• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.465-474
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• 2021

It has become important to explore alternative feed ingredients to reduce feed costs, which are burdensome for livestock production. In addition, it is desirable to find efficient and functional alternative ingredients for traditional feed ingredients in pig diets, considering the stress and sensitivity of disease of pig. Rice is produced around the world like corn that is the typical energy source in pig diets. Although the nutritional quality varies depending on the degree of milling, rice, except whole grains (paddy rice), contains more starch than corn and its structure and granule size are easier to digest than corn. In addition, the fact that rice has fewer non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) is also effective in improving digestibility and various polyphenols in rice can help modulation of immune responses, which can be beneficial to the gastrointestinal environment and health of pig. Many studies have been conducted on rice focusing on things such as degree of milling, substitution rates of corn, granule size, and processing methods. Most results have shown that rice can be partially or completely used to replace corn in pig diets without negatively affecting pig growth and production. While further research should focus on the precise biological mechanisms at play, it was confirmed that the use of rice could reduce the use of antibiotics and pig removal and protect pigs from gastrointestinal diseases including diarrhea. From this point of view, rice can be evaluated as a valuable feed ingredient for swine diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1424-1431
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing different amounts of wheat, as a partial or whole substitute for corn, on digestibility, digestive enzyme activities, serum metabolite contents and ruminal fermentation in beef cattle. Four Limousin${\times}$LuXi crossbred cattle with a body weight ($400{\pm}10kg$), fitted with permanent ruminal, proximal duodenal and terminal ileal cannulas, were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with four treatments: Control (100% corn), 33% wheat (33% substitution for corn), 67% wheat (67% substitution for corn), and 100% wheat (100% substitution for corn) on a dry matter basis. The results showed that replacing corn with increasing amounts of wheat increased the apparent digestibility values of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein (p<0.05). While the apparent digestibility of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were lower with increasing amounts of wheat. Digestive enzyme activities of lipase, protease and amylase in the duodenum were higher with increasing wheat amounts (p<0.05), and showed similar results to those for the enzymes in the ileum except for amylase. Increased substitution of wheat for corn increased the serum alanine aminotransferase concentration (p<0.05). Ruminal pH was not different between those given only corn and those given 33% wheat. Increasing the substitution of wheat for corn increased the molar proportion of acetate and tended to increase the acetate-to-propionate ratio. Cattle fed 100% wheat tended to have the lowest ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentration compared with control (p<0.05), whereas no differences were observed among the cattle fed 33% and 67% wheat. These findings indicate that wheat can be effectively used to replace corn in moderate amounts to meet the energy and fiber requirements of beef cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1705-1711
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• 2001

Silage corn (Zea mays L) is grown extensively in livestock operations, and many managements focus on forage yield. This experiment was conducted at Seoul National University (SNU) Experimental Livestock Farm, Suwon in 1998. We determined the effect of planting date and harvest stage on forage yield and quality responses of corn hybrids (five relative maturity groups). The five maturity groups (100 d, 106 d, 111 d, 119 d and 125 d) were planted on 15 April and 15 May, and harvested at maturity stages (1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 kernel milkline). Whole plant dry matter (DM) and ear percentages had significant differences among corn hybrids. Ear percentages of early maturing corns (100 d and 106 d) were higher than for other hybrids. Ear percentage at the early planting date was higher than that at the late planting date for all corn hybrids. The DM and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields of the 106 d and 111 d corn hybrids were higher than other hybrids, and the DM and TDN yields at the early planting date were higher than that at the late planting date. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) percentages were greater for the late maturity corn hybrids. For plants of the early planting date, the ADF and NDF percentages were lower than for those of late planting date for hybrids. From the comparison among harvest stages, ADF and NDF percentages were decreased as harvest stage progressed. The TDN, net energy for lactation (NEL), and cellulase digestible organic matter of dry matter (CDOMD) were decreased as maturity of corn hybrid delayed. The TDN, NEL, and CDOMD values at the early planting date were higher than those at the late planting date among for corn hybrids. From the comparison among harvest dates, TDN, NEL, and CDOMD values were increased as harvest stage progressed. The correlation coefficient for DM percentage of grain at harvest with DM and TDN yields were 0.68*** and 0.76***, respectively. And the correlation coefficient for ear percentage with ADF, NDF, and CDOMD were -0.81***, -0.82*** and 0.73***, respectively. Our study showed differences of silage corn in forage production and quality resulting from hybrid maturity, planting date, and harvest stage. We believe that for the best silage corn, selection of the hybrid and best management practices are very important.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.102-115
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• 2001

