• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1736-1743
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• 2014

This study was designed to test the effects of dietary distillers dried grain (DDG) level on the growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and antioxidant activity of juvenile red seabream (Pagrus major). Six isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% DDG from rice (designated as DDG0, DDG5, DDG10, DDG15, DDG20, and DDG25), respectively. Juvenile red seabream averaging $10.1{\pm}0.05g$ were randomly distributed into 400-L tanks in a flow through systems. Three replicate groups of fish were fed one of the experimental diets to visual satiation two times a day for 10 weeks. Survival, weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and hepatosomatic index of fish were not affected by dietary DDG levels (p>0.05). Proximate and amino acid composition of whole body in juvenile red seabream were not affected by dietary DDG levels (p>0.05). Plasma content of total protein, glucose, cholesterol, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, phospholipid and triglyceride were not affected by dietary DDG levels (p>0.05). 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical and alkyl radical scavenging activities in plasma and liver of fish were not affected by dietary DDG levels (p>0.05). The results of this experiment suggest that DDG has the potential to replace plant origin ingredients such as wheat flour and corn gluten meal and could be used up to 25% in diet without incurring negative effects on the growth performance of juvenile red seabream.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.577-582
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the replacement of fish meal (FM) with a plant and animal protein mixture (wheat gluten, soy protein concentrate, tankage meal and poultry by-product meal) in the diets of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The basal diet was formulated to contain 65% FM (Con). Four other experimental diets were formulated with alternative proteins replacing 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of FM (FM20, FM30, FM40 and FM50, respectively). Taurine and betaine were added to the FM replacement diets. Triplicate groups of fish (mean±SD, 5.41±0.01) were fed the diets to apparent satiation for 15 weeks. After the feeding trial, no significant differences were found between any dietary groups in growth performance, feed utilization, survival, hematological parameters or whole-body composition. This result indicates that a proper mixture of the four protein sources with taurine and betaine supplements can be used as FM replacement to reduce FM levels from 65% to 32.5% in juvenile olive flounder diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.564-568
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase on the additivity of true metabolizable energy (TME) and nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy ($TME_n$) for broiler diets. Methods: A total of 144 21-day-old broilers were randomly allotted to 12 dietary treatments with 6 replicates. Five treatments consisted of 5 ingredients of corn, wheat, soybean meal, corn distillers dried grains with solubles, or corn gluten meal. One mixed diet containing 200 g/kg of those 5 ingredients also was prepared. Additional 6 treatments were prepared by mixing 0.5 g/kg dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase with those 5 ingredients and the mixed diet. Based on a precision-fed chicken assay, TME and $TME_n$ values for 5 ingredients and the mixed diet as affected by dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase were determined. Results: Results indicated that when ${\beta}$-mannanase was not added to the diet, measured TME and $TME_n$ values for the diet did not differ from the predicted values for the diet, which validated the additivity. However, for the diet containing ${\beta}$-mannanase, measured $TME_n$ value was greater (p<0.05) than predicted $TME_n$ value, indicating that the additivity was not validated. Conclusion: In conclusion, the additivity of energy values for the mixed diet may not be guaranteed if the diet contains ${\beta}$-mannanase.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.300-307
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• 1992

Bromelains (EC 3.4.4.24) isolated from pineapple fruit and stem have been purified about 18 and 46-folds to homogenity in the same yield of 23%. Molecular weights of fruit and stem-bromelain were estimated to be 32.5 KDa and 37 KDa by Sephadex G-200, respectively. The enzymes were composed of one subunit. The fruit and stem-bromelain had their maximum activity at pH 8.0, $70^{\circ}C$ and at pH 7.0, $60^{\circ}C$. Especially the enzymes catalyzed hydrolysis of plant proteins such as ISP (Isolated soybean protein) and wheat gluten with high molecular activity compared to animal proteins. The enzymes were competitively inhibited by sulfhydryl reagent; $K_i$ values of fruit and stem-bromelain for pCMB(p-chloromercuribenzoate) were 0.18 mM and 0.10 mM. Activities of the enzymes inhibited by pCMB were reversibly restored with increasing concentration of cysteine.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.329-336
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• 2015

We examined the effect of substituting squid meal and macroalgae with soybean meal in a commercial diet on the growth and body composition of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai. We randomly distributed 2310 juvenile abalone into 33 rectangular plastic containers and fed them five experimental diets in triplicate as follows. The control diet (Con) consisted of 12% squid meal, 8% corn gluten and 20% soybean meal as protein source, wherein 10% ${\alpha}$-starch, 20% wheat flour, and 5% dextrin were carbohydrate source. The experimental diets, 50% squid meal (SM50), 50% squid meal and 50% macroalgae (SM50+MA50), and 100% squid meal and 50% macroalgae (SM100+MA50) were substituted with the same respective amounts of soybean meal. The fifth experimental diet consisted of the control diet plus 1% diatom powder (DP). We prepared two domestic (Domestic A and B) and two imported (China and Japan) abalone feeds. Finally, we prepared Undaria and sea tangle. We found that the weight gain of abalone fed the Con, DP, and China and Japan diets was significantly greater than that of abalone fed Undaria and sea tangle. We conclude that the substituting squid meal and macroalgae with soybean meal in abalone feed has limited benefits, but supplementing diets with 1% diatom powder is effective in improving weight gain.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.376-382
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• 2018

