respectively. On the basis of the results above, many seasoned dried fishes had multiple drugs resistances, conclusively, we suggest limited guideline and special management on use of antibiotics in floating net cages of fishery farms.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.75-90
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• 2003

When we think of fundamental problems of the aquaculture industry, there are several strict conditions, and consequently the aquaculture industry is forced to change. Fish aquaculture has a structural supply surplus in production, aggravation of fishing grounds, stagnant low price due to recent recession, and drastic change of distribution circumstances. It is requested for us to initiate discussion on such issue as “how fish aquaculture establishes its status in the coastal fishery\ulcorner, will fish aquaculture grow in the future\ulcorner, and if so “how it will be restructured\ulcorner” The above issues can be observed in the mariculture of yellow tail, sea scallop and eel. But there have not been studied concerning seabream even though the production is over 30% of the total production of fish aquaculture in resent and it occupied an important status in the fish aquaculture. The objectives of this study is to forecast the future movement of sea bream aquaculture. The first goal of the study is to contribute to managerial and economic studies on the aquaculture industry. The second goal is to identify the factors influencing the competition between production areas and to identify the mechanisms involved. This study will examine the competitive power in individual producing area, its behavior, and its compulsory factors based on case study. Producing areas will be categorized according to following parameters : distance to market and availability of transportation, natural environment, the time of formation of producing areas (leaderㆍfollower), major production items, scale of business and producing areas, degree of organization in production and sales. As a factor in shaping the production area of sea bream aquaculture, natural conditions especially the water temperature is very important. Sea bream shows more active feeding and faster growth in areas located where the water temperature does not go below 13∼14$^{\circ}C$ during the winter. Also fish aquaculture is constrained by the transporting distance. Aquacultured yellowtail is a mass-produced and a mass-distributed item. It is sold a unit of cage and transported by ship. On the other hand, sea bream is sold in small amount in markets and transported by truck; so, the transportation cost is higher than yellow tail. Aquacultured sea bream has different product characteristics due to transport distance. We need to study live fish and fresh fish markets separately. Live fish was the original product form of aquacultured sea bream. Transportation of live fish has more constraints than the transportation of fresh fish. Death rate and distance are highly correlated. In addition, loading capacity of live fish is less than fresh fish. In the case of a 10 ton truck, live fish can only be loaded up to 1.5 tons. But, fresh fish which can be placed in a box can be loaded up to 5 to 6 tons. Because of this characteristics, live fish requires closer location to consumption area than fresh fish. In the consumption markets, the size of fresh fish is mainly 0.8 to 2kg.Live fish usually goes through auction, and quality is graded. Main purchaser comes from many small-sized restaurants, so a relatively small farmer and distributer can sell it. Aquacultured sea bream has been transacted as a fresh fish in GMS ,since 1993 when the price plummeted. Economies of scale works in case of fresh fish. The characteristics of fresh fish is as follows : As a large scale demander, General Merchandise Stores are the main purchasers of sea bream and the size of the fish is around 1.3kg. It mainly goes through negotiation. Aquacultured sea bream has been established as a representative food in General Merchandise Stores. GMS require stable and mass supply, consistent size, and low price. And Distribution of fresh fish is undertook by the large scale distributers, which can satisfy requirements of GMS. The market share in Tokyo Central Wholesale Market shows Mie Pref. is dominating in live fish. And Ehime Pref. is dominating in fresh fish. Ehime Pref. showed remarkable growth in 1990s. At present, the dealings of live fish is decreasing. However, the dealings of fresh fish is increasing in Tokyo Central Wholesale Market. The price of live fish is decreasing more than one of fresh fish. Even though Ehime Pref. has an ideal natural environment for sea bream aquaculture, its entry into sea bream aquaculture was late, because it was located at a further distance to consumers than the competing producing areas. However, Ehime Pref. became the number one producing areas through the sales of fresh fish in the 1990s. The production volume is almost 3 times the production volume of Mie Pref. which is the number two production area. More conversion from yellow tail aquaculture to sea bream aquaculture is taking place in Ehime Pref., because Kagosima Pref. has a better natural environment for yellow tail aquaculture. Transportation is worse than Mie Pref., but this region as a far-flung producing area makes up by increasing the business scale. Ehime Pref. increases the market share for fresh fish by creating demand from GMS. Ehime Pref. has developed market strategies such as a quick return at a small profit, a stable and mass supply and standardization in size. Ehime Pref. increases the market power by the capital of a large scale commission agent. Secondly Mie Pref. is close to markets and composed of small scale farmers. Mie Pref. switched to sea bream aquaculture early, because of the price decrease in aquacultured yellou tail and natural environmental problems. Mie Pref. had not changed until 1993 when the price of the sea bream plummeted. Because it had better natural environment and transportation. Mie Pref. has a suitable water temperature range required for sea bream aquaculture. However, the price of live sea bream continued to decline due to excessive production and economic recession. As a consequence, small scale farmers are faced with a market price below the average production cost in 1993. In such kind of situation, the small-sized and inefficient manager in Mie Pref. was obliged to withdraw from sea bream aquaculture. Kumamoto Pref. is located further from market sites and has an unsuitable nature environmental condition required for sea bream aquaculture. Although Kumamoto Pref. is trying to convert to the puffer fish aquaculture which requires different rearing techniques, aquaculture technique for puffer fish is not established yet.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.127-132
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• 2001