Through out the last few decades, processing methods for ingredients of feed grains, such as grinding, flaking, extrusion, soaking, cracking etc., have been adopted in order to improve the nutrient digestibility in ruminants. Among feed grains, processing methods for whole corns have been the most frequently studied since corns are utilized as the thumb ingredients in formulating feeds. In these days, flaking of whole corns is the most incessantly used in formulation feeds, resulting in enhancing the performance of ruminants. Recently formulating non-forage feed for beef cattle, especially Holsteins, without processing whole corns is carrying out through various feed companies with expectations of whole corns acting like forages. However, it can not be ruled out that whole corns might possibly result in decreasing the productivity due to the depression of nutrient utilizations. Therefore, one must reevaluate the non-forage feeds as well as makes an effort to develop the rational and effective methodology in processing whole corns with the consideration of rumen eco-system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 1993

With the purpose to utilize cage layer manure (CLM), whole crop corn forage was ensiled with 30% CLM (MS silage) and without CLM (CS silage). MS silage was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in pH value, total VFA, propionic and butyric acids, and the ratio of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen, but lower (p < 0.05) in lactic acid and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents than CS silage. Digestibility was evaluated using Shiba strain Japanese goats. Urea was supplemented to CS silage at feeding to adjust nitrogen intake to MS silage (US silage). There were no differences in digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and energy among the three silages. However, US silage showed higher (p < 0.05) digestibility of crude protein, but digestibilities of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose were higher (p < 0.05) in MS silage. Nitrogen retention was positive in US and MS silages, but it was negative in CS silage. Voluntary feed intake of goats was 11.02, 12.03 and 13.34 g of DM per metabolic body weight ($kg^{0.75}$) for 10 minutes, for CS, US and MS silages, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 1993

In situ degradability and fermentation characteristics in the rumen of goats fed whole crop corn forage ensiled with (MS silage) or without (CS silage) 30% of cage layer manure (CLM) were investigated. The two silages were well preserved. To adjust nitrogen intake of CS silage to that of MS silage, the 3rd group of goats was given urea with CS silage at feeding time (US silage). Each goat was given a diet of 2% of the body weight (dry matter basis) daily. In situ degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of MS silage in the rumen were higher than those of CS and US silages. Total potentially degradable portions of DM and CP in MS silage were also higher than those in CS and US silages. Blood urea nitrogen and rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration of goats fed US and MS silages were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of goats fed CS silage. Acetic, propionic and butyric acids in ruminal fluids of goats fed MS silage were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of goats fed CS and US silages.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2005

본 연구는 섬유소공급원 7종, alfalfa hay cube (AHC), corn cob (CC), corn silage (CS), cotton seed hull (CSH), peanut hull (PHL), rice straw(RS), sugar cane bagasse(SCB)의 반추위에서의 반추활동, pH, 완충능력과 전소화기관 내 소화율을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 공시 동물은 평균체중 37.1kg인 Corridale종 수 면양 5두 (3두는 반추위 fistula 부착)를 사용하였으며, 실험기간동안 공시동물에게 급여한 사료는 각각의 조사료원 $45\%$와 corn-based 사료 $55\%$의 비율로 하여 1일 2회 (09:00, 21:00) 총 800g(dry matter basis)을 급여하였다. Ruminal pH는 급여 후 4시간까지는 처리구 간에 차이가 없었지만 8시간 후 타 조사료원$(6.24\~6.61)$과 RS(5.78)간에는 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 반추위 내 완충능력은 SCB구, CC구와 비교하여 CS구에서 사료급여 후 0시간(p<0.05), 2시간(p<0.05)에 유의한 차이를 나타내었고, 사료급여 후 12시간 경과 시 AHC구를 제외한 CC구, CS구, SCB구와 RS구 보다 PHL구(p<0.01)에서 높게 나타났다. DM 소화율은 CS구에서 $78.19\%$로 타처리보다 유의하게 높았으며(p<0.05), DNF 소화율은 CC구, CS구, CSH구와 RS구가 다른 조사료원 급여구보다 높게 나타났다. (p<0.001).

