• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.101-113
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• 1994

Maternity means all the women who are capable to conceive. In the aspect of health and medical care. however. it means the women who are now in pregnancy or have already given birth to a baby or are in a period of being recoverd from physiological changes occurred by pregnancy. According to the rapidly changing social structure. both the Quality and Quantity of the capacity of childbirth experienced by women are changing. Our society. having established a great economical growth by virtue of the highly developing and growing industrialization and urbanization. stimulates the women's advance into society and thereby increasing the number of employed women. When the women's participation in society is increased. their age of marriage is also affected. Which means there are a decrease of the capacity of childbirth in terms of quantity and a trend for women to have less children and to deliver a baby in their old age in terms of quality. On the contrary. since the number of multipara who want to have a baby in their old age is increasing. as a counter functional effect to the political project of decrease of a birth rate. concern has been focussed on childbirth in old age in the present study. And also such kind of the childbirth may be danger to the health of both mother and baby. Therefore the present study intended to provide some basic data of health education in the part of the health management of both mother and baby in the general hospital. based on understanding the realities of childbirth in. old age and things related to them. To achieve such a purpose of the present study. an analytical study by means of SPSS. was done using the data of 269 clinical records on both the newborn .babies and their mothers who had been supported by public general hospitals located in Seoul for 3 years from Jan. 1. 1991 to Dec. 31. 1993. Some significant results from the analytic study are as follows: 1. It appeared that the average age of normal. natural delivery was 33.8 years old and the average age of delivery through the cesarean operation was 35.4 years old. 2. It appeared that danger factors to childbirth women were types of the delivery and placental extrusion and danger factors to newborn babies are not so outstanding. 3. It appeared that the variables of the childbirth capacity which showed a significant difference according to each age group of women were the number of pregnancy. number of still birth, and number of existing children. That is. the age group of 'more than 35 years' had more frequency of experience In all 3 variables than the age group of 'less than 35 years'. 4. It appeared that the variables of the childbrith capacity which showed a significant difference a according to the sex of a newborn baby were number of pregnancy, number of still birth, and number of existing children. That is, the age group of 'more than 35 years' had more frequency of experience in all 3 variables than the age group of 'less than 35 years'. 5. It appeared that the health index of newborn babies which showed a significant difference was only 5 minute APGAR. That is, the health index 9.46 in the age group of 'more than 35 years' was less than an index of 9.72 in the age group of 'less than 35 years'. 6. Since a counter correlation of -0.10, as Pearson Correlation Coefficient, was showed between the age of childbirth mothers and the weight of newborn babies, it indicated that the higher age of childbirth woman, the lesser the weight of newborn baby. 7. It appeared that the number of women who had confirmed the sex of their baby before their delivery were 45 women, $67.2\%$ of total 67 women who had delivered a baby. and the expected sex by women in childbed was male with $73.1\%$ of total childbirth women expecting male birth and with their expression of feeling of female delivery. very regretful' by $39.3\%$ of total childbirth women. The results as shown above may indicate that instead of the possibility of danger to both the mother delivering a baby in old age and the baby delivered, the expectation of getting a son motivates childbirth in old age. As a conclusion, in a dimension of general hospital as well as national reform. it is required that a program of health education for childbirth in late maternal age have to be developed in the part of the health management of both mother and baby in the near future.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.3
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• pp.99-107
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• 1965

