• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.68-71
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• 1986

Oil in water microemulsion which has many pharmaceutical applications was prepared and evaluated. As oil sources and emulsifier, two grades of oil and egg phosphatide were used, respectively. Vacuum high shear mixing and high pressure homogenizing were performed and in the homogenizing step, effect of the number of passes in the homogenizer on the stability of microemulsion was studied, using Coulter counter, photographic microscope and pH-meter. From above results, it was concluded that the stability of microemulsion made of refined soy-bean oil was better than that of food grade soybean oil and by five passes in the homogenizer at 6,000 psi, we could make stable microemulsion with average particle diameter below $1\;{\mu}m$, with no particle above $5\;{\mu}m$ and no significant change during 6 weeks stored.

• 공업화학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.274-284
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• 1994

비이온성 계면활성제 $C_{12}E_5$, 비극성 오일 n-hexadecane, 물을 포함한 계에 oleyl alcohol 혹은 oleic acid 같은 극성 성분을 첨가했을 때의 Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT)를 측정한 결과, 첨가한 극성성분은 친유성 첨가제와 같이 PIT를 급격히 감소시킴을 알 수 있었다. PIT에서의 microemulsion phase의 surfactant film 조성 계산에 의하면 surfactant film에서의 극성 성분/계면활성제 비율이 증가할수록 PIT는 감소하였다. 또한 극성 성분의 첨가는 PIT에서의 microemulsion phase의 부피와 오일, 물의 solubilization parameter에도 큰 영향이 있었다. PIT의 감소에 따라, 예를 들면 극성 성분의 첨가량을 증가시킴에 따라, microemulsion phase의 부피는 급격히 증가하였으며 아울러 오일, 물 모두의 microemulsion phase에 대한 solubilization parameter가 급격히 증가하였다. 본 연구 결과를 비교할 수 있는 세척력 실험결과는 현재 없지만 PIT의 측정은 middle-phase microemulsion phase가 형성되는, 즉 많은 양의 오일을 제거할 수 있는 조건을 예측할 수 있는 유용한 방법임을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.141-149
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• 1998

In order to reduce systemic side effects following administration, flurbiprofen was formulated as O/W microemulsion consisting of the surfactant, oil phase and aqueous phase. Particle size distribution, apparent viscosity, solubility and skin permeation of flurbiprofen in various vehicles and microemulsion were evaluated. The domain of O/W microemulsion s phase diagram had difference between oil types and the area of O/W microemulsion was wide distributed by adding to PG and cosurfactant than that of water alone. As increasing 10, 15 and 20% of Brij 97 content and 1, 2.5, 5% of oil content, the solubility of flurbiprofen in O/W microemulsions and various vehicles was $400{\sim}1,000$ and $10{\sim}500$ times higher than that of control. Also, apparent viscosity of soybean oil microemulsions was higher than that of IPM microemulsions and that of vehicle were increased as increasing vehicle content. Since skin permeation of flurbiprofen decreased as increasing viscosity, in each vehicle, it was not affected 2% ${\beta}-CD$ and decreased as increasing PG content and to 2, 5 and 10% of $HP-{\beta}-CD$. In O/W microemulsion, 5% soybean oil. 20% Brij 97 and 75% water(A-1) with high viscosity showed low skin penetration.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.283-288
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• 2006

Antioxidative ability of anthocyanins in water-in-oil microemulsion was examined. Microemulsion was prepared by solubilizing crude anthocyanins extracted from grape skin (Cambell early) in organic solvent (hexane) containing anionic surfactant [bis (2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate, AOT] and linolenic acid (10%, w/v). Lipid oxidation significantly decreased with increasing concentration of anthocyanins ($5-20\;{\mu}M$) at micellar phase, and increasing micelle size ($Wo=5-20\;{\mu}M$). At given micelle size (Wo=10), lipid oxidation decreased as number of micelles decreased. These results indicate antioxidative ability of anthocyanins is critically affected by water core and micelle structure formed by surfactant. Interactions between AOT and anthocyanins decreased antioxidative ability of anthocyanins. Antioxidative ability of anthocyanins significantly increased when ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was added into organic phase. This indicates of synergism between the two antioxidants.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2023