We investigated the effect of replacing tuna byproduct meal (TBM) and rice bran (RB) with fish meal (FM) and macroalgae (MA) in extruded pellets (EP) supplied as a diet to juvenile Abalone Haliotis duscus in aquaculture. In total, 80,000 juvenile abalone were distributed among eight indoor raceways and supplied with one of four experimental diets. The control diet consisted of FM, fermented soybean meal, corn gluten meal and shrimp meal as protein sources, with wheat flour and dextrin as carbohydrate sources; the control diet also contained MA. In the FM50 diet, TBM was replaced with 50% FM. In the MA 50 diet, RB was replaced with 50% MA. The final diet, FM50+MA50, included TMB and RB in place of 50% FM and 50% MA. Abalone were fed to satiation with little food leftover for 16 weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate of abalone fed the control diet were greater than those of abalone fed the FM50 and MA50 diets, but not different from those of abalone fed FM50+MA50 diet. The proximate composition of abalone soft body did not vary according to experimental diets. Based on these results, it appears that the traditional commercial diet for juvenile abalone, comprising FM and MA, could be replaced with one containing 50% TBM and 50% RB without any retardation of growth.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.903-908
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• 2010

Yeast-leavened rice bread with added vital wheat gluten was formulated by substituting normal rice flour with 0~30% black rice flour, and the effects of black rice flour substitution on rice bread quality were investigated. Black rice flour contained more protein, lipid, and ash contents than normal rice flour. Increasing levels of black rice flour substitution decreased the specific loaf volume of rice bread. Black rice flour decreased lightness and yellowness, and imparted a reddish color in the bread crumbs. Only a slight difference in crumb firmness was observed between control rice bread (100% normal rice flour) and rice bread containing up to 20% black rice flour. However, crumb firmness of rice bread containing 30% black rice flour was considerably higher than that of the control rice bread and increased rapidly at 2~3 days during a 3-day storage period at $25^{\circ}C$. Antioxidant activity of rice breads was estimated by determining electron-donating ability (EDA) to DPPH radical. The electron-donating ability slightly increased with increasing levels of black rice flour in rice bread.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2019

This study investigated the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with a mixture of four protein sources (wheat gluten, soy protein concentrate, tankage meal, and poultry byproduct meal) in an extruded pellet (EP) diet for olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Five experimental diets were formulated with alternative proteins replacing 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of FM. Taurine and betaine were added as attractants in the diets. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight: $196{\pm}2g$) were fed the diets to apparent satiation. Over the course of a 6-month feeding trial, there were no significant differences between the groups in growth performance, feed utilization, survival, or villus height. The dry matter and protein digestibility of FM50 diet were significantly lower than those of the control diet at water temperatures below $18.5^{\circ}C$ in months 4 and 6. This is a highly significant first report on FM replacement in an EP diet given to olive flounder over a 6-month-long feeding period. It shows that the proper mixture of protein sources can replace up to 50% of FM in olive flounder EP diets with taurine and betaine supplementation. It also shows that 40% of FM could be safely replaced in EP diets during periods of low water temperature.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.861-869
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• 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the effectivity of full-fat black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (BSF) and defatted mealworm Tenebrio molitor (MW) larvae meal as a fish meal (FM) substitute in a low-fish meal (LFM) diet for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The LFM diet comprising 45% FM with tankage meal, poultry byproduct meal, soy protein concentrate and wheat gluten was the control diet. Three experimental diets were 10% FM in Con with BSF, MW and a mixture of both at the same ratio (designated as B10, M10 and B5M5, respectively). Four hundred and forty-fourth juvenile P. olivaceus (34.3±0.1 g) were randomly distributed into 12 tanks (425 L) in three replicate groups per treatment and fed the experimental diets for 15 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance, survival, biological indices (condition factor, viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index), non-specific immune responses (lysozyme, myeloperoxidase) and intestinal histology (villi length and goblet cells) were not significantly affected by treatments. Feed utilization was significantly decreased in M10 compared to the control group. Alanine aminotransferase level was significantly higher in M10 than in the control group. Glucose level was significantly lower in B10 than in the control group. These results suggest that BSF and MW can be used as FM substitutes. However, considering feed conversion ratio and AST level, MW availability is thought to be lower than that of BSF, and feeding fish with a diet containing MW for an extended period is thought to adversely affect fish growth.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2024

This study evaluated the utilization of a low fish meal (LFM) diet and black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens meal and oil as a fish meal (FM) substitute or functional additive for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at the Jeju fish farm. Two experimental diets replaced FM using animal (tankage, poultry byproduct and tuna byproduct meal) and plant (wheat gluten and soy protein concentrate) protein sources, containing 45% (FM45) and 35% (FM35) of FM, respectively. One experimental diet replaced FM with animal, plant, and BSF meal, fish oil using insect meal and oil (FM35+). After the feeding trial ended, no differences in growth performance, feed utilization, survival and biological indices were observed among all experimental groups. Aspartate aminotransferase and cholesterol levels in the FM35 and FM35+ groups were significantly higher than that in the FM70 group. The linoleic acid level in the muscle was significantly higher in the fish fed with the FM70 diet than in those fed with the FM45, FM35, and FM35+ diets. Thus, the LFM diet is suitable for juvenile olive flounder farming during six months.