Thirteen varieties of hemp, Cannabinus sativa L., consisting of four Italian, one Japanese and eight local varieties were used in the study on the fiber content and a satisfactory selection for the higher-fiber-yielding plants. In addition, the relationship among fiber contents at the ball setting stage, and at the maturity stage, primary fiber content, and total fiber content were determined. The results of the study are summarized as follow: 1. Fiber weight of the matured male plant expressed as percentage of the fiber weight to dried stems varied from 12.09 to 26.71 percent for the Italian varieties, 14.25% for the Japanese variety and ranged from 6.59 to 16.79 for the local varieties. It was shown that on the average, Italian varieties contained more fiber compared with the other varieties. 2. On the same basis, the average percent age of fiber for Italian male plants was 20.77 while it was 20.96 for female plants. For the Japanese variety, similar figures were 14.24 for male plants and 15.43 for female plants. By comparison, the average percent fiber for the male plants of Korean varieties was only 10.34 but averaged 16.79 for female plants. In this experiment, female plants contained a greater percentage of fiber than male plants. 3. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between fiber content at the ball setting stage and fiber content of the mature plant. The correlation coefficient was r=0.942＊＊, while the regression equation was Y=0.28+1.03X. These data indicate that plant. selection by early testing at the ball setting stage is an effective method for the improvement of fiber content. 4. The correlation between primary fiber content and total fiber content was r=0.913＊＊, with a regression equation of Y=12.01+1.20X. It should thus be possible to obtain plants of higher total fiber content at maturity by the selection of plants which have a higher content of primary fiber at the ball setting stage. 5. From a study of the transverse sections from the hemp plant it was shown that Italian varieties have wide bands of primary and secondary fibers with narrow areas of woody material, while both Korean local varieties and Japanese varieties have narrow bands of primary and secondary fiber and wide areas of woody material. For hemp improvement, it is certain that a variety which has a narrow area of woody substances and wide area of fiber in its stem should be selected.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2008

This study was conducted to decide disease incidence level of rice leaf blast required for reasonable fungicide application in paddy field. We induced the disease development by inoculating rice blast pathogens on rice seedlings (Jinmibyeo) in the greenhouse and transplanting the infected seedlings in the field two weeks after rice plants were transplanted. We scored the disease incidence, grouped and marked according to degree of percentage of diseased leaf area at maximum stage of disease development. The percent diseased leaf area (PDLA) had negative correlations with panicle number per hill, ripened grain (%), and total yield; their correlation coefficients (r), $-0.97^{**}$, $-1.00^{**}$ and $-0.96^{**}$, respectively. However, it had positive correlations with spikelets per panicle and thousand grain weight; their correlation coefficients (r), $0.98^{**}$ and $0.98^{**}$, respectively. Gain threshold (GT) calculated based on control cost and market price was estimated to be 8.35. Economic injury level (EIL) obtained based on GT and coefficient of damage of regression equation between disease incidence and the different yield components; panicle number per hill, spikelets per panical, ripened grain(%), thousand grain weight and yield were 41.8, 9.7, 19.1, 291.1 and 3.4%, respectively. Economic threshold (ET) for yield was 2.7% ($3.4%(EIL){\times}0.8$) on PDLA. These results suggest that application of fungicide is necessary when two under leaves are almost covered with lesions or contained more than twenty large lesions under leaves at maximum tillering stage.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.923-932
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• 2003

This study was carried out to estimate the effects of breed and environment such as sex, test station, test year, test season, parity, initial and final weight on average daily gain, age at 90kg, backfat thickness, feed efficiency, lean percent and selection index on the basis of the performance data collected from 25,790 pigs of Duroc, Yorkshire and Landrace breeds which were performance-tested at the Korea Swine Testing Station from 1991 to 2002. The results obtained in the study are summarized as follows; 1. The means of the major economic traits were estimated as 959.95${\pm}$0.699g for average daily gain, 138.36${\pm}$0.072days for age at 90kg, 1.41${\pm}$0.001cm for backfat thickness, 2.33${\pm}$0.001 for feed efficiency, 56.71${\pm}$0.018% for lean percent and 221.65${\pm}$0.113 for selection index. 2. The effect of breed was statistically significant for all studied traits. Briefly, Duroc showed the best performance for the average daily gain and age at 90kg. Landrace had the best performances for the backfat thickness and lean meat percent. In feed efficiency and selection index, Yorkshire had a better score than other breeds. 3. The least-squares means of female and male for the traits studied were 923.05${\pm}$1.289g and 974.53${\pm}$0.856g for average daily gain, 139.74${\pm}$0.145days and 137.21${\pm}$0.097days for age at 90kg, 1.49${\pm}$0.002cm and 1.39${\pm}$0.002cm for backfat thickness, 2.43${\pm}$0.002 and 2.28${\pm}$0.002 for feed efficiency, 56.43${\pm}$0.034% and 56.81${\pm}$0.023% for lean percent and 211.37${\pm}$0.194 and 224.61${\pm}$0.129 for selection index. Therefore, males were superior to females for all traits examined. 4. The effect of test station was statistically significant for all traits except for selection index. Performances for age at 90kg, backfat thickness, feed efficiency and lean meat percent collected from Test station 2 were higher than those from Test station 1. However, Test station 1 showed better average daily gain. 5. The initial weight and final weight included as a covariate in this study had a significant influence on average daily gain, age at 90kg, backfat thickness, feed efficiency and selection index. From the absolute values of the estimated regression coefficients, it was inferred that the final weight had greater effect for the investigated traits than the initial weight.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.60-75
