• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.403-415
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• 2019

According to oral tradition, the King Sejo's palanquin is indeed the palanquin of King Sejo, the 7^th monarch of the Joseon dynasty who reigned from 1455 to 1468, which was left behind after visiting the Magoksa temple. The palanquin is painted in five colors, mainly black, white, yellow, red and green. The chromaticity measurement of the yellow pigment showed that orpiment and gold are a noticeable distinction between the lightness and b^⁎ values. In the case of the red pigment, a^⁎ values of areas painted with cinnabar tend to measure at high values. As a result of the optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses, it was determined that Chinese ink was used for the black pigment, lead white and white clay were used for the white, and orpiment and gold for the yellow. The red pigment was found to be the result of minium, cinnabar and red ocher, atacamite was used as green pigment. Though the analysis results of the cross sections on very small exfoliation fragments of pigments, it was confirmed that white clay and lead white were used for the preparation layer. In addition, several coloration techniques were considered based on these analyses.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.497-506
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• 2017

An investigation on the records of old document was conducted to identify the producing area of white clay and there were on-the-spot surveys to secure raw materials of white clay pigment. Based on the survey results, six raw materials were obtained from the region of Gangwon-do and Gyeongsang-do, South Korea and white clay pigment was subsequently manufactured by applying the hydraulic elutriation method. The results show that the major constituent minerals of YBW, HBW, and MCW were quartz and plagioclase, whereas SGW, HOW, and HGW were composed of clay minerals such as kaolinite and illite. HGW showed the highest $L^*$-value of 92.9. HOW and HGW showed an opacity of 94.1% and 89.6%, respectively, and they had excellent spreadability (270.3 mm and 223.3 mm, respectively). Therefore, HGW, HOW, and SGW have excellent characteristics in terms of color, opacity, and spreadability, and are considered to be highly applicable as white pigments for the Dancheong.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.21
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• pp.119-143
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• 2000

The pigments composition and structure of the mural painting at Pongjongsa Kuknakjon is discussed. The structure of inner wall is consisited of Paint layer, Ground divided two layers of yellow and white pigments, Support. In case of outer wall, it is consisted of Paint layer, Ground divided three layers of yellow and green pigments, a layer mixed green pigments and paint layer, Support. As a result of compositon analysis of mural painting pigments at Pongjongsa Kuknakjon using Micro-area X-ray diffraction system, the red pigment on inner wall is consisted of Heamatite($Fe_2O_3$), Magnetite($Fe_3O_4$)of deep black pigment, and Chalcocite($Cu_2S$) of light black pigment. The white pigment on outer wall is consisted of Anglesite($PbSO_4$) and Atacamite($Cu_2CI(OH)_3$) of green pigment. We found out that natural pigments painted in the mural painting at Pongjongsa Kuknakjon has kept up its own color for a long time due to using the natural pigment not to artificial synthetic pigment.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.28
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• pp.121-147
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• 2007

A large variety of mineral pigments has been used for Korean paintings and it has known that organic pigments have been used together on the Buddhist painting and the portrait. Haehakbando-do, which is from Honolulu Academy Museum in the United States, 12-fold screen was commissioned by Court of the late Joseon Dynasty in order to pray for the King's longevity. Therefore, it seems that all material used including pigments were selected very carefully and a great deal of technical effort was gone into its process. The purposes of this research were to estimate the pigments and the contributory elements of each color used on Haehakbando-do, in accordance with the conservation treatment carried out by Gochang Conservation Institute throughout last year. Without extracting sample, property of pigment was measured by nondestructive method, X-ray spectral analysis, and by comparing with the data about ancient pigments. In spite of the limited range of pigment analysis by nondestructive method, it should be noted that this method would not cause damage to the cultural properites. White pigment was found in all colored parts except the background, so it can be suggested that white color was used as a grounding of other color pigments. This would be flake white[$2PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$] as Pb was found. Pb was the only element could be found in yellow, however, it can be organic pigment like Gamboge as same as background. Red would be Cinnabar (HgS) as hydrargyrum (Hg) was detected. For the light purple in cloud, organic pigments were probably used since any element is not detected except for Pb, which is used for background. It is possible that green color is the mixture of Malachite[$CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$] and Azurite [$2CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$], which share Cu as their main element. Azurite[$2CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$] was used for bluish pigments. Black is carbon compound. For gold, solid gold (Au) was detected. It shows that gold was gilded on the flake white background. Red painted on the frame of screen was identified as Cinnabar (HgS) and the gold pattern was solid gold (Au). The supporting leg of folding screen was made of brass because both copper and zinc were detected. In conclusion, white pigment was used as grounding of all colors of Haehakbando-do, and specific pigments were used for each color. Additionally, result from the analysis of several pigments shows that mineral pigment and organic pigment, or different mineral pigments were mixed to make various colors.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.35-40
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• 1999