The purpose of this research is to compare and analyze scientific names and Korean names of interior plants, considering that consumes' purchasing systems consist of internet and communication media in the era of informationalization, to help the consumers purchasing plants, and to propose some directions for the unification of Korean name in practical circulation. This survey was performed during 4 months from May to September in 2000. The survey places for research were wholesale flower market of YangJje Dong and Nam Seoul. The used plants for research were 37 family, 76 genus and 120 species. The main methods of data collection were interview and reference f plants picture books. The main reference for identifying plant name was accomplished by Yoon Ypung-Sub's HORTUS KOREANA. The research results are as follows; 1) Fifty one plants were identified as using generic or specific name. 2) Thirteen plants were identified as using varietal name. 3) Twenty four plants were identified as using common name recoded in a plant dictionary. 4)Thirteen plants were identified as using incorrect name. Consequently, it was identified that the research for the unification of Korean name of interior landscape plants should be performed thorough continuous cooperation between academic field and business field for solving various problems which is occurred in plants circulation process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.47-61
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• 2014

Dongdaemun Fashion District has been successfully positioned as the main hub for fashion product distribution in Korea since 1960 thanks to its unique and successful fashion merchandising system. This system enables the distributors to respond quickly to consumer need and inexpensive price. However, at the present time, Dongdaemun Fashion District has been facing serious challenges from new types of retail stores such as fast fashion brands like ZARA and online shopping malls. To achieve this result, statistical analysis was performed using data from 68 employees of wholesalers in the Dongdaemun Fashion District. They were required to answer questions regarding the marketing system supporting program, amenities like restrooms, and traffic congestion. For the case study, C.I.S, a successful global wholesale system in Italy, was selected. C.I.S has 130 offices offering professional services in the field of trade, legal and tax issues, and insurance. This study suggests cooperation among related wholesalers in order to make an area management plan in the Dongdaemun Fashion District. Also, for the wholesalers to build up product information system and infrastructure for the Global marketing strategy.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.25-33
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• 2019

Purpose - The purpose of the study was to seek to find out what factors having differences between paid membership customers (Costco membership) and general customers in retail industry. Since Costco operates differently from other conventional retailers, which is expected to have a substantial impact on consumers' preference of retail stores. Research design, data, and methodology - The survey conducted covered 1,000 adults in their 30s~50s living in Goyang and Gwangmyeong where Costco runs stores to determine the effects of Costco's local market-entry from consumer perspectives. 500 respondents were surveyed in each region and those working in the retail sector were excluded to ensure the objectivity of the answers. Results - Costco members in Goyang considered the price, bulk purchasing, and membership benefits as important criteria when choosing their retail store. On the other hand, as for Gwangmyeong, the non-member group's prominent characteristic was that they considered accessibility including travel distance and location and in-store amenities including food court services as important criteria for decision-making. Conclusion - Unique business model of Costco shows a statistically significant difference in terms of consumer awareness. the feature of Costco served as an critical criteria for consumers in their purchasing decision. Moreover, Bulk packaging purchases at Costco results in a strong supplementary relationship with neighborhood supermarkets.

• Mycobiology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.151-153
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• 2006

Rhizopus soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer occurred on pears (Pyrus serotina) in the Jinju City Agricultural Products Wholesale Market in Korea from 2004 to 2005. The infection usually started from wounds due to cracking at harvest time. The lesions started as water-soaked, rapidly softened, then gradually expanded. The mycelia grew vigorously on the surface of the fruits and formed stolons. Colonies on potato dextrose agar at $25^{\circ}C$ were white cottony to brownish black. Sporangia were globose, black and $90{\sim}120\;{\mu}m$ in size. Sporangiophores were light brown and $480{\sim}2600{\times}12{\sim}18\;{mu}m$ in size. Sporangiospores were globose to oval, brownish, streaked, and $8{\sim}14{\times}6{\sim}10\;{\mu}m$ in size. Columella were light brownish gray, hemispherical and $70{\sim}80\;{\mu}m$ in size. On the basis of these symptoms, mycological characteristics and pathogenicity tests on host plants, the fungus was identified as Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill. This is the first report of rhizopus soft rot on pear (P. serotina) caused by R. stolonifer in Korea.