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• 1998

The parents have much expectation upon the pregnancy and child birth, and in most cases, they expect the healthy parturient child. However, we can be placed on the high-risk conditions which have the physical, social and immature infant, due to the unexpected results, among the new-born. Accordingly, these high-risk newborn and premature infants will be mostly in NICU, which the concentrated medical treatment can be given, upon their conditions. After their birth and during these periods, they will be divided from the parents, and the nurse will accomplish the bringing-up activities which they can take care of the infant, expected by the parents after their birth. The hospitalization of high-risk newborn including these premature infants is the shocking experience to the parents of family, and thus they can feel the fear and uneasiness, and these reactions of parents are troubled in the behavior at the usual days, and cause the disorder and spiritless status, and these results break the supporting ability of parents, and cause the obstruction. Also, the unavoidable division between the parents and the children as like hospitalization of children can make the parents to feel the alienation emotionally, and this causes the results which the pride on the bringing-up ability of baby gets to be lost. These problems can cause the difficulties on the bonding or the parenting in the further days, and can be related to the neglect and abuse of children. Also, it is gradually increased to study and report which the emotional division by the physical division between the mother and the baby obstructs the normal affection course between the parent and the infant. The stress caused by the birth and the hospitalization of high-risk newborn, as like this, is important in the points which it can uncertainly affect the potential energy for the relationship of parent-child who are finally healthy. Accordingly, the significance and purpose of this study are to understand the contents and degree of stress which the parents of high-risk newborn including the immature child can be experienced from the hospitalization of ICU for their new borns, and thus to offer the basic program to the nursing intervention program for these. The subject of this study is the mother of newborn in NICU of 10 General Hospitals located at the 3one of Pusan, Korea from September 1997 to October 1997, and thus makes the subject of 95 person of parents who agreed to take part in the study and it is descriptive study related to the stress of mother having the newborn in NICU. The method is based on the preceding study related to the stress of mother having the experience of child hospitalization and chronic disease child, and then acquires the advice of specialists group as like 5 nursing professors, and then is amended and supplemented. Total number of questions is 43 items and consists of 5 factors as like medical treatment &nursing procedures, disease status & prognosis, role of parents, communication & inter-personal relationships, hospital environment, and is 5 point Likert Scale. The reliability of this study method is very highly shown to be Cronbach α=0.95. The collected data is analysed as Average, Frequency, Standard Deviation, T-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Duncan multifulrange test by use of SPSS /PC (V7.5). The results of this study is summarized as under. 1. Every characteristics of subject is which the party of mother is 28.70age(±7.48) in the average ages, 51% in the high-school graduate, 38.5% in the christianity, total monthly income is 212.55 thousand won(±1.971), 74.5% in the housewife, 72.9% in the parents and children together living and the number of children to be 1.48person(± 0.6) in average, the recognition on the prognosis of baby is 74.0% in 'Don't know', the relationship with the husband after the hospitalization of babyis 37.3% in 'More Intimate', the relationship with the family of husband to be 48% in 'No-change', and the degree which is consulted with the husband about the baby is 55% in 'very frequently' and the visiting number per week is 4.59(±1.63) in average and the accompanying person in the time of visiting is which the number of husband is 56.3% and thus is the highest. The characteristics of baby is which the age is 21.88days(±16.47) after the birth in average, the sex to be 50 person in the female 52.1% and the order of birth to be 54.2% in the first chid, and the weight in the birth to be 2770gm(±610) and the height in the birth to be 46.26cm(±7.62) in aver age. The medical diagnosis is 37.5% in the premature infant, the career of hospitalization is 96.9% in 'None', and the operation plan is 90.6% in 'None' and the execution of operation is 88% in 'None' and the nursing of incubator is 55.2% in 'Yes', and the method of feeding is 50.5% in 'Oral' and the contents of feeding is 46.9% in the 'Milk'. 