• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.567-576
• /
• 2020

One of the main challenges receiving much attention in the Rwandan agriculture and food industry in recent decades is the increases in maize prices. Indeed, a rise in maize prices causes higher living expenses for households because maize, which is a major staple food crop, constitutes a significant share of total food consumption among households in Rwanda. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of integration and how prices are transmitted between retail and wholesale markets of domestic maize in Rwanda. This study used monthly data of retail and wholesale prices of maize from January 1995 to December 2019. This empirical investigation was based on a linear cointegration approach and an asymmetric error correction model framework. Using the augmented dickey-fuller residual-based test and the Johansen Maximum Likelihood cointegration test, the results revealed that the retail and wholesale markets of maize are integrated. Hence, prices in these markets do not drift apart in the long run. The results of the Granger causality test revealed that there is a unidirectional causal relationship flowing from wholesale prices to retail prices, i.e., wholesale prices influence retail prices. Accordingly, the results from the asymmetric error correction model confirmed the presence of a positive asymmetric price transmission between wholesale and retail prices of maize in Rwanda. Thus, we suggest that policymakers take a critical look at the causes and factors that may influence asymmetry price transmission.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.217-231
• /
• 2012

In the past, companies should make enormous facility investment and acquire a right to do business in order to join communication markets, but now they can do business without important facilities, such as communication networks. Such a movement to ease regulations about companies which want to newly join the communication industry is expected not only to change a competition frame of the mobile communication market but also to greatly affect the entire communication industry. Through this study aiming to look into a way to calculate a reasonable wholesale price related to the government's introduction of the Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) system, I came up with a following result. I applied the operating profit percentage and the ratio of operating gain to cost to the cost plus model and retail minus model, respectively, to calculate the wholesale price and found that when I calculated with the cost plus model applying the operating profit percentage, I could get the highest wholesale price. On the other hand, I got the lowest wholesale price with the retail minus model by applying the operating profit percentage. Division of expenses and calculation of profit percentage are important factors in calculating the wholesale price and such results are expected to help accurate calculation of the MVNO wholesale price.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this survey was to identify ergonomic risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) and understand the current MSD risk status in the wholesale/retail industry. The field survey was conducted at 120 wholesale/retail establishments, and the cause of MSD occurred from the national industrial accident statistics by the Ministry of Labor in 2006 was analyzed in terms of company size, a term of work, job title, and cause of occurrence. The numbers of disasters on MSD were 602 which were included 432 disasters who met with low back pain by incident. A checklist was developed by KOSHA to use for the field survey. A total of 419 tasks were identified at the 120 establishments surveyed. The highest frequency was Task 2(45%) which was mostly observed in repetitive work (e.g. displaying, scanning, cutting or wrapping of goods). The second and third were Task 9(34%) and Task 8(14%) which were identified in manual materials handling (e.g. lifting, lowering, carrying or stocking of goods). The results suggest that the three Tasks should be first considered for the control in wholesale/retail industry and that exposure to MSD risk factors in those Tasks should be primarily addressed in order to reduce MSD risk in that industry.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.59-67
• /
• 2020

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between formation of employment subcenters and regional industrial structures in Incheon. Research design, data, and methodology: We used the five-year panel data from 2012 to 2016 in 146 basic municipal units of Incheon to analyze panel regression models. Gross employment density and employment to population ratio were used as indicators of employment subcenters formation. The entropy index and Hachman index were used for analyzing the diversity and heterogeneity of industrial structures. Result: The analyses of two panel regression models showed that for the formation of employment subcenters, both the Entropy and Hachman index were significantly negative in most models. But tertiary industry was shown to have a significant positive relationship in all models. In the wholesale and retail sector, it was found that the average number of employees in the employment subcenters is significantly higher than that in the non-employment subcenters. Conclusions: The specialization of the industrial structure rather than the diversification contributes to the formation of the employment subcenters in Incheon. In particular, it can be considered that the wholesale and retail sector plays a very important role in forming the employment subcenters in many areas of Incheon.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.97-105
• /
• 2004

