• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제45권1호
• /
• pp.11-25
• /
• 1979

1979년(年) 8월(月) 4일(日)과 5일(日)에 걸쳐 강원도 평창지구에 많은 사태(沙汰)가 발생된 바 있었다. 이 지역(地域)을 답사할 기회를 통해 산사태에 대한 조사연구(調査硏究)가 부족(不足)하고 예방대책(豫防對策)이 미약하다는 사실을 알게 되었다. 이에 현지답사시(現地踏査時) 얻었던 자료(資料)와 기 연구자들의 보고서 등을 참조로 하여 우리나라 산사태(山沙汰)의 발생조직과예방대책을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 지난 6년간(年間)의 자료(資料)로 1일(日)200mm이상(以上), 1시간당(時間當) 60mm이상(以上)의 호우지대(豪雨地帶)를 보면 횡성, 원주, 영동, 무주, 남원과 순천을 연결하는 서부지역과 경상남도의 남부해안지방(南部海岸地方)에 분포(分布)되 있다. 이 원인(原因)은 산맥(山脈)과 저기압(低氣壓)의 방향(方向)에 영향을 받은 것으로 사료(思料)된다. 2, 호우(豪雨)의 정점(頂點)의 분포(分布)는 야간에 나타나며 이 시점에서 산사태(山沙汰)를 일으키고 막대한 피해(被害)를 주는 것 같다. 3. 평창지역(平昌地域)의 산사태(山沙汰)는 화강암(花崗巖)의 조사질양토(粗砂質壤土)와 석회암(石灰巖) 정암(貞岩)의 점토질토양(粘土質土壤)에서 발생(發生)하며 토석류(土石流)는 기암면(基岩面)이나 석회암토양(石灰巖土壤)에서 나타나는 반시(盤尸)을 따라 일어나고 있었다. 4. 이들 암석(岩石)에서 유래한 토양(土壤)의 투수력(透水力)은 빠른 것 같으며 화강암토양(花崗巖土壤)은 토성(土性)의 영향으로 석회암토양(石灰岩土壤)은 토양구조(土壤構造), 폐식(廢植)의 높은 함량(含量)과 근계(根系)의 영향 때문이다. 5. 산사태발생(山沙汰發生)의 근원지의 지형(地形)은 대부분 곡두(谷頭)의 요형지(凹型地)와 산복 상부의 요형(凹型)지에서 나타나고 있다. 이는 유거수(流去水)의 집수력(集水力)때문인것 같고 이 지점의 토양단면(土壤斷面)을 보면 석회암지대(石灰岩地帶)는 혼연성토양(混淵性土壤), 화강암지대(花崗岩地帶)는 발(髮)한 심토호(深土戶)으로 되있다. 6. 산사태지(山沙汰地)의 경사도(傾斜度)는 대부분 $25^{\circ}$이상(以上)에서 나타났고 경사위치(傾斜位置)는 산복상부의 6~9부 능선에서 나타났다. 7. 산사태지(山沙汰地)의 식피(植被)는 대부분 화전(火田)경작지, 화전초지(火田草地), 화전조림지(火田造林地), 황폐지(荒廢地)의 불량임분(不良林分)과 미림목지(未林木地)이었다. 일부 성림지(成林地)(중경목지)에도 나타났으나 대개 표상(表上)에 암석시(岩石尸)이 있는 지역이다. 8. 산사태위험도(山沙汰危險度)는 몇가지 환경인자(環境因子)로 즉 식피(植被), 경사도(傾斜度), 경사형태(傾斜形態) 및 위치(位置), 기암(基岩)과 분포형태(分布形態), 토양단면(土壤斷面)의 특성(特性) 등(等)으로 추정이 가능할 것 같다. 9. 가옥피해(家屋被害)는 대부분 다음과 같은 지형(地形)에서 나타나고 있다. 충적추(沖積錐)와 선상지요형사면(扇狀地凹型斜面)의 산록, 곡간(谷間)이나 야계변(野溪邊)의 소단구(小段丘)와 붕적토지(崩積土地) 등(等)이다. 가옥피해위험지(家屋被害危險地)는 항공사진으로 가옥(家屋)주위의 지형상태(地形狀態)를 참고를 하면 판정(判定)이 가능할 것 같다. 10. 산사태(山沙汰)의 예방대책(豫防對策)으로 위험지(危險地)의 진단기술(診斷技術)의 개발(開發), 현지조사(現地調査)를 통해 가능한 조속(早速)히 예방사방(豫防砂防)이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 가옥(家屋)과 부락(部落)의 피해예방대책(被害豫防對策)이 수립(樹立) 실행(實行)하여야 되며 재해방비림(災害防備林)의 조성책(造成策)이 고려되어야 할 것이다. 11. 산사태(山沙汰)에 의한 가옥(家屋)과 부락(部落)의 피해위험도(被害危險度)를 판정(判定)하여 지도사업(指導事業)을 통해 알려 주어야 한다. 12. 사태위험지(沙汰危險地)의 계벌작업(階伐作業), 화전경작(火田耕作), 연료채취(燃料採取)를 철저히 금지(禁止)시키고 피해위험지(被害危險地)의 가옥(家屋)신축을 규제시켜야 될 것이다. 따라서 산림경영계획(山林經營計劃)의 편성시 산사태(山沙汰)여부 토양침식(土壤浸蝕)과 홍수문제(洪水問題)들이 고려되어야 하며 재해예방대책(災害豫防對策)이 포함되어야 할 것이다.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.83-99
• /
• 1994