TiO₂ is a versatile metal oxide material that is frequently used as a photo-catalyst for organic pollutant oxidation and a functional material for ultraviolet-ray protection. To improve its chemical/physical properties and widen the range of industrial application, it is demanded to control the crystalline feature and morphology precisely by applying advanced nano-synthesis methods. In this study, we prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles using the water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion method and compared them with the particles synthesized by the conventional precipitation method. Also, we tried to find the optimum conditions for obtaining nano-sized, anatase-rich TiO₂ particles by the W/O microemulsion method. We analyzed the crystalline feature and particle size of the prepared samples using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In summary, we found the W/O microemulsion is more effective than precipitation in obtaining nano-sized TiO₂. The best result was derived when the microemulsion was formed using AOT surfactant, hydrolysis was performed under basic condition and the sample was calcined at 200℃.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.351-356
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• 2004

A transdermal preparation containing diclofenac diethylammonium (DDA) was developed using an O/W microemulsion system. Of the oils tested, lauryl alcohol was chosen as the oil phase of the microemulsion, as it showed a good solubilizing capacity and excellent skin permeation rate of the drug. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to obtain the concentration range of oil, surfactant and cosurfactant for microemulsion formation, and the effect of these additives on skin permeation of DDA was evaluated with excised rat skins. The optimum formulation of the microemulsion consisted of 1.16% of DDA, 5% of lauryl alcohol, 60% of water in combination with the 34.54% of Labrasol (surfactant)/ethanol (cosurfactant) (1:2). The efficiency of formulation in the percutaneous absorption of DDA was dependent upon the contents of water and lauryl alcohol as well as Labrasol: ethanol mixing ratio. It was concluded that the percutaneous absorption of DDA from microemulsions was enhanced with increasing the lauryl alcohol and water contents, and with decreasing the Labrasol:ethanol mixing ratio in the formulation.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.132-149
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• 1992

이 논문은 외관, 안정도, 얇고 균일하게 끈적이지 않는 Film 형성 등의 우수한 특징을 갖고 있기 때문에 Cosmetic preparations의 여러 방면에 응용하고 있는 Microemulsion gel에 관한 것이다. 우리의 연구는 Microemulsion의 Clarifying agent 또는 Coupling agent로 이용되고 있는 Polyol류가 Microemulsion에 미치는 영향을 해명함으로써, Consistency, Stability, Clarity, Pick-up from a container등이 우수한 최적의 Microemulsion gel의 형성 조건을 확립하여 Cosmetic preparations에 응용할 수 있도록 하는 것이다. 연구한 System은 De-ionized water, Oil로는 Polar한 Ester oil, Emulsifying agent는 Nonionic syrfactant, Coupling agent는 Polyol로 구성하였으며, Three component phase diagram과 Tetrahedral phase diagram을 이용하여, Polyol의 비율에 따라 Microemulsion gel의 투명 영역, Consistency, 충격에 의한 Resonance 효과, Pick-up from a container등의 변화를 고찰하였다. 연구결과 구성 성분 중 De-ionized water의 Coupling agent의 비율변화에 의한 영향이 가장 크게 나타났으며, Coupling agent로 사용된 Glycerine의 물에 대한 비율이 63-75%일 때 최적 Microemulsion gel 형성 영역이 가장 넓게 나타났다. 특히 Polyol의 비율을 적절히 선택함으로써, 최근 관심이 모아지고 있는 최소의 유화제량으로 최대의 유상량을 함유한 Microemulsion gel을 얻는데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 공업화학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.416-422
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 보조계면활성제 첨가가 NP7 비이온 계면활성제, 물, 탄화수소 오일의 3성분으로 이루어진 시스템의 평형 및 동적 거동에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 실험에서 사용한 n-pentanol, n-octanol, n-decanol 등의 보조계면활성제는 모두 소수성 첨가제로 작용하여, 알코올 첨가에 따라 oil in water (O/W) microemulsion (${\mu}E$)이 excess 오일상과 평형을 이루는 2상 영역으로부터 middle-phase ${\mu}E$이 excess water, excess 오일상과 각각 평형을 이루는 3상 영역을 거쳐서 water in oil (W/O) ${\mu}E$이 excess 물상과 평형을 이루는 2상으로 전이되었다. 또한 알코올의 사슬 길이 증가 및 첨가량 증가에 따라 상전이 온도는 감소하였다. O/W ${\mu}E$이 존재하는 조건에서는 비극성 오일의 종류와 상관없이 오일이 계면활성제 마이셀에 의하여 가용화되어 시간에 따라 오일의 크기가 감소하였다. 한편 middle-phase ${\mu}E$를 포함한 3상이 형성되는 조건에서는 매우 낮은 계면장력으로 인하여 오일이 수용액 상에 빠른 속도로 가용화되었고 작은 drop 형태로 유화되었다. 반면에 W/O ${\mu}E$의 2상을 형성하는 조건에서는 과포화로 인하여 일어나는 자발적 유화 현상과 물과 계면활성제의 오일상으로의 확산으로 인한 오일의 크기 증가가 관찰되었다. 비극성 탄화수소 오일과 계면활성제 수용액 사이의 시간에 따른 계면장력 측정 결과는 동적 거동 실험결과와 일치하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.634-640
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• 2001