1. To define 'Korean medicine industry' through study on existing medicine related industries, Korean medicine industry means all industrial activities related to Korean medicine. It covers material resources such as herbs and products made with herbs, medical instruments, Korean medical service and related information service based on Korean medicine theories. 2. According to Korea National Statistical Office standard industrial branch, Korean medicine industry was classified as a large branch. There were industries such as agriculture, food and beverage manufacture, publishing, copy of prints and record media, manufacture of compound and chemical products, medical service, manufacture of precise optical instruments, wholesale trade and product mediation, retail trade, restaurant, research and development, education service, health preservation service, entertainment, culture and sports industry related to the Korean medicine industry. 3. If we classify this according to the industry branch of English economists Clark, Colin Grant, herb cultivating industry will be classified as primary industry, manufacture of foot and beverage related to Korean medicine, secondary industry and wholesale and retail sales of herb, research and development, education, health preservation, social welfare, tertiary industries.

• Knowledge Management Research
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.115-132
• /
• 2009

This paper makes an analysis of economic spillover effects of credit guarantee by linking the remainder of guarantee according to industries from 2003 to 2006 in this study. Specifically, total remainder of guarantee in 2006 is approximately 3922 billion and 600 million won on the basis of unchangeable price in 2003, and each funds becomes the input of the last demand in 27 industries over the cow1try and, thereby, induces production, added value, and the effect of employment. The last demand according to industries shows that a lot of funds have been supported to the manufacturing industry for about 1200 billion won, the wholesale and retail for about 1299 billion and 500 million won, food and lodging industry for about 144 billion and 100 million won, education and health care industry for about 132 billion and 600 million won, and social and other service industry for about 339 billion and 300 million won. The spillover effect about the remainder of guarantee in 2006 classified by industries over the country on the basis of production shows the high effects on the manufacturing industry for 37.8%, 2625 billion and 90 million won, the wholesale and retail for 20.7%, 1439 billion and 290 million won, food and lodging industry for 9.4%, 654 billion and 570 million won, real estate and business service industry for 9.2%, 637 billion and 310 million won, social and other service industry for 5.3%, 369 billion and 90 million won, and education and health care industry for 2.9%, 199 billion and 300 million won of the effect causing production over the country, 6945 billion won in order. The effect causing added value shows high spillover effect on the wholesale and retail for 36.7%, 1186 billion and 830 million won, the manufacturing industry for 25.8%, 831 billion and 500 million won, food and lodging industry for 14.9%, 480 billion and 980 million won, social and other service industry for 9.3%. 300 billion and 160 million won, and real estate and business service industry for 4.2%, 135 billion and 36 million won of the effect causing added value over the country in order. Finally, the effect causing employment shows a lot of employment have occurred in the wholesale and retail for 37.4%, 23,060 people, the manufacturing industry for 18.9%, 11,637 people, food and lodging industry for 13.7%, 8,429 people, social and other service industry for 7.9%, 4,866 people, and real estate and business service industry for 5.6%, 3,429 people of 61,617 people in order.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.25-43
• /
• 2010

The objectives of this study are to estimate the number of employed persons related to agriculture in agribusiness, to determine any factors affecting changes in employed persons, based on the Input-Output Tables in 1995, 2000, and 2005. The number of employed persons related to Crops in the input industry of agriculture was 184,076 in 1995, 186,616 in 2000, and 193,394 in 2005. The sectors with higher number of employed persons were in; Agriculture, forestry and fishing related services, Wholesale and retail trade, Fertilizers and agricultural chemicals, and Forest products, etc. The number of employed persons related to Animals in the input industry of agriculture was 46,6166 in 1995, 28,886 in 2000, and 35,714 in 2005. The sectors with higher number of employed persons were in; Wholesale and retail trade, Prepared livestock feeds, Agriculture, forestry and fishing related services, and Forest products, etc. The number of employed persons related to Crops in post-farm gate industries was 184,076 in 1995, 186,616 in 2000, and 193,394 in 2005. The sectors with higher number of employed persons were in; Accommodation and food services, Other food products, Wholesale and retail trade, and Polished grains, flour and milled cereals, etc. The number of employed persons related to Animals in the post-farm gate industries was 184,076 in 1995, 186,616 in 2000, and 193,394 in 2005. The sectors with higher number of employed persons were in; Meat and dairy products, Wholesale and retail trade, Accommodation and food services, and Land transport, etc. In 2005, the number of employed persons related to agriculture in agribusiness per 1,000 employed persons in agriculture was 211, in the input industries in agriculture it was 53, and in the post-farm gate industries it was 158.gribusiness.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.376-381
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate price transmissions between wholesale and retail markets regarding Jeju tangerines by employing co-integration analysis and vector error correction model. The results of this study are summarized as follows: First, the long-run equilibrium relationship was found among wholesale and retail markets in time series for level by distribution channel. Second, a short-run causality relationship was observed between wholesale and retail markets. Third, the long-run causality relationship between wholesale market and retail markets was found bidirectional and feedback effect. These results imply that the wholesale price performs a central role in establishing price in the tangerine market, and the wholesale market influences tangerine price. In conclusion, for the development of a competitive tangerine industry, it is necessary to aggressively promote the policy of supply and demand control of tangerine production through organizing producers.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.31-38
• /
• 2020