Ch'ang-Ts'al-Ts'un is a rural Village near Lung-jing City in Yen-pien Korean Autonomous Province of China. It was formed about 100 years ago by Korean Immigrants and has been developed maintaing the characteristics of traditional Korean architecture. Therefore investigating the spatial structure of this village is a meanigful work to confirm and explore one branch of Korean architecture. This study aims at analyzing the spatial structure of the village using direct data collected from the field work and indirect data from books and maps. The field work consists of on-the-site survey of the village layout, interviews of residents, observation notes and photography. Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un is located 360-370 m high above the sea level and at the side of a long valley. A river flows in the middle of the valley and relatively flat arable land exists at the both sides of the river. The location of the village related to the surrounding river and mountains suggests that the site of the village was chosen according to Feng-Shui, Chinese and Korean traditional architectural theory. The main direction of the house layouts is South-western. The village has been growing gradually until today. Therefore it is meaningful to make the village layout before Liberation(1946 A.D.) because the characteristics of Korean architecture prevailed more in that period. The area of the previous village is limited to the west side of the creek. New houses were later added to the east of the creek, forming a 'New Village'. Previously the village was composed of 3 small villages: Up, Middle and Down. Also the main access roads connecting the village with the neighboring villages were penetrating the village transversely. Presently the main access road comes to the village longitudinally from the main highway located in front of the village. The retrospective layout shows the existence of well-formed Territory, Places and Axes, thus suggesting a coherent Micro-cosmos. The boundary of imaginery territory perceived by present residents could be defined by linking conspicous outside places sorrounding the village such as Five-mountains, Front-mountain, Shin-dong village, Standing-rock, Rear-mountain and Myong-dong village. Inside the territory there are also the important places such as Bus-stop, Memorial tower of patriots, Road-maitenance building and the village itself. And inside it 5 transverse and 1 longitudinal axes exist in the form of river, roads and mountains. The perceived spatial structure of the village formed by Places, Axes and Territory is geometrical and well-balanced and suggests this village is fit for human settlement. The administrative area of the village is about 738 ha, 27 % of which is cultivated land and the rest is mountain area. Initially the village and surrounndings were covered with natural forest But the trees have been gradually cut down for building and warning houses, resulting in the present barren and artificial landscape with bare mountains and cultivated land. At present the area of the village occupied by houses is wedge-shaped, 600 m wide and 220 m deep in its maximum. The total area of the village is $122,175m^{2}$. The area and the rate of each sub-division arc as follow. 116 house-lots $91,465m^{2}$ (74.9 %) Land for public buildings and shops $2,980m^{2}$ (2.4 %) Roads $17,106m^{2}$ (14.0 %) Creek $1,356m^{2}$ (1.1 %) Vacant spaces and others $9,268m^{2}$ (7.6 %) TOTAL $122,175m^{2}$ (100.0 %) Each lot is fenced around with vertical wooden pannels 1.5-1.8 m high and each house is located to the backside of the lot. The open space of a lot is sub-divided into three areas using the same wooden fence: Front yard, Back yard and Access area. Front and back yards are generally used for crop-cultivation, the custom of which is rare in Korea. The number of lots is 116 and the average size of area is $694.7m^{2}$. Outdoor spaces in the village such as roads, vacant spaces, front yard of the cultural hall, front yard of shops and spacse around the creek are good 'behavioral settings' frequently used by residents for play, chatting, drinking and movie-watching. The road system of the village is net-shaped, having T-junctions in intersections. The road could be graded to 4 categories according to their functions: Access roads, Inner trunk roads, Connecting roads and Culs-de-sac. The total length of the road inside the village is 3,709 m and the average width is 4.6 m. The main direction of the road in the village is NNE-SSE and ESE-WNW, crossing with right angles. Conclusively, the spatial structure of Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un village consists of various components in different dimensions and these components form a coherent structure in each dimension. Therefore the village has a proper spatial structure meaningful and appropriate for human living.