2. The total stress degree of subject is almost highly shown to be as 3.36(±0.86). If it is compared upon each cause, 'stress on disease status & prognosis' is highest 3.79(±1.28), and it is in the order of 'stress on medical treatment & nursing procedures' 3.70(±0.93), 'stress on hospital environment' 3.14(±0.86), 'stress on role of parents' 3.18(±0.92) and 'stress on communication & inter personal relationship' 2.62(± 0.77) 3. As the results of checking the notworthiness of stress degree upon each variable of subject, the variable showing the noted difference was the birth weight(γ=-0.16, P=0.04), birth height(γ=-0.23, P=0.03), nursing in the incubator(F=8.93, P=0.04), feed method(F=2.94, P=0.04). That is to say, it is shown which the smaller the birth weight is, the higher the stress degree of mother is noteworthily. Also, the smaller the birth height baby is, the higher the stress of mother is. In the incubator, it os shown which the mother whose baby is nursing in the incubator is higher in the stress degree than other mothers. Upon the feeding method of baby, that is to say, TPNis the highest, and it is shown in the order of NPO, Tube feeding, and P.O. feeding. When we review the above-mentioned results, as the status is serious, it is thought which we include the supporting nursing for coping with the stress of parents in the setting-up od nursing plan for the baby in the NICU.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.122-136
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• 1983

The effect of dietary casein, calcium, magnesium and some vegetable oils such as seasme, perilla and soybean oil on the serum cholesterol level in the rabbit were studied for a period of 5 weeks using isocalories and isonitrogenous as basal diets. The experimental rabbits fed the following basal diets containing crude protein 68.47%, carbohydrates 13.35%. fats 16.18% and vegetable oil 10%. casein 10%, calcium and magnesium according to experimental plan making. In order to calculate the feeding efficiency, protein efficiency and calorie efficiency during period, the body weight gains were measured at the same time using same balance, respectively. The results are summarized as follows. Body weight gains per week of the group fed perilla oil, calcium and basal diet were the higher than any other groups. And body weights gains per week of the group fed basal diet, vegetable oil were the lower than any other groups. In the case of efficiency of reed, protein and calorie, the efficiency ratios of the group fed perilla oil were the higher than any other groups. Especially, perilla oil and calcium diet effect on body weight gain in rabbit. In the case of serum protein, the total proteins in serum were almost same value for all the groups. Serum albumin of group fed basal diet. vegetable oil and casein were the higher than any other groups. The ${\alpha}$-globulin of the groups, fed basal diet and calcium was the lower than any other grosps. The ${\beta}$-globulins of the groups fed basad diet, perilla oil and casein were the highest value. In serum lipoprotein, lipalbumin was almost same value for the groups fed vegetable oil, but fed vegetable oil and calcium diet was the lowest value. The ${\beta}$-lipoprotein in high cholesterol level group was increased some degree, the group fed perilla oil added was lower. The ratio of ${\beta}$-lipoprotein per lipalbumin was from 0.11 to 0.26. The ratio of lipalbumin per total lipoprotein was high in calcium and soybean oil added diet. In serum triglyceride, the level of triglyceride of groups fed seasme oil or perilla oil was the higher than any othe groups, but in the group fed casein and calcium or magnesium, the level of triglyceride level was decreased. Calcium and magnesium effect on triglyceridge level lowering action. In serum total cholesterol, the group does fed vegetable oil with basal diet and casein added more, total cholesterol level increased as much as triglyceride level increased. But the group does fed perilla oil and magnesium shows total cholesterol level decreased remarkably. In the group fed basal diet with calium, the amount of serum calcium was increased, but of serum magnesium was decreased. In the case of blood glucose, the group fed basal diet and vegetable oil was decreased. According to the regression and correlation coefficient in blood components in rabbit, there are positive correlation $${\gamma}{\sim_=}1$$ between serum cholesterol and triglyceride, ${\beta}$-lipoprotein, ${\alpha}$-globulin, calcium and magnesium according to diet composition. From the above results, the serum cholesterol level lowering factors in rabbit, was the amount of triglyceride and ${\beta}$-lipoprotein which was decreased in perilla oil fed. It assumes that serum cholesterol and triglyceride level lowering factors are not only unsaturation degree of fatty acid but the amount of calcium and magnesium and the ratio calcium per magnesium 2:1 in the diet.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.235-244
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• 2003