Ibuprofen is one of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and has shown antiinflammatory; antipyretic, and analgesic activity in both animals and humans. But it causes gastric mucosal abnormalities including edema, erythema, and submucosal petechial hemorrhages and erosin in human. In addition, based on the pharmaceutical point of view the compression and dissolution ability of ibuprofen is known as poor. Therefore we studied to develop novel formulation containing water-insoluble drug, ibuprofen, using microemulsion consisting of surfactant, oil phase, and water phase was prepared for the purpose of increasing its bioavilability The physicochemical properties such as particle size, dissolution rate, solubility of ibuprofen in the system were determined. After oral administration of ibuprofen containing the microemulsion system, to Sprague-Dawley rats, pharmacokinetic parameters were also obtained. For the formulation in the study, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and several kinds of glycerides and triglycerides were used as an oil phase with several surfactants. Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcuto $l^{ }$) or saturated polyglycolized glycerides (Labrafil $^{ }$)as surfactant was used, the domain of microemulsion was wide. The diameter of o/w microemulsion was ranged from 90 to 220 nm. Microemulsion, prepared with unsatulated polyglycolized glycerides (Labrafil $^{ }$) and the 2 : 1 molar mixture of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcuto $l^{ }$)/polyoxyethylene(4) lauryl ether (Bri $j^{ }$ 30) , is expected to be promising system that increased the bioavilability of ibuprofen.ibuprofen.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.334-342
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• 1991

To investigate the phase equilibria and structural properties of microemulsions, we study a simple phenomenological model on the basis of the cubic lattice cell with which the oil- and water-filled cells are connected one another, respectively. The surfactant is assumed to be insoluble in both oil and water, and to be adsorbed at the oil-water interface. The Schulman condition, according to which the lateral pressure of the surfactant layer is compensated by the oil-water interfacial tension, is found to hold to good approximation in the middle-phase microemulsion. Our results show that the oil- and water-filled domains in that microemulsion are about 50-150 $\AA$ across, and depend sensitively on the curvature parameters. The phase diagram is not symmetric in this model. It may be asymmetrized intrinsically by non-equivalency of oil and water. The two- and tree-phase equilibria including critical points and critical endpoints are found.