• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2007

본 연구는 효소분해를 통하여 인삼의 저분자 화합물을 추출하고 추출수율, 총페놀 함량, V79-4 세포주를 이용한 항산화 활성을 시험하였다. 조추출물의 추출 수율은 29.5-76%였으며, 총페놀 함량은 0.45-2.21%로 처리 효소에 따라 차이를 보였으며, pectinase 처리구가 추출 수율과 총페놀 함량이 가장 높았다. V79-4 세포주에 대해서는 pectinase 처리구와 ${\alpha}$-amylase 처리구에서 50% 이상의 세포 보호효과를 나타내었다. 세포내 항산화 관련 효소계의 활성을 시험한 결과 SOD활성은 처리 효소에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, CAT와 GPx 활성은 pectinase 처리구에서 유의적으로 높은 활성을 보였다. 또한 지질과산화 활성을 시험한 결과에서도 pectinase 처리구와 protease 처리구에서 50% 이상의 MDA 생성 억제를 보였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.389-415
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• 1996

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer(Araliaceae) has been traditionally used as an expensive and precious medicine in oriental countries for more than 5, 000 years. Ginseng saponin isolated from the root of Panax ginseng have been regarded as the main effective components responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities. Such as antiaging effects. antidiabetic effects anticancer effects. Protection against physical and chemical stress. Analgesic and antipyretic effects. Effects on the central nervous system, tranquilizing action and others. Thirty kinds of ginsenosides have been so far isolated from ginseng saponin and their chemical structures have been elucidated since 1960's. Among which protopanaxadiol type is 19 kinds. protopanaxatriol type. 10 kinds and oleanane type, one. Since ginsenosides are generally labile under acidic conditions ordinary acid hydrolysis is always accompanied by many side reactions, such as epimerization. hydroxylation and cyclization of side chain of the sapogenins Especially. it is well known that C-20 glycosyl linkage of ginsenoside was hydrolysed on heating with acetic acid to give an equilibrated mixture of 20(S) and 20(R) epimers. And also, the chemical transformations of the secondary metabolites have appeared during the steaming process to prepare red ginseng. Indicating demalonylation of malonyl ginsenosides, elimination of glycosyl residue at C-20 and isomerization of hydroxyl configuration at C-20. But these studies have not provided a comprehensive picture in explaning how these ginsenosides showed val'iotas pharmacological activities of ginseng. Though some of them have been involved in the mechanism of pharmacological actions. Recently, non-saponin components have received a great deal of attention for their antioxidant, anticancer antidiabetic, immunomodulating. anticomplementary activities and so on. To meet the demand for such wide applications, studies on the non-saponin components play an important role in providing a good evidence of pharmacological and biol ogical activities. Among the non-saponin constituents of Korean ginseng, polyacetylenes, phenols. Sesquiterpenes, alkaloids. polysaccharides oligosaccharides, oligopeptides and aminoglycosides together with ginsenosides of terrestrial part are mainly described.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.1190-1196
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• 2013

연구에서는 백삼이나 홍삼의 기억력 개선 효과 연구를 기초로 흑삼의 기억력 개선효과 여부를 판단하고자 scopolamine으로 유도된 시험동물에게 7주간 시료 물질(백삼, WG; 홍삼, RG; 흑삼, BG) 추출액을 투여한 후, 행동학적인 평가 및 뇌 조직 내 malondialdehyde 농도, ChAT 활성 변화를 비교 분석하여 기억력 및 학습능력 손상에 대한 개선효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 수동회피시험에서 BG군과 RG군의 latency time이 scopolamine 투여한 PC군(positive control)에 비해서 유의적으로 길어지는 결과를 나타냈다. 수중미로시험에서도 BG군과 RG군의 scopolamine에 의한 기억 손상이 유의적으로 개선되어 NC군의 escape latency 수준 정도로 낮아짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 probe test에서도 BG군과 RG군에서 장기 기억력 손상이 유의적으로 개선됨이 확인되었다. BG군과 RG군의 뇌조직 ChAT 효소 활성은 PC군에 비해 각각 42%, 71% 수준의 유의성 있는 활성증가를 보였다. 지질 과산화도 malondialdehyde 측정 결과에서 PC군 대비 RG군과 BG군에서 각각 37%, 33% 수준의 유의성 있는 감소를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면 시험물질 가운데 흑삼의 반복 경구투여는 scopolamine으로 유도된 흰쥐에서 기억력 감퇴를 개선하는 데 가장 효과적인 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.163-171
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• 2016