This study was carried out to estimate the effects of strain and generation on the major production performances of Korean native chicken. The data were collected from 11,583 birds of the 7 generations over the year 1995 through 2001 at National Livestock Research Institute, Korea. Results obtained were summarized as follows: The body weights at 150 and 270 days of age were 1,557.7 and 1880.7, 1,471.7 and 1,738.2, 1,393.5 and 1,694.9, 1,591.2 and 1,910.0, 1,545.6 and 1,763.6g in Red Brown, Yellow Brown, Gray Brown, Black, and White strains, respectively. The Coefficient of Variations (CVs) of the body weights at 150 and 270 days of age were 9.65~13.79% and 13.29~15.16%. The ages at first egg were 150.0, 148.3, 149.5, 152,8 and 147.7 days in Red Brown, Yellow Brown, Gray Brown, Black and White strains, respectively and the CVs were between 9.33 and 10.11%. The egg weights at the first egg and 270 days of age were 33.2 and 50.8, 32.2 and 49.2, 32.2 and 49.1, 33.0 and 50.0, 30.7 and 47.8g respectively. The CVs of the egg weights of the first egg and at 270 days of age were 13.54~15.27% and 6.93~7.36%. The numbers of eggs produced by 270 days of age were 77.0, 79.3, 77.3, 73,7, 75.4, respectively, and observed CVs were between 29.98~36.99%. The significant strain effects were investigated in all the major economic traits in Korean native chicken. The significant strain effects were investigated in all the major economic traits in Korean native chicken. The highest least square (LS) means of the body weights at 150 and 270 days of age were observed in Black strain as 1,594.38 and 1,911.57g. The earliest LS mean of the ages at first egg was 146.88days in White strain. The heaviest LS means of egg weights at the first egg and 270 days of age were observed in Red Brown strain as 32.20 and 50.74g. The LS mean of the largest number of egg production was 79.50 eggs in Yellow Brown strain. Also, The significant generation effects were investigated in all the major economic traits. The highest LS means of the body weights at 150 and 270 days of age were observed in the generation 3 as 1,599.74 and 1,905.01g. The earliest LS mean of the age at first egg was 143.31 days in 4th generation. The heaviest LS means of egg weights at the first egg and 270 days of age were observed in 7th and 5th generation as 35.68 and 50.42g. The LS means of the largest number of egg production was 78.53 eggs in generation 6. In general, light body weight, short time for the age at first egg, heavy egg weight, and large number of egg production were observed as the generation proceeded.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 1978

The purpose of present study is to analyze the genetic variation of natural stand of Pinus densiflora. In 1975 following after the selection of 1974, twenty trees from each of three natural populations of the species were selected and their open-pollinated seeds were collected, and the locations and conditions of the populations ate presented in table 1, 2 and figure 1. Some morphological traits of the populations were already detailed in our second report of this series, in which Myong-Ju and Ul-Jin populations were regarded to be superior phenotypically to suweon population. The morphological traits of cone, seed and seed-wing, and also the growth performances and needle characters of the seedling were observed in the present study according to the previous methods. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The meteorological data obtained by averaging the records of 30 year period (1931~1960) measured from the nearest meteorological stations to each population are shown in fig.2, 3, 4. The distributional patterns of investigated climate factors are generally considered to be similar among the locations. However, the precipitation density during growing season and the air temperature during dormant season on Suweon area, population 6, were quite different from those of the other areas. 2. The measurements of fresh cone weight, length, diameter and cone index, i.e., length to diameter ratio are presented in table 7. As shown in table 7, all these traits except for cone diameter seem to be highly significant in population differences and family differences within population. 3. The morphological traits of seed and seed-wing are detailed in table 8, 9, and highly significant differences are recognized among the populations and the families within population in seed-wing length, seed-wing index, seed weight, seed-length and seed index but not among the populations in the other observed traits. The values of correlation coefficient between the characters of cone and seed are given in table 10 and the positive significant correlations can be observed in the most parts of the compared traits. 4. Significant statistical differences among populations and families within population are observed in the growth performances of 1-0 and 1-1 seedling height of these progenies. But the differences in root collar diameter are shown only among families within population. As shown in table 13, the most parts of correlations are not significant statistically between the growth performances of seedling and the seed characters. 5. The number of stomata row on both sides of needle and the serration density were measured in the seedlings from each of the families of the three populations. As shown in table 15, statistical differences are considered to be significant among the populations and among the families within population in serration density but not among the populations in stomata row on both sides of the needle. The results differ from those of the third report of this series. Even if one of the reason seems to be the diversity of selected populations, it could not be confirmed definitely. The correlations between progenies and parents are not generally observed in the investigated traits of needle as shown in table 16.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.93-114