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2009

옥수수기름의 제조공정 단계별 공정유 및 이 과정에서 발생되는 부산물에 함유되어 있는 B(a)P 함량을 측정하고 이의 제거방안에 대하여 연구하였다. 옥수수기름에서 높은 수준의 B(a)P가 검출되는 원인은 옥수수에 함유되어 있는 B(a)P의 80% 이상이 옥수수 배아에 집중적으로 분포하는데 따른 현상이었다. 이로부터 얻어진 원유를 일반적인 정제공정을 거칠 경우 최종 탈취유에서는 $2.15{\mu}g$/kg가 검출 되었다. 따라서, 옥수수기름에서 일반적인 정제공정에 의해서는 현행 우리나라의 식용유 중 B(a)P 함유량 $2.0{\mu}g$/kg 이하의 법적 규격을 충족시키기 어려움을 쉽게 알 수 있었다. 이에 탈색공정에서 사용하는 2%(w/w) 내외의 산성백토 대신 산성백토:활성탄소=90:10(w/w)의 혼합분을 처리하여 $0.09{\mu}g$/kg 수준의 탈취유를 얻을 수 있었다. 이 때, 활성탄소의 처리량은 산성백토 대비 10% (w/w) 수준이 적정하였으며, 이의 증가에 따른 B(a)P 제거율 증가는 기대하기 어려웠다. 처리하는 활성탄소의 입도가 B(a)P 제거에 미치는 영향이 컸는데, $50{\sim}100$ mesh 수준의 입도를 갖는 것이 최적의 조건임을 확인하였다.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2022

본 연구는 사료비의 절감을 위해 배합사료 비율을 줄이고 조사료 비율을 높이면서 한우 고급육으로 생산할 수 있는 방법을 찾아내기 위해 수행하였다. 대조구(고급육 사양)와 옥수수 사일리지 급여구(대조구 대비 배합사료 66% 급여 및 옥수수 사일리지)의 성장, 도체성적 및 등심근육 내유전자 발현에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석했다. 옥수수 사일리지 급여는 비육 후기의 일당 증체량 및 출하체중이 수치적으로 낮게 나타났지만 유의미한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 도체특성에서도 옥수수 사일리지 급여구가 도체중, 등심단면적 및 근내 지방도가 수치적으로 낮게 나타났지만 유의미한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 육량 A등급 출현은 옥수수 사일리지 급여구가 23% 높게 나타났으며, 육질 1⁺⁺등급 출현율은 대조구가 17% 높게 나타났다. 이는 옥수수 사일리지 급여구가 대조구 대비 배합사료 급여량이 적음으로 인해 나타난 결과로 보여진다. 등심내 유전자 발현에서는 옥수수 사일리지 급여구가 근육발달 유전자 발현이 높게 나타났으며, 지방발달 유전자 발현에서는 대조구가 높게 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과 배합사료의 고급육 사양 대비 옥수수 사일리지 사양이 육질 1⁺⁺등급의 출현이 다소 감소하지만 육량 A등급의 출현을 높여주므로 사료비 절감의 생산 방법 중 하나로 될 수 있을 것으로 보여진다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.38-51
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• 2022

Whole-plant corn (Zea may L.) and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are major summer crops that can be fed as direct-cut or silage. Proso millet is a short-season growing crop with distinct agronomic characteristics that can be productive in marginal lands. However, information is limited about the potential production, feed value, and ensilability of proso millet forage. We evaluated proso millet as a silage crop in comparison with conventional silage crops. Proso millet was sown on June 8 and harvested on September 5 at soft-dough stage. Corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid were planted on May 10 and harvested on September 10 at the half milk-line and soft-dough stages, respectively. The fermentation was evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 days after ensiling. Although forage yield of proso millet was lower than corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, its relative feed value was greater than sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), crude protein, and water-soluble carbohydrate decreased commonly in the ensiling forage crops. The DM loss was greater in proso millet than those in corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. The in vitro dry matter digestibility declined in the forage crops as fermentation progressed. In the early stages of fermentation, pH dropped rapidly, which was stabilized in the later stages. Compared to corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen was greater in proso millet. The count of lactic acid bacteria reached the maximum level on day 10, with the values of 6.96, 7.77, and 6.95 Log₁₀ CFU/g fresh weight for proso millet, corn, and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, respectively. As ensiling progressed, the concentrations of lactic acid and acetic acid of the three crops increased and lactic acid proportion became higher in the order of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, corn, and proso millet. Overall, the shorter, fast-growing proso millet comparing with corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid makes this forage crop an alternative option, particularly in areas where agricultural inputs are limited. However, additional research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of viable strategies such as chemical additives or microbial inoculants to minimize ammonia-nitrogen formation and DM loss during ensiling.