Objective: A meta-analysis was performed to determine effect of ginseng on blood pressure. Methods: The databases of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, RISS, DBpia, KISS, and Koreamed were searched for all published studies from inception to January 2016. The following terms were used: "ginseng", "hypertension", and "blood pressure". Using the Review Manager 5, mean differences (MDs) were pooled to measure the effect of ginseng on blood pressure compared to that of placebo. Results: Eleven randomized controlled trials were included. In this meta-analysis, ginseng treatment significantly lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP) in a dose-independent way (MD: -1.99, p = 0.04). In subgroup analysis, 8-12 week consumption of ginseng achieved significantly greater reduction in SBP (MD: -3.14, p = 0.03), while single administration of ginseng failed to show BP-lowering effect. When ingested over 8-12 weeks, ginseng significantly lowered diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (MD: -1.96, p = 0.03). No significant association was found between ginseng dose and the magnitude of BP-lowering effect. However, a significant positive relationship was observed between baseline SBP level and the magnitude of SBP reduction (r = 0.848, p = 0.033). Such a relationship was not seen in DBP. Conclusion: Consumption of ginseng for 8-12 weeks achieved significant reductions in SBP and DBP in a dose-independent way. There was a significant positive relationship between baseline SBP level and the magnitude of SBP reduction.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.222-229
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• 2019

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) was processed by drying, steaming, or puffing, and the effects of these processes on the ginsenoside profile were investigated. The main root of 4-year-old raw Korean ginseng was dried to produce white ginseng. Steaming, followed by drying, was employed to produce red or black ginseng. In addition, these three varieties of processed ginseng were puffed using a rotational puffing gun. Puffed ginseng showed significantly higher extraction yields of ginsenosides (49.87-58.60 g solid extract/100 g of sample) and crude saponin content (59.40-63.87 mg saponin/g of dried ginseng) than non-puffed ginseng, respectively. Moreover, puffing effectively transformed the major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1) of ginseng into minor ones (F2, Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5), comparable to the steaming process effect on the levels of the transformed ginsenosides. However, steaming takes much longer (4 to 36 days) than puffing (less than 30 min) for ginsenoside transformation. Consequently, puffing may be an effective and economical technique for enhancing the extraction yield and levels of minor ginsenosides responsible for the major biological activities of ginseng.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 1981

홍삼(紅蔘)의 특징(特徵)이라고 할 수 있는 갈색화반응(褐色化反應)에 의(依)해서 생성(生成)된 갈변물질(褐變物質)의 항산화효과(抗酸化?果)와 여러가지 기본적(基本的)인 성질(性質)을 조사(調査)하였다. 인삼(人蔘) model system을 이용(利用)하여 갈변반응(褐變反應)을 시킨 결과(結果) 갈색도(褐色度)는 반응시간(反應時間)에 비례(比例)하여 증가(增加)하였으나 항산화효과(抗酸化?果)는 반응시간(反應時間) 17시간(時間)까지 갈색도(褐色度)에 비례(比例)하여 증가(增加)하였으나 그 이후에는 일정(一定)한 level을 유지하였다. 증삼시간별(蒸蔘時間別)로 실제(實際) 홍삼(紅蔘)을 제조(製造)하여 갈색도(褐色度) 및 항산화능(抗酸化能)을 조사(調査)한 바 model system에서 얻은 결과(結果)와 유사(類似)하였다. 투석(透析)에 의해서 분리(分離)된 인삼갈변반응물질(人蔘褐變反應物質)은 외액(外液)이 내액(內液)보다 갈색도(褐色度)가 낮았지만 더 강(强)한 항산화효과(抗酸化效果)를 보였다. 인삼갈변물질(人蔘褐變物質)을 Amberlite 이온교환수지(交換樹脂)를 사용(使用)하여 3개의 peak로 분리(分離)하였으며 유출(流出)차례에 따라 fraction I, II 및 III으로 명명(命名)하였다. 가장 갈색도(褐色度)가 강(强)한 fraction II는 전체(全體) peak의 80.7%로 강(强)한 항산화효과(抗酸化效果)를 나타냈으며 Somogyi-Nelson시약(試藥)에 대(對)하여 환원능(還元能)을 보였고 ninhydrin반응(反應)에 양성(陽性)이었다. 인삼갈변반응물질(人蔘褐變反應物質)과 백삼(白蔘) 및 홍삼(紅蔘)의 75% ethanol 추출물(抽出物)이 DPPH에 대(對)한 수소공여성(水素供與性)을 측정(測定)한 바 백삼(白蔘)은 수소공여성(水素供與性)이 거의 없었으나 홍삼추출물(紅蔘抽出物)은 수소공여성(水素供與性)이 강(强)하였다. 특히 인삼갈변반응물질(人蔘褐變反應物質)은 5mg/ml의 농도(濃度)에서 BHA와 같은 level의 수소공여성(水素供與性)을 나타냈다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.314-321
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine a standard quality characteristic through the evaluation and statistical analysis of the morphological characteristics of dried ginseng (white ginseng) products. Samples of 4-year-old 30 and 50 piece grade curved ginseng and 5-year-old 25 and 15 piece grade straight ginseng products were collected from a market, with 5 to 10 packs of each product being collected annually over a 5-year period (2006-2010). Morphological characteristics, such as weight, length, diameter, and surface color, were measured and statistically analyzed to present a standard quality characteristic value using $mean{\pm}3SD$, a range that excluded outlier. The 4-year-old curved ginseng samples of 50 and 30 piece grade were 4.80 to 6.12 cm and 5.28 to 7.60 cm long, 0.22 to 1.70 cm and 0.21 to 2.07 cm wide, and weighed 5.28 to 7.40 g and 8.62 to 12.26 g, respectively. The 5-year-old straight ginseng samples of 25 and 15 piece grade were 9.66 to 15.47 cm and 10.66 to 16.80 cm long, 1.32 to 1.94 cm and 1.48 to 2.43 cm wide, and weighed 9.18 to 16.40 g and 15.89 to 24.82 g, respectively. The surface color of the different piece grades in the same type of dried ginseng product was similar, whereas the straight ginseng demonstrated a lower level of brightness, but the relative redness and yellowness were of higher levels, than that of curved ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 1988

