• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제42권7호
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• pp.537-546
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• 2009

상수관망의 유지 관리를 위한 최적 압력 계측 위치 선정은 효율적인 상수관망 운영을 위해 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 최적 압력 계측 위치 결정에 기존 연구의 단점을 보완하기 위하여 정보이론인 엔트로피 이론을 사용하였다. 기존의 방법은 실측자료를 이용한 검 보정이 필요로 하기에 체계적인 관리가 미흡한 지역에서는 적용이 어려운 단점이 있다. 또한 대부분의 연구가 상수관망 모형의 정확도를 높이며 측정비용을 최소화하는 절점을 제안하였으며, 이는 상수관망 유지 관리를 위한 압력 계측기 위치 결정목적과는 다소 차이가 있다. 본 연구에서 제안된 방법은 특정 절점에서의 유량변화에 의한 다른 절점에서의 압력변화를 정보량인 엔트로피로 정의하여 객관적이고 정량화된 기준을 제시하였다. 절점에서 비정상상태가 발생했을 때 전체 상수관에 미치는 영향 정도를 정량화된 수치인 엔트로피로 나타내며, 또한 각 절점에서 실제적으로 변동하는 압력을 반영하고자 EPANET의 에미터(emitter) 기능을 사용하여 실제 압력변화 패턴을 파악하였다. 최적 압력계 설치 지점은 엔트로피 기준에 의해 전체 시스템으로부터 제공받는 정보량이 가장 큰 절점을 우선으로 설치해야 한다고 제시하였으며, 제안된 모형을 branch형과 loop형 관망에 각각 적용하여 최적 압력 계측 위치를 선정하고 그 결과를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 현재 실무자의 경험적 판단에 의해 계측기를 설치 운영하고 있는 국내의 상수관리 시스템을 고려할 때, 엔트로피 이론을 통해 보다 객관적인 기준으로 상수관망에서의 압력계 설치 우선순위를 운영자에게 제시할 수 있을 것이며, 상수관망에 압력계를 설치하기 위한 효율적인 의사결정 기준으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2006

The leakage in the water distribution system means both the loss of money and water resource. To minimize the leakage, we introduced the pressure control method using the pressure reducing valve and pump schedule. For the pressure control, the total leakage is needed to divide into each node. In this study, EPANET 2.0 was used to simulate the water networks in two selected blocks after the total leakage was distributed with each node by four ways. The leakage was allocated into each node as water measured by meter, water pressure, water faucets and Lpcd and simulated by EPANET 2.0. Regardless of the leakage distribution ways, there was no significant difference between the measured water and the estimated water pressure. Thus, the leakage distribution way using water pressures estimated by simulation could be recommended. The scenarios controlling the pressure reducing valve and pump were made in two blocks(A and B). $86,713m^3/year$ leakage in the A block and $11,442m^3/year$ in the B block could be reduced as controlling the pressure reducing valve and pump schedule. It was shown that the fifty million won a year can be saved in the A block and 6.8 million won in the B block.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.427-438
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 상수관망의 비정상 상태 흐름을 해석하기 위하여 파속조절법을 이용하여 관망해석모형을 개발하였다. 특성선법을 이용한 실제 상수관망에서의 부정류 해석시 다양한 경계조건의 존재로 인해 해석과정이 매우 복잡하게 된다. 이러한 특성선법 해석의 어려움을 극복하고자 보다 간단하고 정확하게 경계조건을 처리할 수 있는 기법을 도입하였고 외부 유출 유량을 직접적으로 해석할 수 있는 방정식을 유도하였다. 또한 유도된 방정식을 이용하여 수격해석 모형을 개발하였으며 모형의 적용성 검토를 위해 여러 가지 외부유출 유량 경계조건을 가진 가상관망 및 26 개 관로를 가진 실제관망에 개발된 모형을 적용하였다. 본 모형의 모의결과는 Karney의 해석결과와 비교되었고 모든 시간대의 유량과 압력들을 잘 일치하고 있었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2005

Field measurement data on water leakage are not readily available and it causes inaccurate assessment of water demand and poor supply planning. In this study, the procedure for leakage detection and unaccounted water calculation is proposed and applied to a city. The city has suffered from the significant amount of leak water and the financial loss as a result. Measurements were made for pressure and flow at 18 locations before and after the repair. Repair of the leakage increased pressure up to $2.0kgf/cm^2$ and saved 17.1% of water supply from distribution reservoirs. Monetary value of annual water savings for the entire city amounts to 1 billion won. It is believed that leakage detection and data analysis conducted in this study will contribute to the change of current practice and to the establishment of better water supply management system.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.228-237
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• 2005

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the red water reducing effects of phosphate based inhibitor when it was applied to water distribution system. The effects of pH, alkalinity, calcium concentration in the reduction of the red water also studied. The most finished water in Korea showed relatively high corrosiveness and was required to introduce some types of corrosion reducing methods such as addition of alkalinity. The precipitation of $CaCO_3$ by addition of $Ca(OH)_2$ formed porous film on the surface of the carbon steel pipes and was displaced easily from the surface of the pipes; on the other hand, addition of zinc phosphate (ZOP) formed reliable film on the surface and reduced iron release and color. Although the main function of ZOP was to suppress the release of Pb and Cu, it also reduced iron concentration released from water distribution pipes.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2008