Purpose: At a time when the distribution industry is dominated by capital and technology, win-win growth among businesses groups (BGs) in wholesale market is becoming a social issue. Therefore, through analysis of market growth, market concentration (MC) and market power (MP), we want to identify the structure of the wholesale market and the competitiveness of the BGs in terms of market share (MS), sales-profit ratio (SPR), and labor productivity (LP) to explore the possibility of win-win growth. Market situation: Wholesale and Retail sales ratio (W/S) continues to increase, which also means inefficiency in distribution channels or opportunities in wholesale markets. Wholesale sales have grown 8.3 percent annually over the past 15 years, while the number of companies and workers has declined since 2017, which is why some restructuring is believed to begin in the wholesale industry. In terms of MC and MP, the growth potential of SBG can be found in FCB, ARM, FBT and CME BTs. Methodology and data: Through ANOVA and Regression Analysis, the 2015 Economic Census Data of KOSTAT was analyzed. Results: The results of ANOVA show that statistically significant SBG has a larger MS than LBG. The SPR was not different among BGs. LP is higher for LBG than for other BGs. Regression results show that the employment weight (EW) and the company size (SC) have positive effects on the MS, but the company weight (CW) and employment size (SE) have negative effects. In the case of SPR, the CW is positive and the EW is negative. In addition, LP appears to be more positive as SC in the BGs is larger. Conclusions: Although there is sufficient potential for SBG in the wholesale market, there is a problem that needs to increase LP. Therefore, the SBG needs to restructure in terms of number of companies and SC to improve the efficiency of employment. In terms of MC and MP, the SBG looks for possibilities in FCB, ARM, FBT and CME BTs. In addition, SBG that seeks higher returns with human services rather than simple sales is found to be competitive in the HHG, MES and CME BTs.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.200-212
• /
• 1993

Wholesaling is important industry that is remarkable by the function and characteristics of city. This paper aims at examing the recent changes in hierarchy of cities and city classifi-cation by wholesale activities in Korea. In order to grasp the stydy purpose, this paper is to analuze the changes of categories by wholesale industry, and to grasp the change in the city classification with city hierachy of wholesale sales in 1968, 1979, and 1991. The data were obtained from the statistics in the Census of Wholesale and Retail Trade published by the National Statistical Office, in 1969, 1981, and 1992. As the result of examination, the following finding were obtained: 1. Wholesaling has developed form that of production and consumption goods wholesale, especially 'Wholesaling of Farm Products, Foods and Beverages' to that of investment goods that is 'Wholesaling of Machinery and Equipment' and 'Wholesaling of Transport Equipment and Parts'. 2. Wholesaling has developed in the medium and small cities in 1970's, and in the larger cities in 1980's. And the concentration ratio of six larger cities were lower than another cities in terms of wholesale sales, especially Seoul and Pusan. 3. Recently with income increment and a purchasing power, city classification was changed by the increasing number of wholesale establi-shments of 'Automotive Parts and Tyres' in 1970's and of 'Office, Computing and Accounting Machines and Motor Vehicles' in 1980's.