For application of a yellow pigment as food additives, stability of a water-soluble yellow pigment from Bacillus sp. PY123 was investigated. The yellow pigment from Bacillus sp. PY123 was purified with pH treatment, activated carbon and silica gel column chromatography. The partial purified yellow pigment appeared only one spot on silica gel TLC after 12 evaporation and under irradiation of UV 253nm at dark room. Rf value of the pigment was measured at 0.04 and 0.12 with development of a solvent mixture (Butanol : Acetic acid : water = 4 :1:5) and a solvent mixture (Isopropanol : Ammonia : Water = 9 :1: 2), respectively, The partial purified pigment appeared a white fluorescence under UV365nm irradiation. The partial purified yellow pigment had a main peak and a minor peak on HPLC using 20mM phosphate buffer(pH 7.0) at 1ml/min flow rate. The partial purified pigment was stable at heat treatment, acidic pH, oxide-reductants and surfactants.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.354-360
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• 2022

In this study, an Co/Fe coated porcelain using a cobalt and ferrous sulfate was sintered at 1,250 ℃. The specimens were investigated by HR-XRD, FE-SEM (EDS), Dilatometer, and UV-vis spectrophotometer. The surface of the porcelain was uniformly fused with the pigment, and white ware and celadon body specimens were densely fused to a certain thickness from the surface. Other new compounds were produced by the chemical reaction of cobalt/ferrous sulfate with the porcelain body during the sintering process. These compounds were identified as cobalt ferrite spinel phases for white ware and white mixed ware, and an andradite phase for the celadon body, and the amorphous phase, respectively. As for the color of the specimens coated with cobalt and ferrous mixed pigments, it was found that the L^* value was greatly affected by the white ware, and the a^* and b^* values were significantly changed in the celadon body. The L^* values of the specimens fired with pure white ware, celadon body, and white mix ware were 72.1, 60.92, 82.34, respectively. The C7F3 pigment coated porcelain fired at 1,250 ℃ had L^* values of 39.91, 50.17, and 40.53 for the white ware, celadon body, and white mixed ware, respectively; with a^* values of -1.07, -2.04, and -0.19, and at b^* values of 0.46 and 6.01, it was found to be 4.03. As a new cobalt ferrite spinel phase was formed, it seemed to have had a great influence on the color change of the ceramic surface.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.08a
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• pp.969-971
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• 2007

The black/white electronic ink containing high mobility white nano particles and the organic black pigment particles dispersed in dielectric fluid were prepared. A charge control agent affects the electrophoretic zeta potentials of white particle, which show the maximum value in zeta potential. The electronic ink panel fabricated with the charged white particles and the black particles exhibits more than 15:1 contrast ratio at 10V.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 2011

Buddha painting cultural properties couldn't avoid the change of colors and the exfoliation phenomenon by the characteristic of material and environmental factors. Especially, because in the beginning of the fine crack and the decoloration phenomenon on the surface of pigment would be significantly decrease stability of the whole object, it is necessary to take particular measure. Therefore, this is a study on conservation of Avalokitesvara in Potalaka in Hyeondeungsa in Gapyeong. It treated damaged parts of the object, carried out backing papers and matching colors. And then, it examined scientific analysis of pigments. Also, it performed nondestructive testing like XRF, FT-IR, and image microscope to investigate the quality of the material of hanji using the object and the component and characteristic of pigments. As a result, FT-IR spectrum matching Korean traditional paper(hanji) was detected in hanji of Avalokitesvara in Potalaka in Hyeondeungsa. The black pigment making a thin layer over the white pigment would estimate carbon compounds of unconfirmed ink stick or soot as XRF and FT-IR. Also, the white pigment was lead white($PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$) involving Pb(Lead) and a carbonate. It was observed that the crystal of blue pigment had the different sizes of the particles from the microscope. In the case of this blue pigment, it showed cobalt blue and lead white was mixed when it used because both Cu and Pb were highly detected in XRF data.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.828-830
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• 2002

In this study, we have investigated a simple process of preparation of white pigment particles by physical coating with functionalized wax for the electrophoretic display. We will discuss, especially, the implementation of bistable pigment providing high mobility by using unique charge control agent and also optical properties of wax coated $TiO_2$ particles.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.101-112
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• 2012

The Donggwanwangmyo Shrine was built in the period of Joseon Dynasty in 1602. There are Clay Statues (Gwanwo, Jangbi, Woojanggun, Juchang, Jojaryoung and so on) enshrined in the inside of the main hall. Original color of these Clay Statues are deteriorated by inorganic pollutant like dust. And the origanal forms were damaged during several process of restorations and repaintings. This study carried out XRD, SEM-EDS, P-XRF and chromaticity measurement for characterization of pigments which painted on Clay Statues. As a result, cinnabar, hematite and red lead were used to paint in pigments for the red and brown colors. Light red pigment was made by gypsum with these minerals that make colors. Graphite and gold were used to color of black and gold pigment, respectively. Green pigment is identified of malachite, atacamite and glauconite. Blue pigment which is clearly painted on Clay Statues is interpreted a morden industrial pigment that were painted at repair work. White pigments are detected calcite, gypsum and silver white. Orpiment and litharge were used to color of yellow and light yellow pigment.