배수시설은 합리적인 계획으로 배치하여 시간적으로 변동하는 수요량에 대하여 적정한 수질의 물을 적정한 압력으로 연속적이면서 안정적으로 공급해야 한다. 또한 상수관 파괴 같은 사고가 발생했을 경우에도 용수 수요자에 대한 영향을 최소화 할 수 있는 안정성이 높은 시설을 목표로 구축되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 상수관 파괴에 의한 피해를 합리적으로 경감시킬 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 본 연구를 위해 기존의 상수관 파괴에 의한 피해영역 산정기법과 신뢰도 산정기법을 통해서 상수관망을 분석하고 상수관 파괴에 의한 피해 경감기법을 도출하였다. 분석결과 minimum cutset에 속하는 상수관의 내구성을 중요우선순위에 따라 향상시킴으로써 상수관 파괴에 의한 피해를 효과적으로 경감시킬 수 있었으며 제안된 방법을 Cherry Hill 상수관망에 적용하여 적용성을 검증하였다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2003

Due to the growth of population and industrial development at the coastal cities, there has been much increase in necessity to effective control of the wastes into the coastal water and river. The amount of disposal at those waters has been increased rapidly ana it is necessary for us to track of it in order to keep the waterway safe and the water clean. The investigation and research in terms of water quality in these regions have been conducted frequently but the systematic survey of the disposed wastes at the bottom was neglected and/or minor. In this study we surveyed the status of disposed waste distribution at the bottom of coastal water and river from the scanned images. The intensity of sound received by the side scan sonar tow fish from the sea floor provides information as to the general distribution and characteristics of the superficial wastes. The port and starboard side scanned images produced from two arrays of transducers borne on a tow fish connected by tow cable to a tug boat have the area with width of 22m~112m and band of 44m~224m. All data are displayed in real-time on a high-resolution color display ($1280{\times}1024$ pixels) together with position information by DGPS. From the field measurement and analysis of the recorded images, we could draw the location and distribution of bottom disposals. Furthermore, we could make a database system which might be useful for navigation and fundamental for planning the waste reception and process control system.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1114-1119
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• 2004

The biofilms on pipe walls in water distribution systems are of interest since they can lead to chlorine demand, coliform growth, pipe corrosion, and water taste and odor problems. As such, the study described in this paper is part of an AWWARF and Tampa Bay Water tailored collaboration project to determine the effect of blending different source waters on the water quality in various distribution systems. The project was based on 18 independent pilot distribution systems (PDS), each being fed by a different water blend (7 finished waters blended in different proportions). The source waters compared were groundwater, surface water, and brackish water, which were treated in a variety of pilot distribution systems, including reverse osmosis (RO) (desalination), both membrane and chemical softening, and ozonation-biological activated carbon (BAC), resulting in a total of 7 different finished waters. The observations from this study consistently demonstrated that unlined ductile iron was more heavily colonized by a biomass than galvanized steel, lined ductile iron, and PVC (in that order) and that the fixed biomass accumulation was more influenced by the nature of the supporting material than by the water quality (including the secondary residual levels). However, although the bulk liquid water cultivable bacterial counts (i.e. heterotrophic plate counts or HPCs) did not increase with a greater biofilm accumulation, the results also suggested that high HPCs corresponded to a low disinfectant residual more than a high biofilm inventory. Furthermore, temperature was found to affect the biofilms, plus the AOC was important when the residual was between 0.6 and 2.0 mg $Cl_2/l$. An additional aspect of the current study was that the potential of the exoproteolytic activity (PEPA) technique was used along with a traditional so-called destructive technique in which the biofilm was scrapped off the coupon surface, resuspended, and cultivated on an R2A agar. Both techniques indicated similar trends and relative comparisons among the PDSs, yet the culturable biofilm values for the traditional method were several orders of magnitude lower than the PEPA values.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.80-89
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 최종 사용자의 프로파일(profile), 물의 종류 및 네트워크 상태를 고려한 미래의 스마트 워터 그리드에서의 물의 분배를 위한 컨텍스트 인지 추천시스템을 제안한다. 수자원에 대한 최종 사용자의 공통적인 관심사를 근거로 최종 사용자를 각각 다른 공동체로 군집화하기 위한 스펙트럴 군집화 방안을 개발하였다. 수자원에 대한 최종 사용자의 선호도 평가 목록을 얻기 위한 역전파 신경망을 도입하여 설계하였다. 본 방식은 예상 평가가 가장 높은 수자원을 최종 사용자에게 추천토록 하였다. 시뮬레이션의 결과는 제안된 방식이 기존의 추천 방안에 비하여 보다 나은 사용자의 경험을 바탕으로, 추천의 정확도(오차 2.5%이내)를 상당히 개선시킬 수 있음을 보여주었다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2021년도 학술발표회
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• pp.146-146
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• 2021

A contamination event occurring in water distribution networks (WDNs) needs to be handled with the appropriate mitigation strategy to protect public health safety and ensure water supply service continuation. Typically the mitigation phase consists of contaminant sensing, public warning, network inspection, and recovery. After the contaminant source has been detected and treated, contaminants still exist in the network, and the contaminated water should be flushed out. The recovery period is critical to remove any lingering contaminant in a rapid and non-detrimental manner. The contaminant flushing can be done in several ways. Conventionally, the opening of hydrants is applied to drain the contaminant out of the system. Relying on advanced information and communication technology (ICT) on WDN management, warning and information can be distributed fast through electronic media. Water utilities can inform their customers to participate in the contaminant flushing by opening and closing their house faucets to drain the contaminated water. The household draining strategy consists of determining sectors and timeslots of the WDN users based on hydraulic simulation. The number of sectors should be controlled to maintain sufficient pressure for faucet draining. The draining timeslot is determined through hydraulic simulation to identify the draining time required for each sector. The effectiveness of the strategy is evaluated using three measurements, such as Wasted Water (WW), Flushing Duration (FD), and Pipe Erosion (PE). The optimal draining strategy (i.e., group and timeslot allocation) in the WDN can be determined by minimizing the measures.