• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.573-581
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• 1997

Much activity is occurring throughout the world with respect to the implementation of new concepts and technology for fire detection and fire suppression applications. Obvious advances include tangible detection and suppression improvements, and also new methods and approaches such as performance based codes and standards. Examples of tangible advances include addressable detection systems, wireless detection technology, halon alternatives, water mist systems, advanced sprinkler technology, and so on. Examples of new approaches and methods include a revitalized focus on disaster planning and the need for a total fire protection plan. The concept of performance based codes and standards for the design and installation fire detection and suppression systems will be explored in detail.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.526-533
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• 1997

Reliability of fire protection systems is often discussed, written about, and even put into codes and standards. However, reliability is seldom considered for the fire protection system as a whole. Why does this happen and why should the designer consider the system as a whole\ulcorner Existing codes and standards incorporate the concept of reliability usually In the form of key component redundancy for some parts of a system. The "Fire Safety Concepts Tree" presented in the National Fire Protection Association Guide 550, Guide to the Fire Safety Concepts Tree, provides a starting point for considering the performance of a water based fire suppression system. Considering fire protection objectives for water based fire suppression systems, means of evaluating system reliability can be developed. This development requires identification of system components that are significant to the overall system reliability.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.124-130
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• 2010

Numerical simulation has been performed to investigate the mist flow characteristics through the fire suppression nozzles for the design purposes. The commercial softwares, FLUENT and the fire dynamic simulator, FDS with the proper modelings were chosen as the numerical tools. In order to find optimal conditions in sense of the main performances of nozzles, the spray characteristics were analyzed both inside and outside of the nozzles. Geometric factors of the injecting orifices, i.e., diameter and chamfered angle were chosen as the simulation parameters for design application. From the present numerical results, 1.0c nozzles, whose orifice-diameter was 1 mm, having the chamfered angles were shown as the best performance of the fire suppression.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.51-56
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• 2011

The full-scale experiments are carried out to investigate the fire suppression characteristics of water-based fire fighting systems in a road tunnel. Applied systems are the low-pressure water spray system at 3.5 bar and the high-pressure water mist system at 60 bar. The water flow rate of the high-pressure system is one sixth only of the water spray system. A passenger car and a heptane fuel pan with area of $1.4m^2$ are used as fire sources. A blower system is installed at the tunnel exit to realize the longitudinal ventilation conditions (0.9~3.8 m/s) in the tunnel. Temperatures from the fire source to the down-stream direction are measured by K-type thermocouple trees. The experimental results show that the cooling effect of the high pressure water mist system in the test conditions were equivalent to that of the low pressure water spray system for B-class fire.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2013

It is necessary to use pressure reducing valves to provide required water pressure in water-based fire suppression systems of the tall buildings. In many cases, however, pressure reducing valves lose their function due to the phenomenon of pressure equalization caused by valve leak. This study carried out performance evaluation of the recently developed pressure reducing valve to prevent pressure equalization and found it can maintain designed pressure reducing ratio within 11% variation and prevent pressure equalization by automatic self-lock function of the piston.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.946-952
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• 2013

Large scale fire tests were conducted to develop water mist nozzles as a component of fixed water- based fire fighting systems for Ro-Ro spaces and special category spaces. Fire scenarios for this system consist of two cases which are for cargo fire in a simulated truck and for passenger vehicle fire, and each case has 3 different tests according to the position between fixed water mist nozzles and fire source. Every experiment proceeded for 30 minutes and acceptance criteria were based on gas temperature, fuel package's damage and ignition of targets. This study primarily dealt with the experimental results of cargo fire and focused on fire suppression capability in accordance with discharge pressure, flow rate and flow characteristics like swirl and penetration of the developed water mist nozzles. It appeared that low pressure water mist nozzles with about 40 L/min were able to control fire occurred in Ro-Ro spaces.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.38-46
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• 2013

Permanent water supply and water sprinkling systems are essential to protect major forests and facilities from forest fire. Back in 2005, Naksan Temple, a valuable cultural asset of Korea, was burned down in a forest fire that took place in Yangyang. This started a series of movements including installing water supply facilities and managing forests near important cultural assets. As for the existing facilities, however, they were installed without any standard guidelines for management and installation according to each constructor's specifications, which were based on the National Fire Safety Code 109. Unfortunately, this is not effective in protecting facilities from forest fires such as they have a small protection area, limited simultaneous sprinkling, and a difficult the movement of fire hose. Against this background, the study examines the condition of water supply facilities currently in use, identifies their deficiencies, and suggests how to improve the criteria for water supply service to effectively prevent forest fire. Specifically, three systems were proposed: Water Sprinkler Tower System for preventing spread of crown fires, and Forest Fire Hydrant System and Portable Water Spray System to be effective for suppressing surface fires. In addition, the standards on the performance and components of water pumps are also suggested.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.419-429
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• 2016

In a bid to avoid the economic loss resulting from traffic jam in urban area, a deep underground road at 40 m depth has been considered and the first class disaster prevention facilities shall be applied according to domestic guideline. Automatic-monitoring fire extinguishing system designed to use for fire fighting has been widely applied at home and abroad. Recently development and commercialization through theoretical and experimental research to apply to road/railroad sector have been underway. Based on such performance of automatic fire extinguishing system, technical/economic analysis of existing water spray systems was conducted and as a result, it has demonstrated the superiority in terms of fire suppression as well as in cost efficiency. Then to commercialize this system, more diverse studies that will incorporate the characteristics of domestic tunnels are needed and should the system be promoted through institutional improvement, it's expected to become one of the advanced nations with own original technology in a life safety system industry throughout the world.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

Reaction-to-fire performance of pipe insulation materials should be approved in accordance with KS standards prior to installing water-based suppression systems because several fire accidents are initiated from insulation materials around ceilings or concealed space. A small room test to evaluate the reaction-to-fire performance of the polyethylene foam and elastomeric pipe insulation materials was conducted according to ISO 20632. Different fire growth rate and heat release rate are observed depending on the materials and construction methods. In order to improve a fire safety, the reaction-to-fire performance of pipe insulation material needs to be subdivided with regard to the heat release rate and smoke generation. Furthermore, the characteristics of the applying space are also required to be considered. Subsidiary materials for installation process such as tape and adhesive are found to provide an adverse effect to maintain a fire safety.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.73-78
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• 2012

This research is to evaluate the fire extinguishing performance of Compressed Air Foam System and this test was conducted using Foam Head System. Compressed Air Foam System adopt the methods of causing the foam by mixing compressed air in foam-aqueous solution, In Overseas, CAFS (Compressed Air Foam System) is generally used because long distance discharge is possible and the water damage can be minimized by reducing the water usage. In this study, Comparative analysis on fire extinguishing effect is done through test to compare the performance between Foam System applied existing air mixture method and Compressed Air Foam System applied AFFF 3 %, foam-extinguishing-agent based on UL162 standard. In Compressed Air Foam System, the volume proportion of air mixture to foam-aqueous solution is 1 to 1 and discharging flow rate is 140 L/min, 160 L/min, 180 L/min, 200 L/min each. As a result of the test, in terms of fire extinguishing performance, fire suppression time for Compressed Air Foam Systems is shorter than for General Air Mixture System in all flow conditions.