• 한국가구학회지
• /
• 제21권6호
• /
• pp.439-448
• /
• 2010

가구분야는 인간과 밀접한 제품으로 많은 발전을 해왔지만, 근대화 이후 전통가구는 거의 자취를 감추었다. 이는 생활양식이 바뀌었다기보다 편의와 형태를 추구한 서양식 가구의 다양성을 중시했기 때문이다. 그러나 이러한 다양성은 한계에 도달했으며 가구뿐만 아니라 디자인분야 전반에 걸쳐 한 단계 나아갈 새로운 역할의 필요성이 대두되었으며, 이를 위한 문제해결방법으로 건축을 비롯한 디자인전반에서 동양의 정신계에 근거를 두고 있는 유심적 가치가 제시되었다. 이는 사라졌던 전통가구가 내포한 유심성에 주목하려는 것이며, 보다 자연적이고 인간과 친숙한 전통가구의 감성적이고 심리적인 영향이 가치를 인정 받은 것이라 할 수 있다. 전통가구가 오랜 시간을 사용되었던 것은 가구가 갖는 기능성보다 주변공간과 유기적으로 연계하는 유심적 성향을 지니고 있기 때문이다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 조선시대 한옥에서 사용된 전통가구를 중심으로 기본적 기능 이외의 역할을 귀납적으로 분석하여 사용자에게 나타난 추가적인 효과를 규명하고자 하였다. 이러한 유심적 역할은 사용자에게 기능 이외의 역할을 제공하고, 가구의 공간지배가 가능하게 하였다. 이러한 역할의 근거로 전통가구가 유물적 관점에서는 추출할 수 없는 사용성 확장, 공간변이, 공간형성과 이동, 위계형성에서 나아가 사용자와 상호작용이 가능한 단계에 이르는 많은 역할을 해왔음을 규명하였다. 이를 통해 전통가구의 유심적 역할이 적용된 현대 공간에서 나타날 기대효과와 가능성의 사례를 통해 지속 가능한 디자인은 물론 상호작용이 가능한 가구의 발전방향을 제시하였다.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
• /
• 제52권1호
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 2014

시설국화에서 꽃노랑총채벌레를 친환경적으로 방제하기 위하여 미끌애꽃노린재와 미끌애꽃노린재 뱅커플랜트를 적용하여 7주 동안 천적의 분포 및 해충의 밀도변동을 조사하였다. 시설국화에서 천적의 방사방법 및 방사량에 따른 해충의 밀도 억제 효과를 검증하고자 천적 단독 처리, 뱅커플랜트 단독 처리 I, II, 천적과 뱅커플랜트 혼합 처리 I, II의 시험구를 설정하였다. 천적과 뱅커플랜트를 혼합 적용하여 처리한 곳이 국화 1주당 꽃노랑총채벌레 1마리 이하로 70마리까지 증가한 무처리구에 비해 밀도 억제 효과가 가장 뛰어났다. 이 처리구에서 91.8%의 꽃노랑총채벌레에 대한 방제가를 보였으며 친환경자재 처리구에 비해 5.8배, 천적 단독 처리구에 비해 1.4배의 해충 방제 효과가 있어 시설재배 국화에서 천적과 뱅커플랜트 혼합 적용의 꽃노랑총채벌레 방제 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.57-70
• /
• 2004