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• 1978

The purpose of the study was to find out possible ways for increasing farm income through the sheep and Korean native goats farming, and to investigate meat productivity, wool productivity; woolskin utility, physiological characteristics and correlation between economical college animal farm of the Chungnam National University and sample farms in the suburbs of Dae jeon City were selected for feeding 20 heads of Corriedale wethers and another 20 heads Korean native kids as research materials for the periods of 5th May-26th November, 1977. The data such as growth rate, carcass, viscera weight, blood picture and plamsa components, hebage intake and economic traits were obtained and analysed. The result of the study are summarized as follows: 1. Meat production and quality 1) After 196days of feeding, the body weight of sheep and Korean native goats was increased by two times of those at the beginning of the trial, i.e. 20kg and 8kg respectively. 2) There was no significance of growth rates of sheep in housing and grazing. 3) The growth rate of Korean native goats were excellent at the mountainous areas of Gong ju-Gun where infectious diseases were not found 4) Accroding to the body measurements of 18-month-old sheep, percentages of hip height, body length, rump length, chest depth, chest width, hip width, chest girth and forearm circumference to the withers height were 103,%, 104%, 33%, 44%, 31%, 23%, 135% and 15% respectively, and those of hip height, body length, chest depth and chest girth of 8-month-old native goats to the withers height were 106%, 109%, 46% and 122,% respecitively. As a result, it was found that the percentage of hip height, body length and chest depth of Korean native goats were higher than those of sheep while that of the chest girth of goats was lower. 5) In the carcass data, 47, $52{\pm}2.27%$ of carcass percentage, $34.61{\pm}1.62%$ of lean meat, $26.07{\pm}2.51%$ of viscera, $9.75{\pm}1.4%$ of bone, and $20.95%{\pm}2.14%$ of woolskin for sheep, and $45.58{\pm}5.63%$ of carcass percentage, $27.62{\p}3.81%$ of meat, $34.86{\pm}4.16%$ of viscera, $11.66{\pm}1.83%$ of bone, $3.63{\pm}1.61%$ of skull and $9.26{\pm}2.41%$ of woolskin for native goats were obtained. 6) The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash in native goat meat were much similar in both plots of housing and grazing. It was, however, known that the contents of moisture and protein were higher in grazinrg than in housing, while fat content was lower in grazing plots. 7) The weights of visceral organs shown similar tendency for both of sheep and native goats. For the weights of liver, heart, kidney and spleen, significance was not reconized among the treatments. Those of rumen, reticulum, small and large intestine were heavier in grazing than in housing, while the amount of visceral fat was heavier in housing. 2. Wool productivity and woolskin 1) The wool production of sheep for 7 months was $3.88{\pm}1.02kg$, and wool percentage, staple length, straighten length, wool growth per day and number of crimps were $9.27{\pm}1.48%$, 8. $47{\pm}1.00cm$, $10.63{\pm}0.99cm$, $0.40{\pm}0.04cm$ and $2.78{\pm}0.40$ respecitively. 2) The tensile strength and tear strength of woolskin treated by alum tanning were highest on the skin obtained from rump, i.e. $1,351kg/mm^2$ and $2,252kg/mm^2$ respectively, and they are in order of loin and shoulder. 3. Utilization and improvement of pasture. 1) The difference of herbage intake of native goats was not recognized between grazing and tethering, but the intake in the afternoon was s lightly higher than that in the morning. However the hervage intake of sheep was superior in grazing and in the afternoon. 2) The cultivation effect was lower in the native goat plots due to their cultivation abilities, in other words, the establishment rates of pasture by hoof cultivation were 60.25% in the goat plots and 77.35% in the sheep plots. 4. Correlation among economical traits. 1) The correlation between live weight of sheep and daily gain was higher. On the other hand, the correlation between other traits was not significant except that live weight, daily gain and lean meat percentage to the length of thoracic vertebrae. The live weight of native goats and meat production were highly correlated, and high correlation was also found between weights of carcass and meat. However, negative correlation was shown between viscera weight and live weight as well as daily gain. 2) The correlatoin between fleece weight of sheep and other traits such as live weight, daily gain and fleece percentage is very high at the 1% siginficant level, and this means that rapid-growth individuals can produce much fleece. 