큰검정풍뎅이와 참검정풍뎅이의 효율적 방제체계 확립을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 1983~1986년에 걸쳐 이 두 종에 의한 인삼피해 발생양상을 조사하였다. 큰검정풍뎅이와 참검정풍뎅이의 유충이 인삼 뿌리를 가해하였으며 이들에 의한 피해는 주로 2~3년근에 나타났으나 인위적으로 접종시 연근에 관계없이 식해하였다. 큰검정품뎅이에 의한 피해는 매년 가을(9~10월)에, 참검정풍뎅이에 의한 피해는 홀수해의 가을과 이듬해 짝수해의 봄(5~6월)에 나타나 홀수해의 가을에는 두 종에 의한 피해가 동시에 나타났으며, 두 종 모두 배수가 양호한 경사지에 위치한 포장에서 많이 발생하였다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.738-744
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of White Ginseng-Ejung-tang water extract (EJ) on production of various cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), keratinocyte-derived chemokine(KC), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Levels of cytokines were measured by High-throughput multiplex bead array cytokine assay based on xMAP (multi-analyte profiling beads) technology. EJ significantly decreased levels of IL-2, IL-12p70, IL-5, MIP-2 for 24 h incubation at the concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 (P < 0.05). EJ significantly decreased levels of IL-6 at the concentrations of 50 and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ (P < 0.05). EJ significantly decreased levels of IL-10 and VEGF at the concentrations of 25 and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ (P < 0.05). EJ significantly decreased levels of KC at the concentrations of 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ (P < 0.05). EJ did not show any significant effect on TNF-${\alpha}$ and GM-CSF production. These results suggest that EJ has anti-inflammtory property related with its inhibition of IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, MIP-2, VEGF, and KC production in LPS-induced macrophages.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.32-36
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• 1983

백삼(白蔘)을 각(各) 상대습도별(相對濕度別)로 저장(貯藏)하면서 백삼내(白蔘內)의 saponin과 유리당(遊離糖)의 함량변화(含量變化)를 조사(調査)하였다. 백삼내(白蔘內)에 존재(存在)하는 saponin은 상대습도(相對濕度) $11{\sim}57%$까지는 거의 변화(變化)가 없었으나 그 이상(以上)의 저장구(貯藏區)에서는 저장기간(貯藏期間)이 길수록, 그리고 상대습도(相對濕度)가 높을수록 그 감소율(減少率)이 컸으며 그중에서 ginsenoside $-Rb_1$, -Rc, -Re, $-Rg_1$의 함량(含量)이 크게 감소(減少)하였다. 그리고 인삼내(人蔘內)의 그 함량(含量)이 낮은 ginsenoside $-Rg_2$의 변화(變化)가 가장 적었다. Glucose와 fructose는 상대습도(相對濕度) $75{\sim}96%$까지는 급격히 증가(增加)하였다가 감소(減少)하였으며 $11{\sim}67%$까지는 저장기간(貯藏期間)이 길수록, 그리고 상대습도(相對濕度)가 높을수록 서서히 증가(增加)하였다. Sucrose는 상대습도(相對濕度) 42%까지는 거의 변화(變化)가 없었으나 그 이상(以上)의 저장구(貯藏區)에서는 상대습도(相對濕度)가 높을수록 저장기간(貯藏期間)이 길어질수록 계속 감소(減少)하였다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로 백삼(白蔘)을 $30^{\circ}C$에서 장기저장(長期貯藏)할 경우 saponin과 유리당의 함량변화(含量變化)가 거의 없는 상대습도(相對濕度) 57% 이하(以下)에서 보존(保存)하는 것이 바람직하다.