Since Korea disclaimed to open the ports, Korean architecture has met the impetuous transformation. Although there would be various factors of this transformation, the new-coming architecture by missionary seemed to be a significant one, and many researches have been carried out on this theme in diverse viewpoints. However, because these researches have preponderated on the Catholic tradition, it is deficient for clarify the whole history of mission architecture. Therefore, this research has the meaning to enrich the history of Korean modern architecture by making balance. First of all, this paper is focused on the activities of one missionary, Graham Lee. He is a practical missionary at the beginning, his architecture made a critical influence in Korean traditional architecture. Graham Lee was born in Rock Island, Illinois, 1861, and he determined to become a missionary through grown up. He spent his boyhood by working as a plumber for his purpose and studied in a university afterward. Graduating of McComick Theological Seminary, he was nominated as a pioneer of Pyeng Yang Mission Station and set foot in Korea, September of 1892. Since then he started to erect missionary facilities in Pyeng Yang, such as Well House(1898), Pyeng Yang Central Church(1900-1901), Pyeng Yang Academy(1902). These all his works are designed with eclectic style which shows western and Korean traditional style intermingled. This unique characteristic made a profound influence to the Korean mission architecture afterwards. Especially, the L-type plan of Pyeng Yang Central Church, which is first shown by him, is recognized very unique, and this plan type had been spread all over the country. Therefore the L-type plan became the peculiar feature of the early Korean churches. Furthermore, working with Korean carpenters, he taught them new skills of modem buildings. After that, they were expanded out northern part of Korea and took the roles of master builders. According to this expansion, his particular style had got spread and had been settled as a unique eclectic style in Korean modern architecture. In the conclusion, he is evaluated to be a critical pioneer missionary, who left a big influence on the frame work of Korean modern architecture in the transitional times.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.199-207
• /
• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of Hwangryunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture therapy with Hominis Placenta pharmacopncture therapy in hospitalized patients with peripheral facial paralysis. Methods : We investigated 34 cases of patients with peripheral facial paralysis who were admitted into the Dept. of Acupuncture & Moxibustion of Dongshin University Suncheon Oriental Hospital from February 1, 2014 to June 31, 2015. Subjects were divided into two groups, Hwangryunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture group(HR group), and Hominis Placenta Pharmacopuncture group(JH group). HR group was treated by Hwangryunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture five times a week and JH group was treated by Hominis Placenta Pharmacopuncture five times a week. And both groups were treated by acupuncture, electroacupuncture, herbal medicine therapy, western drug therapy equally. To investigate the effectiveness of treatment, we used House-Brackmann Grading System, Yanagihara's unweighted grading system and Sunnybrook facial grading scale at before admission and after admission. Results : Each scores by 3 evaluation methods improved both in two groups. However, there were no significant differences in improvement between two groups. Conclusions : These results suggest that the Hwangryunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture therapy is as effective as Hominis Placenta pharmacopuncture therapy to improve symptoms of peripheral facial paralysis.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.11-21
• /
• 1994