3) The correlation between the factors such as weights of live body, lean meat and viscera of sheep and body measurements, i. e. chest girth and body length was highest, and weights, of carcass and lean meat was highly correlated to chest width and depth. It will be therefore reasonable that the meat productivity estimates will have to be made on the basis of chest girth and body length. The meat production traits of native goats were highly correlated to the most of body measurement data, and the correlation coefficient between chest girth and weights of live body, carcass, lean meat and bone percentage was very high, i. e. 0.992-0.974 in particular. The correlations of meat production traits to chest depth, forearm circumference, body length were 0.759-0.911, 0.759-0.909 and 0.708-0.872 respectively. Therefore, the meat production of native goats will have to be estimated on the basis of chest data. 5. Blood picture and plasma components. 1) The number of erythrocyte and MCHC of native goats were $12.93{\times}10^6/mm^3$ and 36.14%, and those of sheep were $10.68{\times}10^6/mm^3$ and 36.26 respectively. The values of native goats were significantly higher than those of sheep. 2) The hemoglobin concentration, PVC, MCV and MCR of native goats were 10.92 g/100ml, $23.40{\mu}^3$ and 10.94 pg, and those of sheep were 11.73 g/100ml, 36.25 ml/100ml, $33.97{\mu}^3$ and 30.2 ml/100ml 8.43 pg respectively. The values of native goats were significantly lower those of sheep. 3) The number of leukocytes of native goats was significantly higher than that of sheep, that is, $11.64{\times}10^3/mm^3$ in native goats and $9.32{\times}10^3/mm^3$ in sheep. 4) In differential count of leukocyte, neutrophil was significantly high in native goats while lympocyte in sheep. On the other hand, the basophil, eosinophil and monocyte were not significant between native goats and sheep. 5) The amounts of total protein and glucose in the plasma of native goats were 6.2g/100ml and 53.6mg/100ml, and those of sheep were 5.6g/100ml and 45.7mg/100ml, which means that the values of native goats were significantly higher that those of sheep. The amount of total-lipid of native goats(127.6mg/100ml) was significantly than that of sheep(149.6mg/100ml). 6) The amount of non-protein nitrogen, cholesterol, Ca, P, K, Na and Cl were not different between native goats and sheep. 6. Economic analysis. 1) The gross revenue of a farm which fed native goats and sheep was 4,000won per head and the optimum size for feeding them in a farm as a subsidiary work is 5-10 heads. 2) Since there was no difference between housing and grazing, they can be fed in group for farm's subsidiary work. 3) They can be also fed by youths and house wives in the suburbs of cities, because labour requirement is estimated as only two hours per days for feeding 5 heads of native goats and sheep.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.352-361
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• 1990

The reducing effect of wind injury was investigated using several wind-break nets in Youngdeok province where cold-wind damage is often occurred during rice growing season. The white-head damage of rice have been often occurred by typhoon during the period between August 15 to September 10 in the cold wind area of the eastern coastal during the last 11 years (1979-1989). This may suggest that the critical period for heading will be by August 15 in the regions. High evaporation coefficient, more than 250 due to typhoon passage over the regions resulted high injury of white head. Generally, the wind injury have been caused by warm and dry westerlies through Fohn apperance in Taebaeg mountains and by cool-humid wind which blows from coast to inland. The frequency of occurrence of the two types of typhoons were 25, 20%, respectively during rice cultivation. The instalation of wind-break net significantly reduced the wind blowing speed, depending on the net mesher with the higher effect in dence net. The distances between the net and cropping area also affect the wind speed: 23% reduction at 1m distance. 34% at 10m and 28% at 20m, respectively. The reducing effect was also observed even at 10 times height of the wind-break net. The instalation of wind-break net gave several effects on climate factor, showing that temperature increased by 0.8$^{\circ}C$(maximum), 0.7$^{\circ}C$(minimum), 0.6$^{\circ}C$(average) : water temperatures increased by 0.5$^{\circ}C$(maximum), 0.6$^{\circ}C$(minimum), 0.5$^{\circ}C$(average) : soil temperature increased 0.4$^{\circ}C$. The earlier heading and increasing growth rate, use of light, culm length, panicle number per hill, spikelet number per panicle, fertility and 1,000 grain weight were observed in the fields with the wind-break nets resulting in 10-15% increase in rice yield using 0.5${\times}$0.5cm nets. The increasing seedlings per hill gave higher grain yield by 13% in the cold wind damage regions of eastern coastals. and the wind-break was more significant in the field without the wind-break net. Wind injury of rice plant in the cold wind regions of eastern coastals in korea could be reduced by selection of tolerant varieties to wind injury, adjustment of transplanting time, and establishment of wind-break nets.