This study was conducted to find out the successive habitual practice of dietary life and all the educational tasks for the purpose of activating with female college students in Korea and Japan. The reesults are as follows. Housewives in both countries prepare ${\ulcorner}the\;same\;menu{\lrcorner}$ for dinner about 65%. ${\ulcorner}The\;rate\;of\;domestic\;manufacturing\;of\;preservated\;food\;{\lrcorner}$ is superior in Korea. ${\ulcorner}Goch'ujang{\lrcorner}$ is made by the 92% of Koreans, ${\ulcorner}Doenjang{\lrcorner}\;89%,\;{\ulcorner}Ganjang{\lrcorner}\;48%,\;{\ulcorner}Oiji{\lrcorner}\;44%\;and\;{\ulcorner}Kimchi{\lrcorner}\;40%.\;{\ulcorner}Umeboshi{\lrcorner}$ is made by the 65% of Japanese, ${\ulcorner}Rakkyo-Zuke{\lrcorner}\;37%,\;{\ulcorner}Kajitsu-syu{\lrcorner}\;40%,\;and\;{\ulcorner}Miso{\lrcorner}$ 27%. Two countries' common seasonings are ${\ulcorner}Ganjang{\lrcorner},\;{\ulcorner}Salt{\lrcorner},\;{\ulcorner}Chemical\;condiment{\lrcorner},\;{\ulcorner}Sugar{\lrcorner},\;{\ulcorner}Pepper{\lrcorner},\;{\ulcorner}Doenjang${\lrcorner}\;and\;{\ulcorner}Vinegar{\lrcorner}$. Koreans use the traditional seasonings, and in addition flavoring vegetables and oil which is Korea's own characteristic. Japanese use western seasonings frequently besides traditional seasonings. ${\ulcorner}Mother's\;representative\;food{\lrcorner}$ as home dish are conscentrated on each count's native food. ${\ulcorner}Kimch'i\;lyu{\lrcorner}$ is made by the 42% of Koreans, ${\ulcorner}Doenjangchigae{\lrcorner}\;39%,\;{\ulcorner}Dakgangjong{\lrcorner}\;31%,\;and\;{\ulcorner}Saongsonmaeuntang{\lrcorner}\;19%.\;{\ulcorner}Misoshiru{\lrcorner}$ is made by the 83% of Japanese, ${\ulcorner}Nishime{\lrcorner}\;76%\;and\;{\ulcorner}Nikujaga{\lrcorner}$ 38%. Korea has more diverse kinds of food. People eat out ${\ulcorner}when\;they\;have\;special\;home \;events{\lrcorner},\;{\ulcorner}when\;they\;would\;like\;to\;do{\lrcorner},\;and\;{\ulcorner}when\;they\;are\;going\;out{\lrcorner}$, It means that to eat out is one of the daily dinning styles. Therefore, for those who are engaged in eating house business it is necessary to form their righteous view of evaluation. Koreans learn more various items of table manner than Japan, which are the symbols of dietary culture. ${\ulcorner}Carriage{\lrcorner}\;and\;{\ulcorner}Eating\;politely{\lrcorner}$ are common items. The extent to which ${\ulcorner}people\;practice\;table\;manner{\lrcorner}$ and to which ${\ulcorner}people\;think\;of\;it\;as\;being\;worth\;practicing{\lrcorner}$ are high in Japan than Korea.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제16권8호
• /
• pp.63-68
• /
• 2018

Purpose - Lettuce (Lactuca sativ L.) is one of the economically important vegetable crops, which worldwide market value is over 100 billion U.S. dollar. In Korea, about 89.7 kilo ton of lettuce was produced in 3400ha in 2016, recoded as No. 1 vegetable crop in domestic green house production. However, recently, domestic lettuce production and cultivation areas are all getting decreased. Thus, novel approaches are needed to be implemented to revive the production. Research design, data and methodology - In this review paper, we first prioritized the end-user traits which are imperative to positively stimulate the domestic lettuce market and discussed relevant genomics strategies. Especially, we assessed a possibility whether school meal program would be a potential niche market. Results - The genomics technologies, which become widely applied in the crop biotechnology since 2008 when next generation sequencing method was developed, may be a good solution in the crop improvement, efficiently gathering valuable information of agriculturally useful traits. Significantly, in lettuce, the high quality whole genome sequence, based on Lactuca sativa cv. Salinas, is publically available and this genomics platform, thus, would be implemented in lettuce breeding program to innovate relevant end-user traits both for the farmers and customers, including the disease resistance to the Fusarium wilt, productivity under hot weather conditions, various nutritional qualities and so forth. These improvements will boost domestic lettuce industries in the near future. Conclusions - Due to the nutritional distinctions comparing to the western style lettuces, domestic leaf lettuces could be one of the important vegetables in the school meal programs. To make it happen, we would better devise diverse recipes to make a salad with it, instead of only using as a wrap vegetable. Meanwhile, novel lettuce varieties need to be developed, which are favorable to the students and also easy to be handled with while processing. Overall, to achieve international competence in the lettuce industries, we need to create elite lettuce varieties that satisfies domestic farmers as well as customers, suitable to various niche markets, such as school meal program. Thus, efficient breeding programs using genomics approaches should be established in advance and careful monitoring on the preference of the related customers for a niche market be continued persistently.

• 한국조경학회지
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.82-94
• /
• 1999

According to Korean's geographical features of Taek Li Ji, the best location for human settlements is on the vicinity of a stream among a stream, an river and a sea, and not far from a ridge. The researcher chose one of best village which is called Yougokmaeul in Bonghwa-Gun, Kyungsang-Do. This village was created a gathering village with the same surname, can be translated as a hen and the front mountain can be seen as a rooster in the view of the shape of geographical features. As it were, the shape of this village and the cultivated land seems to be an egg inside a nest of a parent's chicken in the respect of the analogy of the theory of P'ungsuchiri which is known as Feng Shui in China and geomancy in the western world, and to effect the defensive psychology of the living environment in the terrain inland. This village is the studying place, Suckchunjungsa as the lecturing and studying place for their following students within the Chunghadonchun, the studying Yougok village, and even the ritual place performing ancestral sacrifices and the first incoming ancestor's graves in the same geographical system. The house site of the first incoming resident is surrounded the countian and is located in the front of Backsulryount which is the main mountain through Moonsu-san in the branch mountain of Korean's mountain system. Backsulryoung which is to be seen as the white peak, is symbolized the head of a hen which is to relate to a mysterious turtle in the view of P'ungsuchiri. And the pavilion which is called Chungamjung is sited on the rock of a shape of turtle which is symbolized to live longer. In the section of the mountain and water, Lee Jung Hwan mentioned a living place near the mountain stream is the best residential area and a landscape which is composed by a stream between mountains make a pleasure spirit and a bright feeling and make a refined person. If one can reach in the graceful mountain make a pleasure split and a bright feeling and make a refined person. If one can reach in the graceful mountain half day away, this kind of place must be a best living residential area to live. But this village was structured all in one place. And one of the ideas tangibly reflected in traditional Korean society's view of life and nature is the seclusion based on the Taoism. This kind of a dreamy thoughts make a dream to keep the paradise in our ancestors' mind. This kind of utopia is Chunghadonchun which is structured 5 aspects from the utopian gate near the Samgaesuewon to the village. These 5aspects is expressed by some Confucian thoughts as a small cosmos individually. On the third aspects which is the center among these aspects, the Suckchunjungsa which was made a seclusion place to devoting himself to his studies with refined tastes. The word of Jiju-am, Gangpung-dae, Jaewol-dae and Biryoung-pock are all expressed to cultivate one's moral character and to seek the truth by the Confucius'theory through the nature.

• 자연과학논문집
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.85-101
• /
• 2002

본 소고는 한국의 시대와 종교에 입각한 경관형성변화를 개관하고 조형방식의 역사적 변천과정을 고찰하면서 신개념의 조경 중심사상 구축을 위한 대안을 모색하였다. 미와 환경에 조화되는 경관조성을 시도하고 이를 통해 한국의 조경을 새로운 시각에서 재조명하였다. 또한 이를 종교적 차원으로 승화시키기 위한 자리메김의 가능성도 검토하였다, 경관이라는 개념을 시대와 장소에 따라 변화되는 의미를 탐색하고 경관을 통해 인간이 감각될 수 있는 상황적 인식을 추정하였다. 본 소고를 통해 한국적 조경의 위치와 이를 근거로 민족의 사상 및 종교와 연관된 새로운 조경문화의 발전방안을 논의하였다.